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Kholif AE, Anele A, Anele UY. Microbial feed additives in ruminant feeding. AIMS Microbiol 2024; 10:542-571. [PMID: 39219749 PMCID: PMC11362274 DOI: 10.3934/microbiol.2024026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The main purposes of feed additives administration are to increase feed quality, feed utilization, and the performance and health of animals. For many years, antibiotic-based feed additives showed promising results; however, their administration in animal feeds has been banned due to some public concerns regarding their residues in the produced milk and meat from treated animals. Some microorganisms have desirable properties and elicit certain effects, which makes them potential alternatives to antibiotics to enhance intestinal health and ruminal fermentation. The commonly evaluated microorganisms are some species of bacteria and yeasts. Supplementing microorganisms to ruminants boosts animal health, feed digestion, ruminal fermentation, animal performance (meat and milk), and feed efficiency. Moreover, feeding microorganisms helps young calves adapt quickly to consume solid feed and prevents thriving populations of enteric pathogens in the gastrointestinal tract which cause diarrhea. Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, Lactococcus, Bacillus, Enterococcus, Bifidobacterium, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Aspergillus oryzae are the commonly used microbial feed additives in ruminant production. The response of feeding such microorganisms depends on many factors including the level of administration, diet fed to animal, physiological status of animal, and many other factors. However, the precise modes of action in which microbial feed additives improve nutrient utilization and livestock production are under study. Therefore, we aim to highlight some of the uses of microorganisms-based feed additives effects on animal production, the modes of action of microorganisms, and their potential use as an alternative to antibiotic feed additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed E. Kholif
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA
- Dairy Science Department, National Research Centre, 33 Bohouth St. Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Anuoluwapo Anele
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Design, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA
| | - Uchenna Y. Anele
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA
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Azzaz HH, Awad AA, Murad HA, Hassaan NA. Performance responses of lactating Rahmani ewes fed diet supplemented with Enterococcus faecium NRC-3 or Lactobacillus rhamnosus. Anim Biotechnol 2023; 34:4032-4040. [PMID: 37656717 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2023.2252013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Production of new types of probiotics for animal nutrition mainly depends on the appropriate bacterial strain and efficient substrate. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the impact of two probiotic strains containing 1.2 × 108 (CFU/g), produced on permeate media on performance responses of Rahmani ewes. Thirty early lactating ewes (about 2-3 years old and weighting on average 43.2 ± 0.3 kg) were randomly divided into three groups of 10 animals each using a completely randomized design. The 1st group was fed the basal diet (60% concentrate feed mixture (CFM) + 30% Egyptian clover + 10% bean straw). While the ewes in 2nd and 3rd groups were fed the basal diet + 2 g of Enterococcus faecium NRC-3(EF) and Lactobacillus rhamnosus (LR), respectively for 9 weeks. Ewes' diet supplementation with EF or LR increased (p < 0.05) dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and non-structural carbohydrates digestibility compared to ewes of the control group. Glucose, total protein, and albumin concentrations significantly increased in the blood of EF ewes than those of LR and control. Probiotics increased ewes' milk yield as well as milk protein, fat, and lactose yields, but no differences were observed between treatments when milk components were expressed as percentage. Milk fatty acids profile not changed due to EF or LR supplementation. Probiotics (E. faecium and L. rhamnosus) produced on cheese industry waste (permeate) have proven their ability to improve the productive performance of the lactating Rahmani ewes.
