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Wójtowski JA, Majcher M, Danków R, Pikul J, Mikołajczak P, Molińska-Glura M, Foksowicz-Flaczyk J, Gryszczyńska A, Łowicki Z, Zajączek K, Czyżak-Runowska G, Markiewicz-Kęszycka M, Stanisławski D. Effect of Herbal Feed Additives on Goat Milk Volatile Flavor Compounds. Foods 2023; 12:2963. [PMID: 37569232 PMCID: PMC10418787 DOI: 10.3390/foods12152963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of herbal supplements administered to goats on sensory quality and volatile flavor compounds in their milk. The experiment was conducted on sixty Polish white improved goats randomly allocated into five feeding groups (four experimental and one control) of twelve goats each. The trial lasted 12 weeks. The experimental animals received supplements containing a mixture of seven or nine different species of herbs at 20 or 40 g/animal/day. The control group received feed without any herbal supplements. Milk obtained from experimental and control groups of animals was characterized by a low content of aroma compounds, with only 11 chemical compounds being identified. Decanoic methyl ester, methylo 2-heptanone and methylo-butanoic methyl ester had the highest share in the total variability of the tested aroma compounds (PCA). During the sensory evaluation, the smell and taste of most of the samples were similar (p > 0.05). However, the addition of herbal feed supplements lowered the concentration of Caproic acid (C6:0), Caprylic acid (C8:0) and Capric acid (C10:0), which caused a significant reduction in the goaty smell of milk. The obtained results indicate that the studied herbal supplements can reduce the intensity of goaty smell and allow goat milk production without modification of other sensory features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Antoni Wójtowski
- Department of Animal Breeding and Product Quality Assessment, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Poznań University of Life Science, 60-637 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Małgorzata Majcher
- Laboratory of Research on Volatile and Sensorally Active Compounds, Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Poznań University of Life Sciences, 60-624 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Romualda Danków
- Department of Dairy and Process Engineering, Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Poznań University of Life Sciences, 60-624 Poznań, Poland; (R.D.); (J.P.)
| | - Jan Pikul
- Department of Dairy and Process Engineering, Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Poznań University of Life Sciences, 60-624 Poznań, Poland; (R.D.); (J.P.)
| | - Przemysław Mikołajczak
- Department of Pharmacology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, 60-806 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Marta Molińska-Glura
- Department of Forest Economics and Technology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, 60-637 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Joanna Foksowicz-Flaczyk
- Department of Innovative Biomaterials and Nanotechnologies, Institute of Natural Fibres and Medicinal Plants, 60-630 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka Gryszczyńska
- Department of Pharmacology and Phytochemistry, Institute of Natural Fibres and Medicinal Plants, 62-064 Plewiska, Poland; (A.G.); (Z.Ł.); (K.Z.)
| | - Zdzisław Łowicki
- Department of Pharmacology and Phytochemistry, Institute of Natural Fibres and Medicinal Plants, 62-064 Plewiska, Poland; (A.G.); (Z.Ł.); (K.Z.)
| | - Karolina Zajączek
- Department of Pharmacology and Phytochemistry, Institute of Natural Fibres and Medicinal Plants, 62-064 Plewiska, Poland; (A.G.); (Z.Ł.); (K.Z.)
| | - Grażyna Czyżak-Runowska
- Department of Animal Breeding and Product Quality Assessment, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Poznań University of Life Science, 60-637 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Maria Markiewicz-Kęszycka
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin 4, Ireland;
| | - Daniel Stanisławski
- Computer Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Poznań University of Life Science, 60-637 Poznań, Poland;
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Effect of Dietary Organic Acids and Botanicals on Metabolic Status and Milk Parameters in Mid-Late Lactating Goats. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13050797. [PMID: 36899655 PMCID: PMC10000138 DOI: 10.3390/ani13050797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The microencapsulated mixture of organic acids and pure botanicals (OA/PB) has never been evaluated in goats. The aim of this study was to extend the analysis to mid-late lactating dairy goats, evaluating the effects of OA/PB supplementation on the metabolic status, milk bacteriological and composition characteristics, and milk yield. Eighty mid-late lactating Saanen goats were randomly assigned to two groups: one group was fed the basal total balanced ration (TMR) (CRT; n = 40) and the other was fed a diet that was TMR supplemented with 10 g/head of OA/PB (TRT; n = 40) for 54 days during the summer period. The temperature-humidity index (THI) was recorded hourly. On days T0, T27, and T54, the milk yield was recorded, and blood and milk samples were collected during the morning milking. A linear mixed model was used, considering the fixed effects: diet, time, and their interaction. The THI data (mean ± SD: 73.5 ± 3.83) show that the goats did not endure heat stress. The blood parameters fell within the normal range, confirming that their metabolic status was not negatively influenced by OA/PB supplementation. OA/PB increased the milk fat content (p = 0.04) and milk coagulation index (p = 0.03), which are effects that are looked on as favorable by the dairy industry in relation to cheese production.
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