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Blanco-Peña K, Quesada-Alvarado F, Salas-González D, Estrada-König S, Salom-Pérez R, Arroyo-Arce S, Villalobos-Araya A, Rivera-Castillo J, Martín-Maldonado B, Corrales-Gutiérrez D, Gallardo-Castro V, Gutiérrez-Espeleta G, Chaves A, Esperón F, Chaverri-Fonseca F. A multidisciplinary approach to analyze the antimicrobial resistance in natural ecosystems. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 251:118549. [PMID: 38412915 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) poses a global threat to both human health and environmental well-being. Our study delved into Costa Rican wildlife reserves, uncovering a substantial human impact on these ecosystems and underscoring the imperative to pinpoint AMR hotspots. Embracing a One Health perspective, we advocated for a comprehensive landscape analysis that intricately intertwined geographic, climatic, forest, and human factors. This study illuminated the link between laboratory results and observed patterns of antimicrobial use, thereby paving the way for sustainable solutions. Our innovative methodology involved deploying open-ended questions to explore antimicrobial usage across livestock activities, contributing to establishing a comprehensive methodology. Non-invasive sampling in wildlife emerged as a critical aspect, shedding light on areas contaminated by AMR. Feline species, positioned at the apex of the food chain, acted as sentinels for environmental health due to heightened exposure to improperly disposed waste. Regarding laboratory findings, each sample revealed the presence of at least one antimicrobial resistance gene (ARG). Notably, genes encoding resistance to tetracyclines dominated (94.9%), followed by beta-lactams (75.6%), sulfonamides (53.8%), aminoglycosides (51.3%), quinolones (44.9%), phenicols (25.6%), and macrolides (20.5%). Genes encoding polymyxins were not detected. Moreover, 66% of samples carried a multi-resistant microbiome, with 15% exhibiting resistance to three antimicrobial families and 51% to four. The absence of a correlation between forest coverage and ARG presence underscored the profound human impact on wildlife reserves, surpassing previous estimations. This environmental pressure could potentially modify microbiomes and resistomes in unknown ways. As not all antimicrobial families encoding ARGs were utilized by farmers, our next step involved evaluating other human activities to identify the primary sources of contamination. This comprehensive study contributed crucial insights into the intricate dynamics of AMR in natural ecosystems, paving the way for targeted interventions and sustainable coexistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinndle Blanco-Peña
- Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica. Instituto Regional de Estudios en Sustancias Tóxicas (IRET), Costa Rica.
| | - Francisco Quesada-Alvarado
- Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica. Instituto Regional de Estudios en Sustancias Tóxicas (IRET), Costa Rica
| | - Denis Salas-González
- Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica. Instituto Regional de Estudios en Sustancias Tóxicas (IRET), Costa Rica
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Bárbara Martín-Maldonado
- Veterinary Department, School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Andrea Chaves
- School of Biology, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica
| | - Fernando Esperón
- Veterinary Department, School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Spain
| | - Fabio Chaverri-Fonseca
- Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica. Instituto Regional de Estudios en Sustancias Tóxicas (IRET), Costa Rica
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Pasteur K, Diana A, Yatcilla JK, Barnard S, Croney CC. Access to veterinary care: evaluating working definitions, barriers, and implications for animal welfare. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1335410. [PMID: 38304544 PMCID: PMC10830634 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1335410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Humans have a moral obligation to meet the physical and mental needs of the animals in their care. This requires access to resources such as veterinary care, which is integral to achieving animal welfare. However, "access" to veterinary care is not always homogenous across communities and currently lacks a consistent definition. The objectives of this scoping review were to (1) understand how "access" to veterinary care has been defined in the literature, (2) map a broad list of potential barriers that may influence access to veterinary care, and (3) identify how access to care impacts the welfare of companion and livestock animals. The literature search yielded a total of 1,044 publications, 77 of which were relevant to our inclusion criteria, and were published between 2002 and 2022. Studies were most frequently conducted in the United States (n = 17) and Canada (n = 11). Publications defining access to veterinary care (n = 10) or discussing its impacts on animal welfare (n = 13) were minimal. However, barriers to accessing veterinary care were thoroughly discussed in the literature (n = 69) and were categorized into ten themes according to common challenges and keywords, with financial limitations (n = 57), geographic location (n = 35), and limited personnel/equipment (n = 32) being the most frequently reported. The results of this scoping review informed our proposed definition of access to veterinary care. Additionally, our findings identified a need to further investigate several understudied barriers relating to access to care (i.e., veterinarian-client relationship, client identity) and to better understand how they potentially affect animal welfare outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla Pasteur
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Alessia Diana
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Jane Kinkus Yatcilla
- Purdue University Libraries, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Shanis Barnard
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Candace C. Croney
- Center for Animal Welfare Science, Departments of Comparative Pathobiology and Animal Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
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A multi-suckling system combined with an enriched housing environment during the growing period promotes resilience to various challenges in pigs. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6804. [PMID: 35474326 PMCID: PMC9043182 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10745-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the impact of social and environmental enrichment on improving livestock resilience, i.e. the ability to quickly recover from perturbations. We evaluated the effect of an alternative housing system (AHS) on resilience of pigs, as compared to conventional housing (CONV). The AHS consisted of multi-litter housing during lactation, delayed weaning, extra space allowance and environmental enrichment at all times. We assessed recovery to a 2 h-transport challenge, an LPS injection, 2 h-heat stress and a biopsy wound in 96 pigs. Additionally, indicators of long-term “wear and tear” on the body were determined. AHS pigs had better physiological recoveries with quicker returns to baseline in the transport and LPS challenges, showed lower cortisol accumulation in hairs and lower variance in weight gain over the experimental period compared to conventionally-housed (CONV) pigs. They also had higher levels of natural antibodies binding KLH than CONV pigs. Their response to heat stress revealed a different strategy compared to CONV pigs. Taken together, AHS pigs appear to be more resilient and experience less chronic stress. Enhancing welfare by provision of social and environmental enrichment that better meets the behavioural needs of pigs seems to be a promising approach to improve their resilience.
