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Mertens H, Noll B, Schwerdtle T, Abraham K, Monien BH. Less is more: a methodological assessment of extraction techniques for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) analysis in mammalian tissues. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:5925-5938. [PMID: 37606646 PMCID: PMC10556126 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04867-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are persistent environmental contaminants. Studying the bioaccumulation in mammalian tissues requires a considerable effort for the PFAS extraction from complex biological matrices. The aim of the current work was to select and optimize the most efficient among common extraction strategies for eleven perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAA). Primary extractions from wild boar tissues (liver, kidney, and lung) were performed with methanol at neutral, acidic, or alkaline conditions, or with methyl-tert-butyl ether (MTBE) after ion-pairing with tetrabutylammonium (TBA) ions. A second purification step was chosen after comparing different solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridges (Oasis WAX, ENVI-Carb, HybridSPE Phospholipid) and various combinations thereof or dispersive SPE with C18 and ENVI-Carb material. The best extraction efficiencies of the liquid PFAA extraction from tissue homogenates were achieved with methanol alone (recoveries from liver 86.6-114.4%). Further purification of the methanolic extracts using dispersive SPE or Oasis WAX columns decreased recoveries of most PFAA, whereas using pairs of two SPE columns connected in series proved to be more efficient albeit laborious. Highest recoveries for ten out of eleven PFAA were achieved using ENVI-Carb columns (80.3-110.6%). In summary, the simplest extraction methods using methanol and ENVI-Carb columns were also the most efficient. The technique was validated and applied in a proof of principle analysis in human tissue samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Mertens
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Benedikt Noll
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tanja Schwerdtle
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Klaus Abraham
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernhard H Monien
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany.
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Korkmaz B, Maaz D, Reich F, Gremse C, Haase A, Mateus-Vargas RH, Mader A, Rottenberger I, Schafft HA, Bandick N, Nöckler K, Alter T, Lahrssen-Wiederholt M, Steinhoff-Wagner J. Cause and Effect Analysis between Influencing Factors Related to Environmental Conditions, Hunting and Handling Practices and the Initial Microbial Load of Game Carcasses. Foods 2022; 11:foods11223726. [PMID: 36429318 PMCID: PMC9689144 DOI: 10.3390/foods11223726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental, hunting and handling factors affect the microbial load of hunted game and the resulting meat products. The aim of this study was to systematically investigate the influence of several factors on the initial microbial load (IML) of game carcasses during the early hunting chain. Eviscerated roe deer body cavities (n = 24) were investigated in terms of total viable count and the levels of Pseudomonas spp., Lactobacillus spp., Enterobacteriaceae and Escherichia coli (E. coli). Furthermore, a risk analysis based on the obtained original IML data, literature search and a Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) was performed. The IML could be explained in a regression model by factors including the higher body weight (BW), damaged gastrointestinal tract by the shot, ambient temperature or rain. The levels of Lactobacillus spp. (p = 0.0472), Enterobacteriaceae (p = 0.0070) and E. coli (p = 0.0015) were lower on the belly flap surface when gloves were used during evisceration. The literature search revealed that studies examining influencing factors (IF) on the IML of game carcasses found contradictory effects of the comparable IF on IML. Potential handling failures may lead to a higher IML of game carcasses during the early hunting chain ranked by FMEA. Several handling practices for game carcasses are recommended, such as ensuring efficient cooling of heavier BW carcasses to limit bacterial growth or eviscerating heavier carcasses before lighter ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birsen Korkmaz
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), 10589 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Denny Maaz
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), 10589 Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Brandenburg State Laboratory, Gerhard-Neumann-Straße 2, 15236 Frankfurt (Oder), Germany
| | - Felix Reich
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Carl Gremse
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Annina Haase
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Anneluise Mader
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ingo Rottenberger
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Helmut A. Schafft
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Niels Bandick
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Karsten Nöckler
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Alter
- Institute of Food Safety and Food Hygiene, Center for Veterinary Public Health, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Königsweg 69, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Julia Steinhoff-Wagner
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), 10589 Berlin, Germany
- TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Animal Nutrition and Metabolism, Technical University of Munich, Liesel-Beckmann-Str. 2, 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
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Garcia-Vozmediano A, Bellato A, Rossi L, Hoogerwerf MN, Sprong H, Tomassone L. Use of Wild Ungulates as Sentinels of TBEV Circulation in a Naïve Area of the Northwestern Alps, Italy. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12111888. [PMID: 36431023 PMCID: PMC9699112 DOI: 10.3390/life12111888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Wild and domestic animals can be usefully employed as sentinels for the surveillance of diseases with an impact on public health. In the case of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), the detection of antibodies in animals can be more effective than screening ticks for detecting TBEV foci, due to the patchy distribution of the virus. In the Piedmont region, northwestern Italy, TBEV is considered absent, but an increase in tick densities, of Ixodes ricinus in particular, has been observed, and TBEV is spreading in bordering countries, e.g., Switzerland. Therefore, we collected sera from wild ungulates during the hunting season (October-December) from 2017 to 2019 in the Susa Valley, Italian western Alps, and screened them for TBEV antibodies by a commercial competitive ELISA test. We collected 267 serum samples by endocranial venous sinuses puncture from red deer, roe deer and northern chamois carcasses. The animals were hunted in 13 different municipalities, at altitudes ranging between 750 and 2800 m a.s.l. The serological survey for TBEV yielded negative results. Borderline results for five serum samples were further confirmed as negative for TBEV by a plaque reduction neutralisation test. To date, our results indicate that TBEV is not circulating in western Piedmont. However, monitoring of TBEV should continue since TBEV and its vector are spreading in Europe. The wide-range distribution of wild ungulates and their role as feeding hosts, make them useful indicators of the health threats posed by Ixodid ticks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aitor Garcia-Vozmediano
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, L.go Braccini, 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.G.-V.); (L.T.)
