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Mluba HS, Atif O, Lee J, Park D, Chung Y. Pattern Mining-Based Pig Behavior Analysis for Health and Welfare Monitoring. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:2185. [PMID: 38610396 PMCID: PMC11013991 DOI: 10.3390/s24072185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
The increasing popularity of pigs has prompted farmers to increase pig production to meet the growing demand. However, while the number of pigs is increasing, that of farm workers has been declining, making it challenging to perform various farm tasks, the most important among them being managing the pigs' health and welfare. This study proposes a pattern mining-based pig behavior analysis system to provide visualized information and behavioral patterns, assisting farmers in effectively monitoring and assessing pigs' health and welfare. The system consists of four modules: (1) data acquisition module for collecting pigs video; (2) detection and tracking module for localizing and uniquely identifying pigs, using tracking information to crop pig images; (3) pig behavior recognition module for recognizing pig behaviors from sequences of cropped images; and (4) pig behavior analysis module for providing visualized information and behavioral patterns to effectively help farmers understand and manage pigs. In the second module, we utilize ByteTrack, which comprises YOLOx as the detector and the BYTE algorithm as the tracker, while MnasNet and LSTM serve as appearance features and temporal information extractors in the third module. The experimental results show that the system achieved a multi-object tracking accuracy of 0.971 for tracking and an F1 score of 0.931 for behavior recognition, while also highlighting the effectiveness of visualization and pattern mining in helping farmers comprehend and manage pigs' health and welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Seif Mluba
- Department of Computer and Information Science, Korea University, Sejong City 30019, Republic of Korea; (H.S.M.); (O.A.)
| | - Othmane Atif
- Department of Computer and Information Science, Korea University, Sejong City 30019, Republic of Korea; (H.S.M.); (O.A.)
| | - Jonguk Lee
- Department of Computer Convergence Software, Sejong Campus, Korea University, Sejong City 30019, Republic of Korea;
| | - Daihee Park
- Department of Computer Convergence Software, Sejong Campus, Korea University, Sejong City 30019, Republic of Korea;
| | - Yongwha Chung
- Department of Computer Convergence Software, Sejong Campus, Korea University, Sejong City 30019, Republic of Korea;
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da Silva GV, Pivato GM, Peres BG, Luna SPL, Pairis-Garcia MD, Trindade PHE. Simplified assessment of castration-induced pain in pigs using lower complexity algorithms. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21237. [PMID: 38040949 PMCID: PMC10692155 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48551-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Pigs are raised on a global scale for commercial or research purposes and often experience pain as a by product of management practices and procedures performed. Therefore, ensuring pain can be effectively identified and monitored in these settings is critical to ensure appropriate pig welfare. The Unesp-Botucatu Pig Composite Acute Pain Scale (UPAPS) was validated to diagnose pain in pre-weaned and weaned pigs using a combination of six behavioral items. To date, statistical weighting of supervised and unsupervised algorithms was not compared in ranking pain-altered behaviors in swine has not been performed. Therefore, the aim of this study was to verify if supervised and unsupervised algorithms with different levels of complexity can improve UPAPS pain diagnosis in pigs undergoing castration. The predictive capacity of the algorithms was evaluated by the area under the curve (AUC). Lower complexity algorithms containing fewer pain-altered behaviors had similar AUC (90.1-90.6) than algorithms containing five (89.18-91.24) and UPAPS (90.58). In conclusion, utilizing a short version of the UPAPS did not influence the predictive capacity of the scale, and therefore it may be easier to apply and be implemented consistently to monitor pain in commercial and experimental settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Venâncio da Silva
- Laboratory of Applied Artificial Intelligence in Health (LAAIH), Department of Anesthesiology, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Giovana Mancilla Pivato
- Laboratory of Applied Artificial Intelligence in Health (LAAIH), Department of Anesthesiology, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Granetti Peres
- Laboratory of Applied Artificial Intelligence in Health (LAAIH), Department of Anesthesiology, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Stelio Pacca Loureiro Luna
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Monique Danielle Pairis-Garcia
- Global Production Animal Welfare Laboratory, Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University (NCSU), Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Pedro Henrique Esteves Trindade
- Laboratory of Applied Artificial Intelligence in Health (LAAIH), Department of Anesthesiology, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
- Global Production Animal Welfare Laboratory, Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University (NCSU), Raleigh, NC, USA.
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Paiva RC, Moura CA, Thomas P, Haberl B, Greiner L, Rademacher CJ, Silva APSP, Trevisan G, Linhares DCL, Silva GS. Risk factors associated with sow mortality in breeding herds under one production system in the Midwestern United States. Prev Vet Med 2023; 213:105883. [PMID: 36867926 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.105883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
Sow mortality has significantly increased throughout the world over the past several years, and it is a growing concern to the global swine industry. Sow mortality increases economic losses, including higher replacement rates, affects employees' morale, and raises concerns about animal well-being and sustainability. This study aimed to assess herd-level risk factors associated with sow mortality in a large swine production system in the Midwestern United States. This retrospective observational study used available production, health, nutritional, and management information between July 2019 and December 2021. A Poisson mixed regression model was used to identify the risk factors and to build a multivariate model using the weekly mortality rate per 1000 sows as the outcome. Different models were used to identify the risk factors according to this study's main reasons for sow mortality (total death, sudden death, lameness, and prolapse). The main reported causes of sow mortality were sudden death (31.22 %), lameness (28.78 %), prolapse (28.02 %), and other causes (11.99 %). The median (25th-75th percentile) distribution of the crude sow mortality rate/1000 sows was 3.37 (2.19 - 4.16). Breeding herds classified as epidemic for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) were associated with higher total death, sudden death, and lameness death. Open pen gestation was associated with a higher total death and lameness compared with stalls. Pulses of feed medication was associated with lower sow mortality rate for all outcomes. Farms not performing bump feeding were associated with higher sow mortality due to lameness and prolapses, while Senecavirus A (SVA)-positive herds were associated with a higher mortality rate for total deaths and deaths due to lameness. Disease interactions (herds Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae positive and epidemic for PRRSV; SVA positive herds and epidemic for PRRSV) were associated with higher mortality rates compared to farms with single disease status. This study identified and measured the major risk factors associated with total sow mortality rate, sudden deaths, lameness deaths, and prolapse deaths in breeding herds under field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo C Paiva
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | | | | | - Ben Haberl
- Iowa Select Farm Inc, Iowa Falls, IA, USA
| | - Laura Greiner
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Christopher J Rademacher
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Ana Paula S P Silva
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Giovani Trevisan
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Daniel C L Linhares
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Gustavo S Silva
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
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