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Zhang X, Zhang Y, Wang L, Wu G, Pan C. Three novel simple sequence repeats (SSRs) identified by MALDI-TOF-MS method were associated with backfat in pig. Anim Biotechnol 2023; 34:1014-1021. [PMID: 35048796 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2021.2009845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Backfat trait is an important economic trait and highly heritable, but difficult to evaluate. Thus, it is of great significance to explore optimal backfat thickness of pigs by using marker-assisted selection (MAS) to speed up its breeding process and improve economic efficiency. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between genetic variations (e.g., SSRs) and backfat of Qinghai Bamei pigs using MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). Herein, five alternative SSR loci (namely V1, V2, V3, V4 and V5) were selected for subsequent detection. The results suggested that 3 (141-, 143- and 145-), 3 (128-, 130- and 132-), 2 (160- and 162-), 2 (136- and 139-) and 3 (170-, 184- and 192-) alleles of V1, V2, V3, V4 and V5 were found, respectively. Subsequent analysis showed that there was linkage equilibrium among five SSRs and Hap19 (13.1%) (141-/132-/160-/139-/192-) had the highest haplotype frequency. Among these five SSR loci, V1, V2 and V3 loci were significantly associated to the backfat of Qinghai Bamei sows. These findings enriched the study of SSRs in Qinghai Bamei pigs, and (AC)n (Chr15:85485851-85485995), (AC)n (Chr10:52724583-52724713) and (TG)n (Chr4:90732644-90732802) could be utilized as the candidate locus for MAS in pig industry.HIGHLIGHTSFive novel SSR loci was identified in pigs through MALDI-TOF MS.V1, V2 and V3 loci was were significantly associated to the backfat of pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yanghai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Meat Science and Muscle Biology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Lei Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Guofang Wu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Chuanying Pan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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Mohammadi H, Farahani AHK, Moradi MH, Mastrangelo S, Di Gerlando R, Sardina MT, Scatassa ML, Portolano B, Tolone M. Weighted Single-Step Genome-Wide Association Study Uncovers Known and Novel Candidate Genomic Regions for Milk Production Traits and Somatic Cell Score in Valle del Belice Dairy Sheep. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12091155. [PMID: 35565582 PMCID: PMC9104502 DOI: 10.3390/ani12091155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Milk production is the most economically crucial dairy sheep trait and constitutes the major genetic enhancement purpose via selective breeding. Also, mastitis is one of the most frequently encountered diseases, having a significant impact on animal welfare, milk yield, and quality. The aim of this study was to identify genomic region(s) associated with the milk production traits and somatic cell score (SCS) in Valle del Belice sheep using single-step genome-wide association (ssGWA) and genotyping data from medium density SNP panels. We identified several genomic regions (OAR1, OAR2, OAR3, OAR4, OAR6, OAR9, and OAR25) and candidate genes implicated in milk production traits and SCS. Our findings offer new insights into the genetic basis of milk production traits and SCS in dairy sheep. Abstract The objective of this study was to uncover genomic regions explaining a substantial proportion of the genetic variance in milk production traits and somatic cell score in a Valle del Belice dairy sheep. Weighted single-step genome-wide association studies (WssGWAS) were conducted for milk yield (MY), fat yield (FY), fat percentage (FAT%), protein yield (PY), protein percentage (PROT%), and somatic cell score (SCS). In addition, our aim was also to identify candidate genes within genomic regions that explained the highest proportions of genetic variance. Overall, the full pedigree consists of 5534 animals, of which 1813 ewes had milk data (15,008 records), and 481 ewes were genotyped with a 50 K single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array. The effects of markers and the genomic estimated breeding values (GEBV) of the animals were obtained by five iterations of WssGBLUP. We considered the top 10 genomic regions in terms of their explained genomic variants as candidate window regions for each trait. The results showed that top ranked genomic windows (1 Mb windows) explained 3.49, 4.04, 5.37, 4.09, 3.80, and 5.24% of the genetic variances for MY, FY, FAT%, PY, PROT%, and total SCS, respectively. Among the candidate genes found, some known associations were confirmed, while several novel candidate genes were also revealed, including PPARGC1A, LYPLA1, LEP, and MYH9 for MY; CACNA1C, PTPN1, ROBO2, CHRM3, and ERCC6 for FY and FAT%; PCSK5 and ANGPT1 for PY and PROT%; and IL26, IFNG, PEX26, NEGR1, LAP3, and MED28 for SCS. These findings increase our understanding of the genetic architecture of six examined traits and provide guidance for subsequent genetic improvement through genome selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Mohammadi
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Arak University, Arak 38156-8-8349, Iran; (A.H.K.F.); (M.H.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +98-9127584572
| | - Amir Hossein Khaltabadi Farahani
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Arak University, Arak 38156-8-8349, Iran; (A.H.K.F.); (M.H.M.)
| | - Mohammad Hossein Moradi
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Arak University, Arak 38156-8-8349, Iran; (A.H.K.F.); (M.H.M.)
