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Chen L, Deng LS, Xu T, Lai SY, Ai YR, Zhu L, Xu ZW. Rescue and characterization of PCV4 infectious clones: pathogenesis and immune response in piglets. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1443119. [PMID: 39135875 PMCID: PMC11317377 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1443119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus 4 (PCV4) was first identified in 2019, categorized within the genus Circovirus in the family Circoviridae. To date, the virus has not been isolated from clinical samples. Meanwhile, many aspects of the biology and pathogenic mechanisms of PCV4 infection remain unknown. In this study, PCV4 was successfully rescued from an infectious clone. We utilized a PCV4 virus stock derived from this infectious clone to intranasally inoculate 4-week-old specific-pathogen-free piglets to evaluate PCV4 pathogenesis. The rescued PCV4 was capable of replicating in both PK-15 cells and piglets, with the virus detectable in nearly all collected samples from the challenge groups. Pathological lesions and PCV4-specific antigens were observed in various tissues and organs, including the lungs, kidneys, lymph nodes, spleen, and liver, in the inoculated piglets. Additionally, the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the serum of the PCV4-inoculated group were significantly elevated compared to the control group, indicating that the induced inflammatory response may contribute to tissue damage associated with PCV4 infection. These findings offer new insights into the pathogenesis and inflammatory responses associated with PCV4-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li-Shuang Deng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tong Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Si-Yuan Lai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan-Ru Ai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemic Disease and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhi-Wen Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemic Disease and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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Wang LQ, Li JX, Chen XM, Cao XY, Zhang HL, Zheng LL, Ma SJ. Molecular detection and genetic characteristics of porcine circovirus 3 and porcine circovirus 4 in central China. Arch Virol 2024; 169:115. [PMID: 38709425 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-024-06039-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Porcine circoviruses (PCVs) are a significant cause of concern for swine health, with four genotypes currently recognized. Two of these, PCV3 and PCV4, have been detected in pigs across all age groups, in both healthy and diseased animals. These viruses have been associated with various clinical manifestations, including porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS) and respiratory and enteric signs. In this study, we detected PCV3 and PCV4 in central China between January 2022 and February 2023. We tested fecal swabs and tissue samples from growing-finishing and suckling pigs with or without respiratory and systemic manifestations and found the prevalence of PCV3 to be 15.15% (15/99) and that of PCV3/PCV4 coinfection to be 4.04% (4/99). This relatively low prevalence might be attributed to the fact that most of the clinical samples were collected from pigs exhibiting respiratory signs, with only a few samples having been obtained from pigs with diarrhea. In some cases, PCV2 was also detected, and the coinfection rates of PCV2/3, PCV2/4, and PCV2/3/4 were 6.06% (6/99), 5.05% (5/99), and 3.03% (3/99), respectively. The complete genomic sequences of four PCV3 and two PCV4 isolates were determined. All four of the PCV3 isolates were of subtype PCV3b, and the two PCV4 isolates were of subtype PCV4b. Two mutations (A24V and R27K) were found in antibody recognition domains of PCV3, suggesting that they might be associated with immune escape. This study provides valuable insights into the molecular epidemiology and evolution of PCV3 and PCV4 that will be useful in future investigations of genotyping, immunogenicity, and immune evasion strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Qing Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New District Longzi Lake 15#, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
- Department of Life Science, Zhengzhou Normal University, Zhengzhou, 450044, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Xin Li
- Faculty of Arts & Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Xi-Meng Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New District Longzi Lake 15#, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Yue Cao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New District Longzi Lake 15#, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Lei Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New District Longzi Lake 15#, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Lan-Lan Zheng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New District Longzi Lake 15#, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shi-Jie Ma
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New District Longzi Lake 15#, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan Province, People's Republic of China.