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Affiliation(s)
- H H Azzaz
- Dairy Department, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - A A Awad
- Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - H A Murad
- Dairy Department, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Noha A Hassaan
- Animal Production Department, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
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Jin Y, Huang Y, Luo H, Wang L, Chen B, Zhang Y, Deng K, Zhao N, Lai A. Effects of replacing hybrid giant napier with sugarcane bagasse and fermented sugarcane bagasse on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation characteristics, and rumen microorganisms of Simmental crossbred cattle. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1236955. [PMID: 38045032 PMCID: PMC10693430 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1236955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of replacing hybrid giant napiers with sugarcane bagasse and fermented sugarcane bagasse on the growth performance, apparent nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation characteristics, and rumen microorganisms of Simmental crossbred cattle. Twenty-one Simmental crossbred cattle with similar initial body weight (363.42 ± 8.67 kg) were randomly divided into three groups: Group CON (20% hybrid giant napier +45% distillers grains +35% concentrate mixture), Group SB (20% sugarcane bagasse +45% distillers grains +35% concentrate mixture), and Group FSB (20% fermented sugarcane bagasse +45% distillers grains +35% concentrate mixture). The average daily weight gain in the SB group was lower than in the CON group, no significant difference was found between the CON and FSB groups. The feed conversion ratio of the CON and FSB groups was lower compared to the SB group. The apparent digestibility of neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber in the SB group was lower than in the CON group, no significant difference was found between the CON and FSB groups. The levels of NH3-N, microbial protein, acetate, propionate, butyrate, isobutyrate, and total volatile fatty acids were higher in the CON and FSB groups than in the SB group, no significant difference was found between the CON and FSB groups. The relative abundances of Christensenellaceae_R-7_group, Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group, Prevotellaceae_UCG-003, Saccharofermentans, and Eubacteriumcoprostanoligenes_group were lower in the CON and FSB groups compared to the SB group. The relative abundance of Succiniclasticum was highest in the FSB group, followed by the CON group and then the SB group. Correlation analysis showed that the relative abundance of Succiniclasticum was positively correlated with propionate and NH3-N content, while the relative abundance of Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group was inversely correlated with NH3-N content. Gene function prediction indicated that fermented sugarcane bagasse promoted rumen microbial amino acid metabolism. In conclusion, replacing hybrid giant napiers with 20% sugarcane bagasse negatively affected the growth performance of Simmental crossbred cattle, while the addition of 20% fermented sugarcane bagasse had no adverse effects on growth performance and rumen fermentation characteristics, and did not alter the abundance of the rumen core flora in Simmental crossbred cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadong Jin
- College of Animal Science, Xichang University, Xichang, China
| | - Yanru Huang
- College of Animal Science, Xichang University, Xichang, China
| | - Haocen Luo
- College of Animal Science, Xichang University, Xichang, China
| | - Langzhou Wang
- College of Animal Science, Xichang University, Xichang, China
| | - Binlong Chen
- College of Animal Science, Xichang University, Xichang, China
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Goats with Local Characteristics, Xichang, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Xichang University, Xichang, China
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Goats with Local Characteristics, Xichang, China
| | - Kaimei Deng
- Ningnan County Rural Industry Technology Service Center, Liangshan, China
| | - Ningbo Zhao
- Ningnan County Rural Industry Technology Service Center, Liangshan, China
| | - Anqiang Lai
- College of Animal Science, Xichang University, Xichang, China
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Bakare AG, Zindove TJ, Bhavna A, Devi A, Takayawa SL, Sharma AC, Iji PA. Lactobacillus buchneri and molasses can alter the physicochemical properties of cassava leaf silage. Heliyon 2023; 9:e22141. [PMID: 38034723 PMCID: PMC10685371 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In developing countries where feed resources are scarce, cassava leaves can be used as feed for animals. However, the use of cassava leaves is limited mainly because of their high fibre content and overall acceptability by animals. The resolution to this problem is to process the cassava leaves by ensiling and using additives. Therefore, the objective of the study was to determine the effects of including different inclusion levels of molasses and bacteria concentration on the physicochemical properties of cassava leaf silage. Molasses was added at inclusion levels of 0, 3, 5 and 7 g/100g of the chopped cassava leaves, and Lactobacillus buchneri was mixed with chopped cassava leaves at different concentrations of 0, 3.1 × 106 cfu/ml, 3.1 × 108 cfu/ml and 3.1 × 1010 cfu/ml. The effects of inclusion level of molasses on the colour, smell and