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Alegbeleye OO, Guimarães JT, Cruz AG, Sant’Ana AS. Hazards of a ‘healthy’ trend? An appraisal of the risks of raw milk consumption and the potential of novel treatment technologies to serve as alternatives to pasteurization. Trends Food Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Isomura R, Matsuda M, Sugiura K. An epidemiological analysis of the level of biosecurity and animal welfare on pig farms in Japan and their effect on the use of veterinary antimicrobials. J Vet Med Sci 2018; 80:1853-1860. [PMID: 30369587 PMCID: PMC6305507 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.18-0287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In Japan the highest use of veterinary antimicrobials is in pig production. To obtain
useful information to achieve the best approach to reducing this use, we analyzed the
association between the level of on-farm biosecurity and animal welfare with the level of
antimicrobial use as recorded on prescriptions on 38 pig farms under contract to
veterinarians of the Japanese Association of Swine Veterinarians. To determine the level
of welfare we recorded the risk of pre- and post-weaning deaths and the floor space
available per fattening pig (m2/head). Multivariable linear regression analysis
was performed, using biosecurity scores and animal welfare indicators as independent
variables and the amount of antimicrobial usage as dependent variables. The results showed
that the higher scores for the site condition (location) and external biosecurity scores
of the sub-categories ‘farm contractors’ were strongly associated with the lower use of
oral antimicrobials (P<0.05). This suggests that in order to reduce
the usage of antimicrobials for herd treatments, farmers should consider the location when
building a new farm or pig house and strengthen the entrance requirements for high risk
visitors. Regression analysis for the respective antimicrobials showed that the site
condition, the biosecurity scores of the sub-categories ‘farm contractors’, ‘pen layouts’
(e.g. independence of pens and sites), ‘pig flows’ (e.g. the completeness of all-in/
all-out system) and an animal welfare indicator (i.e. post-weaning mortality risk) were
significantly associated with the use of one or more antimicrobials
(P<0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren Isomura
- Department of Global Agricultural Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Mari Matsuda
- Department of Global Agricultural Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Katsuaki Sugiura
- Department of Global Agricultural Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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Application of multiple behaviour change models to identify determinants of farmers' biosecurity attitudes and behaviours. Prev Vet Med 2018; 155:61-74. [PMID: 29786526 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2018.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
It has been recognised that few cattle farmers undertake biosecurity practices on their farms. Approaches that take into consideration individuals' preparedness for change, alongside beliefs thought to motivate the enactment of certain behaviours, may provide a framework for actuating tangible change. The aim of this study was to use a combination of behaviour change models to link beliefs with behaviour and identify possible key interventions to improve the uptake of biosecurity measures by dairy cattle farmers in Great Britain (GB). This is the first study to explore farmers' practices and attitudes in relation to the prevention of direct (animal to animal contact); indirect (via fomites); and other biosecurity measures using a multitheory approach. A cross-sectional study was carried out, with postal questionnaires sent to 2505 dairy cattle farmers. Questions were asked about the extent to which a host of biosecurity measures were used, the influence of various stakeholders (e.g. veterinarians, industry bodies) in informing biosecurity choices, and the perceived control farmers felt they had over biosecurity on their farms. Farmer attitudes towards biosecurity were also explored. Two behaviour change models, the Transtheoretical Model, and the Theory of Planned Behaviour, were utilised. A variety of analysis methods were used to interrogate the data, including multivariable logistic regression. A total of 908/2505 (36.2%) farmers responded, with 757 responses (30.2%) deemed eligible for inclusion. Farmers generally fell into one of two categories: those that reported not applying biosecurity measures with no intention of doing so in the future, and those that reported undertaking biosecurity measures for some time. Farmers felt that biosecurity improved cattle health and welfare, but also felt that disease was inevitable. More farmers agreed with statements relating to their ability to control, rather than prevent disease. Analysis suggested a difference between influencing beliefs and whether specific types of measure were more likely to be undertaken. For example, farmers' beliefs about other stakeholders appeared to play a role in influencing the utilisation of measures preventing direct contact (e.g. nose to nose contact), rather than indirect contact (e.g. fomite transmission). The use of a combination of behaviour change models has identified key variables to use for interventional approaches targeted towards the different type of biosecurity measure (preventing direct or indirect transmission) to improve the uptake of biosecurity on dairy cattle farms in GB. Other industry stakeholders should be aware of these variables when working with farmers to achieve optimal cattle herd health.
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Pritchard K, Wapenaar W, Brennan ML. Cattle veterinarians' awareness and understanding of biosecurity. Vet Rec 2015; 176:546. [PMID: 25854278 PMCID: PMC4453591 DOI: 10.1136/vr.102899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K Pritchard
- Maes Glas Veterinary Group, Church Acre, Brackla, Bridgend, South Wales CF31 2JT, UK
| | - W Wapenaar
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, The University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, College Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
| | - M L Brennan
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, The University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, College Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
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