| | - Alessandro Bellato
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, L.go Braccini, 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Luca Rossi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, L.go Braccini, 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Marieke N. Hoogerwerf
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3720 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Hein Sprong
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3720 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Laura Tomassone
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, L.go Braccini, 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.G.-V.); (L.T.)
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Wildlife Disease Monitoring: Methods and Perspectives. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12213032. [PMID: 36359156 PMCID: PMC9659093 DOI: 10.3390/ani12213032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Mateus-Vargas RH, Lienen T, Maaz D, Richter M, Maurischat S, Steinhoff-Wagner J. Evaluation of the Occurrence of Staphylococcaceae with Reduced Susceptibility to Cefoxitin in Wild Ungulates in Brandenburg, Germany, Based on Land Use-Related Factors. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0256022. [PMID: 36169418 PMCID: PMC9603044 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02560-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Interactions between natural and human-used environments have a significant influence on the spread of antimicrobial resistance in wild ecosystems. Despite current knowledge, fundamental questions about the degree of impact of land use-related factors on the spread of antimicrobial-resistant staphylococci in European wild game animal populations have not yet been answered with certainty. In this study, we evaluated the occurrence of Staphylococcaceae showing reduced susceptibility to cefoxitin in nasal swabs of fallow deer (Dama dama), red deer (Cervus elaphus), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), and wild boar (Sus scrofa) hunted in Brandenburg, Germany. Evaluations were focused on the use of open-source data regarding the extent as well as the degree of land use, especially for settlement or animal husbandry. Results showed that the detection rate of Staphylococcaceae showing a non-wild-type phenotype for cefoxitin differed between animal species of the studied hunting districts. Statistical analyses of results combined with data on land use features revealed that a high density of cattle or poultry in a county may be associated with an increased detection rate in roe deer or wild boar, respectively. Furthermore, positive correlations were determined between the prevalence of non-wild-type Staphylococcaceae in roe deer or fallow deer and the proportional extent of surface water bodies in the corresponding area. The presented approach establishes a general basis for a risk-oriented assessment of the effects of human activities on the epidemiology of transmissible microorganisms in the human-animal-environment interface, including antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. IMPORTANCE Intensive research regarding the impact of land use-related factors on the prevalence and distribution of antimicrobial-resistant Staphylococcaceae in game ungulate populations is necessary for adequately determining risks related to interactions between wild animals, domestic animals, and humans in common geographic locations. This systematic approach for the analysis of the observations in specific hunting districts of Brandenburg, Germany, adds an innovative value to the research strategy of antimicrobial resistance in wild game animals, which is in accordance with current recommendations worldwide. Thus, results and information obtained in this study build a relevant foundation for future risk assessment regarding the safety of game products. Furthermore, the data generated represent an important basis for improving existing guidelines in land use practices and hunting practices. The use of existing open source data collections provided by official governmental and nongovernmental entities increases not only the impact but also the applicability and comparability of information beyond the regional level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael H. Mateus-Vargas
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department Safety in the Food Chain, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Lienen
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department Biological Safety, Berlin, Germany
| | - Denny Maaz
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department Safety in the Food Chain, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Richter
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department Biological Safety, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sven Maurischat
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department Biological Safety, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julia Steinhoff-Wagner
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department Safety in the Food Chain, Berlin, Germany
- Technical University of Munich, School of Life Sciences, Munich, Germany
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