texture of cassava leaf silage were significant (P < 0.05). Inclusion of bacteria concentration also influenced the smell of silage (P < 0.05). Effects of the inclusion level of molasses and bacteria concentration resulted in decreased pH, crude protein and crude fibre of silage (P < 0.05). There was a quadratic relationship between Ca and K with inclusion level of molasses in cassava leaf silage (P < 0.05). A positive linear relationship was observed between Mg and molasses inclusion levels in cassava leaf silage (P < 0.05). Using principal component analysis (PCA), molasses had a strong positive correlation with PCA 1, whereas crude fibre, pH and crude protein had a positive correlation with PCA 2. The inclusion level of bacterial concentration was negatively correlated to Ca, CP, P and CF. From the study, the use of molasses and L. buchneri can greatly improve the physicochemical qualities of cassava leaf silage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archibold G. Bakare
- Department of Animal Science, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Fiji National University, Koronivia, Fiji
| | - Titus J. Zindove
- Department of Animal Science, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Fiji National University, Koronivia, Fiji
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Arti Bhavna
- Department of Animal Science, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Fiji National University, Koronivia, Fiji
| | - Ashika Devi
- Department of Animal Science, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Fiji National University, Koronivia, Fiji
| | - Sereana L. Takayawa
- Department of Crop Science, School of Agriculture and Forestry, Fiji National University, Koronivia, Fiji
| | - Ami C. Sharma
- Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Chemistry, Fiji
| | - Paul A. Iji
- Department of Animal Science, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Fiji National University, Koronivia, Fiji
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Kumar M, Chatterjee A, Dutta T, Reena Y, Mohammad A, Bhakat C, Rai S, Mandal D, Karunakaran M. Effect of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes supplementation on voluntary intake, availability of nutrients and growth performance in Black Bengal kids (Capra hircus). Small Rumin Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2023.106912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Jihene J, Khalil A, Samia BS, Hela Y, Atef M, Jamel R, Mohamed K. Effect of fibrolytic enzyme supplementation of urea-treated wheat straw on nutrient intake, digestion, growth performance, and blood parameters of growing lambs. Small Rumin Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2022.106840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Hamdon HA, Kassab AY, Vargas-Bello-Pérez E, Abdel Hafez GA, Sayed TA, Farghaly MM, Kholif AE. Using probiotics to improve the utilization of chopped dried date palm leaves as a feed in diets of growing Farafra lambs. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1048409. [PMID: 36387408 PMCID: PMC9645356 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1048409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The study determined the ability of three probiotics to improve the nutritional value of date palm leaves in diets of growing lambs. Twenty male Farafra lambs (26 ± 0.33 kg) were randomly allocated to one of four treatments (n = 6) and fed: a control or basal diet (C; 70% concentrate + 30% date palm leaves without additives) and supplemented with Bacillofort containing 2 × 1011 CFU of Bacillus subtilis/g (BAC treatment), Lacotpro containing 1 × 1012 CFU of Lactobacillus acidophilus/g (LAC treatment) or ZAD containing 6 × 108 CFU of R. albus/g (ZAD treatment) at 4 g of all additives for 150 days. As a result of this study, LAC improved (P < 0.05) growth performance and feed efficiency compared to control. Additives increased (P = 0.001) concentrations of albumin, triiodothyronine, and thyroxine, hemoglobin concentration and red blood cells and decreased (P = 0.001) globulin and urea-N. Additives increased hot carcass (P = 0.040) while BAC increased Longissimus dorsi, meat and fat without affecting water holding capacity compared to other treatments. In the metabolism experiment, BAC increased the digestibility of crude protein, while BAC and ZAD increased the digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, and neutral detergent fiber. Additives did not affect nitrogen (N) intake and urinary N; however, decreased fecal N and increased N balance compared to the control. BAC and ZAD increased ruminal volatile fatty acids concentration compared to the control. Based on our results, Lacotpro could be used to improve growth performance and feed efficiency, while Bacillofort could be used to improve meat quality of in lambs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatem A. Hamdon
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, New Valley University, Kharga, Egypt
| | - Ayman Y. Kassab
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, New Valley University, Kharga, Egypt
| | - Einar Vargas-Bello-Pérez
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Galal A. Abdel Hafez
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Talaat A. Sayed
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, New Valley University, Kharga, Egypt
| | - Mohsen M. Farghaly
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Ahmed E. Kholif
- Department of Dairy Science, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