| | - Salvatore Mastrangelo
- Dipartimento Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Forestali, University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (S.M.); (R.D.G.); (M.T.S.); (B.P.); (M.T.)
| | - Rosalia Di Gerlando
- Dipartimento Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Forestali, University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (S.M.); (R.D.G.); (M.T.S.); (B.P.); (M.T.)
| | - Maria Teresa Sardina
- Dipartimento Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Forestali, University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (S.M.); (R.D.G.); (M.T.S.); (B.P.); (M.T.)
| | - Maria Luisa Scatassa
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, 90129 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Baldassare Portolano
- Dipartimento Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Forestali, University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (S.M.); (R.D.G.); (M.T.S.); (B.P.); (M.T.)
| | - Marco Tolone
- Dipartimento Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Forestali, University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (S.M.); (R.D.G.); (M.T.S.); (B.P.); (M.T.)
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KANAT YARIM A, RASULOVA K, ÇATLI G, KÜME T, ABACI A, KIZILDAĞ S. Leptin and leptin receptor gene polymorphisms in obese and healthy children. CUKUROVA MEDICAL JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.17826/cumj.977534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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DNA polymorphisms of FGFBP1, leptin, κ-casein, and αs1-casein genes and their association with reproductive performance in dromedary she-camels. Theriogenology 2021; 178:18-29. [PMID: 34749032 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2021.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In livestock, selection programs on reproductive traits are time consuming due to long generation interval and low heritability; however understanding the genetic factors that influence reproductive performance facilitates an accurate selection and genetic improvement of these quantitative traits. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify the effect of lactation order and polymorphisms of FGFBP1, leptin, κ-casein, and αs1-casein genes on reproductive performance in dromedary she-camels. Blood samples were collected from one hundred she-camels using vacutainer tube containing EDTA as an anticoagulant for DNA extraction. PCR-DNA sequencing approach was performed to investigate the polymorphisms in fragments for coding sequence (CDS) parts of FGFBP1 (539-bp) and leptin (359-bp), 5'-flanking region of κ-casein (488-bp) and intervening non-coding fragment spanning from exon 4 to exon 6 (924-bp) of αs1-casein genes. Results revealed that there were single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the investigated genes between enrolled she-camels except for leptin gene that elicited a monomorphic pattern. The identified SNPs allocated camels into different groups according to which animal harbored the explored SNPs. Multiple linear regression analysis (MLR) reveled that identified SNPs and parity order had significant effects on age at first calving (AFC), days open (DO), calving interval (CI), number of services/conception (NS/C) and milk yield traits. Determination coefficients (R2) value indicated also that variability in the phenotypic measurements of studied traits might be correlated with the identified SNPs in the reproduction related genes. This study highlights that parity order has a remarkable effect on reproductive performance. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the investigated genes could be also used as proxy predictors and genetic markers that permit a marker assisted selection for reproductive performance traits in dromedary she-camels.
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Haruna IL, Zhou H, Hickford JGH. Variation in bovine leptin gene affects milk fatty acid composition in New Zealand Holstein Friesian × Jersey dairy cows. Arch Anim Breed 2021; 64:245-256. [PMID: 34159255 PMCID: PMC8209505 DOI: 10.5194/aab-64-245-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptin is a protein hormone secreted from white adipose tissue. It regulates
food/feed intake, body weight, immune function and reproduction. In our
investigation, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification coupled
with single-strand conformational polymorphism (SSCP) analysis was used to
reveal variation in bovine leptin gene (LEP) in New Zealand (NZ)
Holstein Friesian × Jersey (HF × J) dairy cows.