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Fang Z, Tu Y, Sun M, Wang S, Cai X, An T, Wang H. Generation of porcine circovirus type 4 virus-like particles and their use to detect serum antibodies. Arch Virol 2024; 169:67. [PMID: 38451379 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-024-05997-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 4 (PCV4), first identified in 2019 as a newly emerging pathogen, has been found in several provinces of China, as well as in Korea and Thailand. Since PCV4 is not included in immunization programs, epidemiological investigations should be conducted for detection of anti-PCV4 antibodies. Virus-like particles (VLPs) are frequently used for serological analysis of pathogen infections. However, there have been no reports on using PCV4 VLPs for serological investigation of PCV4 infection. In this study, we generated self-assembled PCV4 VLPs using an E. coli expression system, purified them using a two-step process, and used them to develop an indirect ELISA. This ELISA method was found to be highly specific, sensitive, and repeatable, making it suitable for PCV4 antibody detection in serum samples. Finally, the ELISA was used to analyze 422 serum samples collected from across several regions in China, 134 of which tested positive. Thus, the PCV4-VLP-based ELISA can effectively detect antibodies against PCV4 in serum samples, making it a useful tool for PCV4 epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Fang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Yabin Tu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Mingxia Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Shanghui Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Xuehui Cai
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, China
- Heilongjiang Veterinary Biopharmaceutical Engineering Technology Research Center, Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Tongqing An
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Haiwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, China.
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Harbin, 150069, China.
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Fu PF, Wang YH, Liu G, Wang DM, Huang WW, Guo DQ, Li XY, Liu P, Wei MX, Lu M, Hong J. First molecular detection and genetic characterization of porcine circovirus 4 in the Gansu Province of China. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0293135. [PMID: 38315677 PMCID: PMC10843115 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Since its initial discovery in the Hunan province of China, genomic DNA of porcine circovirus 4 (PCV4) has been detected in pigs across multiple provinces in China, as well as in South Korea. However, the prevalence of porcine circovirus type 4 in Gansu Province, China, remains unknown. To address this gap, we undertook an extensive study where we gathered 121 clinical samples displaying diverse clinical manifestations from pig farms in Gansu Province between 2022 and 2023. Employing a real-time fluorescence quantification method, we identified the presence of PCV4 genome. Out of the 121 clinical samples analyzed, 13 samples tested positive for PCV4, resulting in a positive rate of 10.74% (13/121). This finding confirms the presence of PCV4 in pig farms within Gansu Province, China. Furthermore, we successfully sequenced and analyzed the complete genomes of two distinct PCV4 strains, comparing them with 60 reference sequences archived in the GenBank database. The results revealed a high nucleotide homology (98.2-98.8%) between the strains obtained in this study and the PCV4 reference strains, indicating a relatively low evolutionary rate of the PCV4 genome. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that two strains in this study belong to PCV4a and PCV4c. As far as we know, this study marks the inaugural report on the molecular identification and genomic attributes of PCV4 in Gansu Province, China, offering valuable insights for devising preventive and control strategies against this emerging virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Fei Fu
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Henan University of Urban Construction, Pingdingshan, Henan Province, China
| | - Yan-Hong Wang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Henan University of Urban Construction, Pingdingshan, Henan Province, China
| | - Guo Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Dong-Mei Wang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Henan University of Urban Construction, Pingdingshan, Henan Province, China
| | - Wei-Wei Huang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Henan University of Urban Construction, Pingdingshan, Henan Province, China
| | - Duan-Qiang Guo
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Henan University of Urban Construction, Pingdingshan, Henan Province, China
| | - Xin-Yang Li
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Henan University of Urban Construction, Pingdingshan, Henan Province, China
| | - Ping Liu
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Henan University of Urban Construction, Pingdingshan, Henan Province, China
| | - Meng-Xiang Wei
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Henan University of Urban Construction, Pingdingshan, Henan Province, China
| | - Min Lu
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Henan University of Urban Construction, Pingdingshan, Henan Province, China
| | - Jun Hong
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Henan University of Urban Construction, Pingdingshan, Henan Province, China
