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Diniz Neto HC, Coelho SG, Campolina JP, Vieira SF, Lombardi MC, Pereira BP, Albuquerque BSF, Costa SF, Guimarães AS, Brito MAVP, Silva CS, Machado FS, Tomich TR, Campos MM. Effects of bulk tank milk, waste milk, and pasteurized waste milk on the nutrient utilization, gastrointestinal tract development, and antimicrobial resistance to Escherichia coli in preweaning dairy calves. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:6852-6865. [PMID: 38825122 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2024-24674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the effect of bulk tank milk (BTM), waste milk (WM), and pasteurized waste milk (PWM) on nutrient digestibility, ruminal and cecal fermentation, gastrointestinal tract (GIT) development, and antimicrobial resistance of fecal Escherichia coli from dairy calves at 2 periods (30 and 60 d of age). Calves were grouped according to BW, serum protein levels, and breed composition. Three treatments were included: BTM (n = 21), WM from cows under antibiotic treatment (n = 21), and PWM (WM submitted to HTST pasteurization; n = 21). A total of 63 calves were used, of which 18 animals (n = 6 per treatment) were evaluated in the period of 4 to 30 d, and 45 (n = 15 per treatment) from 4 to 60 d. During the experimental period, a daily intake of 6 L of milk was divided into 2 equal meals, with ad libitum access to water and starter. Milk and feed intakes were recorded daily. Apparent total-tract digestibility and nitrogen balance were conducted from 25 to 29 d of age (n = 6) and from 53 to 57 d of age (n = 15). Animals were slaughtered at 30 ± 1 and 60 ± 1 d of age for the assessment of ruminal and cecal fermentation and GIT development. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was conducted at 1, 30, and 60 d of age (n = 15/treatment). Statistical analysis used a linear mixed-effects model for continuous outcomes and generalized linear models for single measurements (R software). Treatments WM and PWM had lower rumen pH, higher ruminal acetate concentration, larger reticulorumen and liver, and a higher prevalence of fecal-resistant E. coli compared with BTM at both 30 and 60 d. Up to 60 d, both BTM and WM treatments exhibited higher digestibility of ether extract and gross energy compared with the PWM, whereas WM and PWM treatments showed increased nitrogen intake and retention compared with the BTM treatment. These findings suggest that pasteurization of WM negatively affects nutrient digestibility and calf performance, while also affecting rumen development. Additionally, the use of milk containing antibiotic residue leads to the selection of resistant E. coli in the GIT over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- H C Diniz Neto
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 30161-970
| | - S G Coelho
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 30161-970
| | - J P Campolina
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 30161-970
| | - S F Vieira
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 30161-970
| | - M C Lombardi
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 30161-970
| | - B P Pereira
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária-Embrapa Gado de Leite, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 36038-330
| | - B S F Albuquerque
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária-Embrapa Gado de Leite, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 36038-330
| | - S F Costa
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 30161-970
| | - A S Guimarães
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária-Embrapa Gado de Leite, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 36038-330; Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 30161-970
| | - M A V P Brito
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária-Embrapa Gado de Leite, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 36038-330
| | - C S Silva
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária-Embrapa Gado de Leite, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 36038-330
| | - F S Machado
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária-Embrapa Gado de Leite, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 36038-330
| | - T R Tomich
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária-Embrapa Gado de Leite, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 36038-330
| | - M M Campos
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária-Embrapa Gado de Leite, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 36038-330.