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Azzaz HH, Kholif AE, Murad HA, Vargas-Bello-Pérez E. A newly developed strain of Enterococcus faecium isolated from fresh dairy products to be used as a probiotic in lactating Holstein cows. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:989606. [PMID: 36311649 PMCID: PMC9607892 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.989606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the ability of an isolated strain (EGY_NRC1) or commercial (NCIMB 11181) Enterococcus faecium as a probiotic for lactating cows. Two experiments were conducted: In Experiment 1, the effects of three levels (1, 2, and 3 g/kg diet, DM basis) of isolated and commercial E. faecium on in vitro ruminal fermentation kinetics, gas, methane (CH4) and nutrient degradability were determined. In Experiment 2, thirty multiparous Holstein cows (633 ± 25.4 kg body weight) with 7 days in milk, were randomly assigned to 3 treatments in a completely randomized design in a 60-day experiment. Cows were fed without any additives (control treatment) or supplemented with 2 g/kg feed daily of E. faecium EGY_NRC1 (contain 1.1 × 109 CFU/g) or commercial E. faecium NCIMB 11181 (contain 2 × 1012 CFU/g). Diets were prepared to meet cow's nutrient requirements according to NRC recommendations. Probiotic doses were based on the in vitro Experiment 1. Feed intake, digestibility, blood parameters and lactation performance were evaluated. In Experiment 1, the isolated E. faecium linearly and quadratically increased (P < 0.001) in vitro total gas production (TGP), the degradability of dry matter (dDM) and organic matter (dOM) while decreased (P < 0.05) methane (CH4) percent of TGP, NH3CH4 production, and pH. The commercial E. faecium increased TGP and decreased (P < 0.01) CH4 production, pH and increased the dDM and dOM, short chain fatty acids and ruminal NH3-N concentration. In Experiment 2, the isolated E. faecium increased (P < 0.01) total tract digestibility of DM, neutral and acid detergent fiber, daily milk production and feed efficiency compared to the control treatment without affecting feed intake and milk composition. Moreover, the isolated E. faecium increased (P < 0.05) the proportion of C18:1 trans-9, C18:2 cis-9-12 and C18:2 trans-10 cis-12. Both isolated and commercial E. faecium improved (P < 0.01) organic matter, crude protein and nonstructural carbohydrates digestibility, increased serum glucose (P = 0.002) and decreased serum cholesterol (P = 0.002). Additionally, both E. faecium strains decreased C23:0 (P = 0.005) in milk. In conclusion, the use of E. faecium (isolated and commercial) at 2 g/kg DM of feed improved feed efficiency and production performance, with superior effects on animal performance from isolated E. faecium compared to the commercial one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossam H. Azzaz
- Dairy Science Department, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahmed E. Kholif
- Dairy Science Department, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt,*Correspondence: Ahmed E. Kholif
| | | | - Einar Vargas-Bello-Pérez
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom,Einar Vargas-Bello-Pérez
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Utilization of Waste Date Palm Leaves Biomass Ensiled with Malic or Lactic Acids in Diets of Farafra Ewes under Tropical Conditions. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12111432. [PMID: 35681896 PMCID: PMC9179483 DOI: 10.3390/ani12111432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the current study was to evaluate the ensiling of date palm leaves (DPL) with organic acids (lactic or malic acid) for 45 day as a feed for lactating ewes under desert conditions. Two weeks before expected parturition, 50 multiparous lactating Farafra ewes (mean ± SD: 2 ± 0.3 parity, 34 ± 1.9 kg bodyweight, 25 ± 2.4 months of age, and 555 ± 13.0 g/day of previous milk production) were equally divided into five treatments in a completely randomized design for 90 day. The ewes in the control treatment were offered a diet composed of a concentrate feed mixture and DPL at 60:40 on a dry matter (DM) basis ensiled without additive. In the other treatments, DPL (ensiled without organic acids) in the control treatment was replaced with DPL ensiled with lactic or malic acid (at 5 g/kg DM) at 50 or 100% levels. Organic acids linearly and quadratically increased (p < 0.01) DPL and total intakes and digestibilities of DM, organic matter, crude protein, and nonstructural carbohydrates without affecting fiber digestibility. Malic and lactic acid treatment also increased the concentrations of ruminal total volatile fatty acids, acetate, propionate, and ammonia-N. Additionally, malic and lactic acid-treated DPL increased serum glucose concentration and total antioxidant capacity. Without affecting daily actual milk production, treatments increased (p < 0.001) the daily production of energy-corrected milk (ECM), fat-corrected milk (FCM), milk energy output, milk contents of fats, and feed efficiency. Organic acid-treated DPL increased (p < 0.05) the proportions of total polyunsaturated fatty acids and total conjugated linoleic acids and the unsaturated to saturated fatty acid ratio in milk. It is concluded that feeding DPL ensiled with malic or lactic acid at 20 or 40% of total diet DM increased daily ECM and FCM production, nutrient utilization efficiency, and milk quality. No differences were observed between lactic and malic acid treatment of DPL during ensiling; therefore, both of them are recommended to treat DPL for silage preparation.
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