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Xu T, Deng LS, Jian ZJ, Xu L, Li FQ, Lai SY, Ai YR, Zhu L, Xu ZW. First report on identification and genomic analysis of a novel porcine circovirus (porcine circovirus 4) in cats. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1258484. [PMID: 37808320 PMCID: PMC10556453 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1258484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 4 (PCV4) is an emerging circovirus, which has been detected in domestic pigs across various provinces in China and Korea. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether cats are susceptible to PCV4. For this purpose, we collected 116 cat samples from animal hospitals in Sichuan Province, China, between 2021 and 2022. Using a SYBR Green-based real-time PCR assay, we detected PCV4 in 5 out of the 116 clinical samples, indicating a positive rate of 4.31% (5/116) and confirming the presence of PCV4 in cats from Sichuan Province, China. Moreover, we successfully sequenced and analyzed the complete genome of one PCV4 strain (SCGA-Cat) along with 60 reference sequences deposited in the GenBank database. SCGA-Cat exhibited high nucleotide homology (98.2-99.0%) with PCV4 strains from other species, including dogs, pigs, dairy cows, and fur animals. Notably, the SCGA-Cat strain from cats clustered closely with a PCV4 strain derived from a pig collected in Fujian Province, China. To the best of our knowledge, this study represents the first report on the molecular detection of PCV4 in cats worldwide, which prompted us to understand the genetic diversity and cross-species transmission of the ongoing PCV4 cases. However, further investigations are needed to explore the association between PCV4 infection and clinical syndromes in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li-Shuang Deng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhi-Jie Jian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Feng-Qin Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Si-Yuan Lai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan-Ru Ai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine Sichuan Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemic Disease and Human Health, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhi-Wen Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine Sichuan Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemic Disease and Human Health, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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Jiao Q, Yang L, Liu X, Wen Y, Tian L, Qian P, Chen H, Li X. Isolation and pathogenicity of porcine circovirus type 2 in mice from Guangxi province, China. Virol J 2023; 20:195. [PMID: 37644571 PMCID: PMC10466715 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02161-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), a member of the genus Circovirus and family Circoviridae, is a closed, small, circular, and single-stranded DNA virus, and it is a crucial swine pathogen of porcine circovirus-associated diseases (PCVADs). PCV2 was first detected in PK-15(ATCC-CCL) cells in 1974, which has caused significant economic loss to the swine industry throughout the world. And the first case of PCV2 was reported in China in 2000. At present, PCV2d is the main genotype circulating widely in China. METHODS Lymph samples were obtained from piglets with emaciation and respiratory disease in Guangxi province, China. The main pathogens were detected via PCR from lymph samples, and then PCV2-single positive samples were used to inoculate with PK-15 cells. After successive generations, the isolate was subsequently identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), immunofluorescence assay (IFA), Western blot (WB), and transmission electron microscopic (TEM). The full-length genome and genetic characterization of isolates were analyzed by Sanger sequencing. The TCID50 of the PCV2-GX-6 was determined by IFA, and the pathogenicity of PCV2 in BALB/c mice was analyzed via the mouse model. RESULTS The isolates were successfully isolated from clinical samples. The complete genome of PCV2-GX-4, PCV2-GX-6, PCV2-GX-7, PCV2-GX-11 and PCV2-GX-16 have been amplified, sequenced, and deposited in GenBank (accession no.: OR133747, OQ803314, OR133748, OR133749, OR133750). Homology and phylogenetic analysis with reference strains showed that the isolates belonged to the PCV2d genotype. The PCV2-GX-6 could be stably passaged more than 30 times in PK-15 cells. PCV2-GX-6 was identified by PCR, IFA, WB and TEM. The results of homology showed that PCV2-GX-6 was closely related to the reference strains PCV2-JS17-8 (GenBank accession no.: MH211363). Pathogenicity studies in mice have shown that PCV2-GX-6 can lead to growth inhibition of mice. Meanwhile PCV2-GX-6 caused the typical lesions of spleen, lung and kidney. The results of qPCR showed that PCV2 can effectively proliferate in the liver, spleen, lung, and kidney. CONCLUSION PCV2-GX-6 can successfully infect BLAB/c mice, effectively proliferate in major organs, and possessed high pathogenicity. In conclusion, combined with the genotype and pathogenicity of PCV2d currently prevalent, PCV2-GX-6 can be used as a candidate vaccine strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiulin Jiao
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
| | - Liuyue Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
| | - Xiangzu Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
| | - Yanwen Wen
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
| | - Linxing Tian
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
| | - Ping Qian
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
| | - Xiangmin Li
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China.
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China.
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China.
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