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Massé J, Lardé H, Archambault M, Francoz D, Roy JP, Donoso PV, Dufour S. Conventional and unsupervised artificial intelligence analyses identified risk factors for antimicrobial resistance on dairy farms in the province of Québec, Canada. J Dairy Sci 2024:S0022-0302(24)01059-2. [PMID: 39122153 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2024-25088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the greatest threats to global health worldwide and is threatening not only humans, but also animal production systems, including dairy farms. The objective of this paper was to describe risks factors associated with AMR on dairy farms in Québec, Canada. This observational cross-sectional study included 101 commercial dairy farms and took place between the springs of 2017 and 2018 for a one-year period. We explored risk factors such as farm practices and producer's knowledge (measured using a questionnaire), antimicrobial use (quantified using veterinary invoices), and the presence of Salmonella Dublin (tested by serology). We evaluated AMR with fecal Escherichia coli retrieved from pre-weaned calves and lactating cows using the following outcomes: the presence of extended-spectrum-β-lactamase/AmpC resistance and the number of resistances to antimicrobial classes. We used logistic regression models to evaluate the association between each risk factor and the 2 outcomes for the 2 types of samples (pre-weaned calves and lactating cows). Furthermore, we explored the relationships between these risk factors utilizing data dimensionality reduction and hierarchical clustering. Outputs of these analyses were used as regressors for AMR in regression models. While the results for univariate analyses were ambiguous, the unsupervised analysis naturally categorized the sample of farms according to their health/treatment status (dimension 1, explaining 12.9% of the variance) and herd size (dimension 2, explaining 7.8%). Three clusters of farms were identified (cluster 1: mainly healthy herds and low ceftiofur users, cluster 2: relatively high ceftiofur users, cluster 3: farms with a higher incidence of diseases and higher antimicrobial treatment rates). Dimension 1 and cluster membership were statistically associated with the presence of extended-spectrum-β-lactamase/AmpC resistance in lactating cows and in pre-weaned calves. Dimension 1 was also statistically associated with the number of resistances in lactating cows and in pre-weaned calves. This study highlights the complexity of analyzing risk factors associated with AMR. Our results suggest that the herd health status and the AMU-related practices used are associated with AMR in dairy farms. However, prospective studies are needed to confirm a causal relation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Massé
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, J2S 2M2, Canada.; Regroupement FRQNT Op+lait, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Hélène Lardé
- Regroupement FRQNT Op+lait, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, J2S 2M2, Canada.; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Rimouski, Québec, G5L 3A1, Canada
| | - Marie Archambault
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, J2S 2M2, Canada.; Regroupement FRQNT Op+lait, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - David Francoz
- Regroupement FRQNT Op+lait, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, J2S 2M2, Canada.; Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Jean-Philippe Roy
- Regroupement FRQNT Op+lait, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, J2S 2M2, Canada.; Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Pablo Valdes Donoso
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Simon Dufour
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, J2S 2M2, Canada.; Regroupement FRQNT Op+lait, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, J2S 2M2, Canada..
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Pires AJ, Pereira G, Fangueiro D, Bexiga R, Oliveira M. When the solution becomes the problem: a review on antimicrobial resistance in dairy cattle. Future Microbiol 2024; 19:903-929. [PMID: 38661710 PMCID: PMC11290761 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2023-0232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics' action, once a 'magic bullet', is now hindered by widespread microbial resistance, creating a global antimicrobial resistance (AMR) crisis. A primary driver of AMR is the selective pressure from antimicrobial use. Between 2000 and 2015, antibiotic consumption increased by 65%, reaching 34.8 billion tons, 73% of which was used in animals. In the dairy cattle sector, antibiotics are crucial for treating diseases like mastitis, posing risks to humans, animals and potentially leading to environmental contamination. To address AMR, strategies like selective dry cow therapy, alternative treatments (nanoparticles, phages) and waste management innovations are emerging. However, most solutions are in development, emphasizing the urgent need for further research to tackle AMR in dairy farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana José Pires
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. da Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, 1300-477, Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Gonçalo Pereira
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. da Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, 1300-477, Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - David Fangueiro
- LEAF Research Center, Terra Associate Laboratory, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Bexiga
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. da Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, 1300-477, Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Manuela Oliveira
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. da Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, 1300-477, Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477, Lisbon, Portugal
- cE3c—Centre for Ecology, Evolution & Environmental Changes & CHANGE—Global Change & Sustainability Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal
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Depenbrock S, Schlesener C, Aly S, Williams D, ElAshmawy W, McArthur G, Clothier K, Wenz J, Fritz H, Chigerwe M, Weimer B. Antimicrobial Resistance Genes in Respiratory Bacteria from Weaned Dairy Heifers. Pathogens 2024; 13:300. [PMID: 38668255 PMCID: PMC11053459 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13040300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is the leading cause of mortality and antimicrobial drug (AMD) use in weaned dairy heifers. Limited information is available regarding antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in respiratory bacteria in this population. This study determined AMR gene presence in 326 respiratory isolates (Pasteurella multocida, Mannheimia haemolytica, and Histophilus somni) from weaned dairy heifers using whole genome sequencing. Concordance between AMR genotype and phenotype was determined. Twenty-six AMR genes for 8 broad classes of AMD were identified. The most prevalent, medically important AMD classes used in calf rearing, to which these genes predict AMR among study isolates were tetracycline (95%), aminoglycoside (94%), sulfonamide (94%), beta-lactam (77%), phenicol (50%), and macrolide (44%). The co-occurrence of AMR genes within an isolate was common; the largest cluster of gene co-occurrence encodes AMR to phenicol, macrolide, elfamycin, β-lactam (cephalosporin, penam cephamycin), aminoglycoside, tetracycline, and sulfonamide class AMD. Concordance between genotype and phenotype varied (Matthew's Correlation Coefficient ranged from -0.57 to 1) by bacterial species, gene, and AMD tested, and was particularly poor for fluoroquinolones (no AMR genes detected) and ceftiofur (no phenotypic AMR classified while AMR genes present). These findings suggest a high genetic potential for AMR in weaned dairy heifers; preventing BRD and decreasing AMD reliance may be important in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Depenbrock
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Cory Schlesener
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, 100K Pathogen Genome Project, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Sharif Aly
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Tulare, CA 93274, USA
| | - Deniece Williams
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Tulare, CA 93274, USA
| | - Wagdy ElAshmawy
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Tulare, CA 93274, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Gary McArthur
- Swinging Udders Veterinarian Services, Galt, CA 95632, USA
| | - Kristin Clothier
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - John Wenz
- Field Disease Investigation Unit, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99163, USA
| | - Heather Fritz
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Munashe Chigerwe
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Bart Weimer
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, 100K Pathogen Genome Project, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
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Møller HH, Krogh MA, Petersen MB, Nielsen LR, Capion N. Comparison and interobserver reliability between a visual analog scale and the Wisconsin Calf Health Scoring Chart for detection of respiratory disease in dairy calves. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:1102-1109. [PMID: 37709013 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory disease is an ongoing challenge for calves in the dairy sector with a relatively high prevalence and impact on welfare and economics. Applying scoring protocols for detecting respiratory disease requires that they are easily implemented, consistent between observers and fast to use in daily management. This study was conducted in one Danish dairy farm from September 2020 through January 2021. The study included 126 heifer calves enrolled in the age of 17 to 24 d. All calves were observed every second day for a period of 46 d. At each visit all calves were scored with a new visual analog scale (VAS) and the Wisconsin Calf Health Scoring Chart (WCHSC). We calculated agreement between the 2 scoring systems based on conditional probability to score higher or lower than a cutoff in the VAS compared with a specified cutoff in WCHSC used as reference test. A generalized mixed effects regression model was developed to estimate the prevalence of respiratory disease and the overall agreement between the 2 scoring systems. The overall agreement between the VAS and WCHSC was 89.6%. The second part of the study assessed interobserver reliability between 2 experienced observers and between an experienced observer and veterinary students. The interobserver reliability was calculated by intraclass correlation coefficient and was 0.58 between experienced observers and was 0.34 between an experienced observer and veterinary students indicating a moderate to poor reliability between the observers. It was possible to use VAS as an alternative clinical scoring method, which primarily focuses on the general condition of the individual calf rather than specific categories of clinical signs. Our study set up lacked a comparison to other diagnostic tools i.e., thoracic ultrasound to confirm the findings which should be considered in future studies when exploring VAS as a screening tool for detection of respiratory disease in dairy calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik H Møller
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2630 Taastrup, Denmark.
| | - Mogens A Krogh
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Mette B Petersen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2630 Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Liza R Nielsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Nynne Capion
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2630 Taastrup, Denmark
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Chen X, Kong Q, Zhao X, Zhao C, Hao P, Irshad I, Lei H, Kulyar MFEA, Bhutta ZA, Ashfaq H, Sha Q, Li K, Wu Y. Sodium acetate/sodium butyrate alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced diarrhea in mice via regulating the gut microbiota, inflammatory cytokines, antioxidant levels, and NLRP3/Caspase-1 signaling. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1036042. [PMID: 36386709 PMCID: PMC9664939 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1036042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Diarrhea is a word-widely severe disease coupled with gastrointestinal dysfunction, especially in cattle causing huge economic losses. However, the effects of currently implemented measures are still not enough to prevent diarrhea. Previously we found that dropped short-chain fatty acids in diarrhea yaks, and butyrate is commonly known to be related to the epithelial barrier function and intestinal inflammation. However, it is still unknown whether sodium acetate/sodium butyrate could alleviate diarrhea in animals. The present study is carried out to explore the potential effects of sodium acetate/sodium butyrate on lipopolysaccharide-induced diarrhea in mice. Fifty ICR mice were randomly divided into control (C), LPS-induced (L), and sodium acetate/sodium butyrate (D, B, A)-treated groups. Serum and intestine samples were collected to examine inflammatory cytokines, antioxidant levels, relative gene expressions via real-time PCR assay, and gut microbiota changes through high-throughput sequencing. Results indicated that LPS decreased the villus height (p < 0.0001), increased the crypt depth (p < 0.05), and lowered the villus height to crypt depth ratio (p < 0.0001), while sodium acetate/sodium butyrate supplementation caused a significant increase in the villus height (p < 0.001), decrease in the crypt depth (p < 0.01), and increase in the villus height to crypt depth ratio (p < 0.001), especially. In mice treated with LPS, it was found that the serum level of IL-1β, TNF-α (p < 0.001), and MDA (p < 0.01) was significantly higher; however, sodium acetate/sodium butyrate supplementation significantly reduced IL-1β (p < 0.001), TNF-α (p < 0.01), and MDA (p < 0.01), respectively. A total of 19 genera were detected among mouse groups; LPS challenge decreased the abundance of Lactobacillus, unidentified F16, unidentified_S24-7, Adlercreutzia, Ruminococcus, unclassified Pseudomonadales, [Ruminococcus], Acetobacter, cc 1, Rhodococcus, unclassified Comamonadaceae, Faecalibacterium, and Cupriavidus, while increased Shigella, Rhodococcus, unclassified Comamonadaceae, and unclassified Pseudomonadales in group L. Interestingly, sodium acetate/sodium butyrate supplementation increased Lactobacillus, unidentified F16, Adlercreutzia, Ruminococcus, [Ruminococcus], unidentified F16, cc 115, Acetobacter, Faecalibacterium, and Cupriavidus, while decreased Shigella, unclassified Enterobacteriaceae, unclassified Pseudomonadales, Rhodococcus, and unclassified Comamonadaceae. LPS treatment upregulated the expressions of ZO-1 (p < 0.01) and NLRP3 (p < 0.0001) genes in mice; however, sodium acetate/sodium butyrate solution supplementation downregulated the expressions of ZO-1 (p < 0.05) and NLRP3 (p < 0.05) genes in treated mice. Also, the LPS challenge clearly downregulated the expression of Occludin (p < 0.001), Claudin (p < 0.0001), and Caspase-1 (p < 0.0001) genes, while sodium acetate/sodium butyrate solution supplementation upregulated those gene expressions in treated groups. The present study revealed that sodium acetate/sodium butyrate supplementation alleviated LPS-induced diarrhea in mice via enriching beneficial bacterium and decreasing pathogens, which could regulate oxidative damages and inflammatory responses via NLRP3/Caspase-1 signaling. The current results may give insights into the prevention and treatment of diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiushuang Chen
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qinghui Kong
- College of Animal Science, Tibet Agricultural and Animal Husbandry University, Nyingchi, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Zhao
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chenxi Zhao
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Pin Hao
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Irfan Irshad
- Institute of Continuing Education and Extension, University of Veterinary Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Hongjun Lei
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Muhammad Fakhar-e-Alam Kulyar
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zeeshan Ahmad Bhutta
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, South Korea
| | - Hassan Ashfaq
- Institute of Continuing Education and Extension, University of Veterinary Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Qiang Sha
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kun Li
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Kun Li,
| | - Yi Wu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Yi Wu,
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Ma Y, Khan MZ, Xiao J, Alugongo GM, Chen X, Li S, Wang Y, Cao Z. An Overview of Waste Milk Feeding Effect on Growth Performance, Metabolism, Antioxidant Status and Immunity of Dairy Calves. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:898295. [PMID: 35656173 PMCID: PMC9152456 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.898295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Waste milk (WM) is a part of the milk produced on dairy farms, which is usually unsuitable for human consumption. The WM contains transition milk, mastitis milk, colostrum, milk with somatic cells, blood (Hemolactia), harmful pathogens, pathogenic and antibiotic residues. Due to the high cost of milk replacer (MR), dairy farmers prefer raw WM to feed their calves. It has been well established that WM has a greater nutritive value than MR. Hence WM can contribute to improved growth, rumen development, and immune-associated parameters when fed to dairy calves. However, feeding raw WM before weaning has continuously raised some critical concerns. The pathogenic load and antibiotic residues in raw WM may increase the risk of diseases and antibacterial resistance in calves. Thus, pasteurization has been recommended as an effective method to decrease the risk of diseases in calves by killing/inhibiting the pathogenic microorganisms in the raw WM. Altogether, the current review provides a brief overview of the interplay between the positive role of raw WM in the overall performance of dairy calves, limitations of raw WM as a feed source and how to overcome these issues arising from feeding raw WM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Muhammad Zahoor Khan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- University of Agriculture, Dera Ismail Khan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Jianxin Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Gibson Maswayi Alugongo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shengli Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yajing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhijun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Zhijun Cao
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