Subsequent sequence analysis of a 430 bp amplicon spanning the entirety of
exon 3 and part of the intron 2 region revealed three variant sequences
(A3, B3 and C3) containing a total of five nucleotide substitutions,
all of which have been reported previously. Using general linear
mixed-effect model analyses, the presence of variant A3 (the most common
variant) was associated with a decreased level of C15:1, C18:1 trans-11, C18:1
all trans, C18:2 trans-9, cis-12, C22:0 and C24:0 levels but increased levels of C12:1 and
C13:0 iso (p<0.05). Variant B3 was associated with reduced levels
of C6:0, C8:0, C11:0, C13:0 and C20:0 but increased C17:0 iso and C24:0 levels
(p<0.05). Variant C3 was associated with decreased C17:0 iso
levels but increased C20:0 (p<0.05) levels. In a genotype model, the
A3B3 genotype was associated with increased levels of C22:0 and
C24:0 but decreased C8:0, C10:0, C11:0, C13:0, C15:0 and grouped medium-chain fatty acid (MCFA) levels (p<0.05). Genotype
A3C3 was found to be associated with decreased levels of C10:0,
C11:0, C13:0 and grouped MCFA (p<0.05). This is the first report of
findings of this kind in NZ HF × J cows, and they suggest that
variation in exon 3 of bovine leptin gene could be explored as a means of
decreasing the concentration of saturated fatty acids in milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishaku Lemu Haruna
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand
| | - Huitong Zhou
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand
| | - Jon G H Hickford
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand
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Wu G, Shen W, Xue X, Wang L, Ma Y, Zhou J. A novel (ATC) n microsatellite locus is associated with litter size in an indigenous Chinese pig. Vet Med Sci 2021; 7:1332-1338. [PMID: 33955708 PMCID: PMC8294369 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple sequence repeats (SSRs) are an important part of the genome and have become powerful auxiliary DNA markers in animal breeding using marker-assisted selection (MAS). Based on previous sequencing data of Qinghai Bamei pigs, a total of three novel candidate SSR loci were analysed in this study. Time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF-MS) was used for SSR genotyping, and association analyses between SSRs and the litter size of Qinghai Bamei sows was also performed. The results of genotyping showed that the (ATC)n -P1, (AC)n -P2 and (AC)n -P3 loci had 2, 3 and 18 genotypes, respectively; 2, 3 and 8 alleles were also identified at these loci. Except for the (AC)n -P2 locus, the polymorphism information content (PIC) values of other loci were greater than 0.25. Association analyses indicated that only the (ATC)n -P1 locus was significantly associated with the litter size of Qinghai Bamei sows (p = .047). Compared to 189-/189- genotype, individuals with the 189-/195- genotype had the senior litter size, which was 9.04 ± 0.21. Our results enrich the data on SSRs in Qinghai Bamei pigs and indicate that (ATC)n -P1 is a candidate locus for MAS in the pig industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guofang Wu
- Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, China.,State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Wenjuan Shen
- Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Xingxing Xue
- Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, China.,State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Yuhong Ma
- Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Jiping Zhou
- Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, China
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Nugroho P, Wiryawan KG, Astuti DA, Manalu W. Stimulation of follicle growth and development during estrus in Ettawa Grade does fed a flushing supplement of different polyunsaturated fatty acids. Vet World 2021; 14:11-22. [PMID: 33642781 PMCID: PMC7896904 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.11-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Flushing with the manipulation of fatty acids, particularly polyunsaturated fatty acids, like linoleic and α-linolenic acids in the ration, is a strategy to raise the nutritional status of the female mammals to improve ovarian function and follicle development. This study was designed to investigate the effectiveness of flushing supplementation with different types of polyunsaturated and saturated fatty acids in stimulating follicle growth and development during estrus in Ettawa Grade does with a low initial body condition score (BCS ≤2). Materials and Methods Eighteen Ettawa Grade does in the second parity, with an average body weight of 32.11±2.19 kg, were divided into three groups according to the fatty acid supplemented to their ration: (i) About 2.8% lauric acid flushing (group); (ii) 2.8% linoleic acid flushing (LA group); and (iii) 2.8% α-linolenic acid flushing (ALA group). The ration was formulated to be isocaloric (total digestible nutrient = 77%) and isonitrogenous (crude protein = 15%). The experiment was conducted for 35 days; that is, 14 days for acclimatization and synchronization of the estrous cycle and 21 days for fatty acid flushing until the appearance of the next estrus. A completely randomized design was applied. Results According to the results, none of the different fatty acids in the ration affected the nutrient intakes, BCSs, average daily gains, and plasma glucose, cholesterol, and progesterone concentrations of the three groups of does. However, the BCSs (by 0.8-0.9) and the plasma cholesterol concentrations were higher after fatty acid flushing for 21 days than before the flushing period. The ALA group had the highest number of large-sized preovulatory follicles, whereas the LAURIC group had the highest plasma estradiol concentration during estrus. All three groups had similar plasma progesterone concentrations during estrus after fatty acid flushing. Conclusion Flushing supplementation with 2.8% ALA from flaxseed oil gave the best results in terms of stimulating the highest number of large-sized preovulatory follicles in Ettawa Grade does.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasetyo Nugroho
- Graduate School of Nutrition and Feed Science, Faculty of Animal Science, IPB University, Jalan Agatis, Kampus IPB Dramaga, Bogor 16680, Indonesia.,Department of Livestock and Animal Health Services of Central Java Province, Jalan Jenderal Gatot Subroto, Tarubudaya, Ungaran 50517, Indonesia
| | - Komang Gede Wiryawan
- Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology, Faculty of Animal Science, IPB University, Jalan Agatis, Kampus IPB Dramaga, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
| | - Dewi Apri Astuti
- Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology, Faculty of Animal Science, IPB University, Jalan Agatis, Kampus IPB Dramaga, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
| | - Wasmen Manalu
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, IPB University, Jalan Agatis, Kampus IPB Dramaga, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
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Comparison of Mineral, Metabolic, and Oxidative Profile of Saanen Goat during Lactation with Different Mediterranean Breed Clusters under the Same Environmental Conditions. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10030432. [PMID: 32143374 PMCID: PMC7175111 DOI: 10.3390/ani10030432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The study aims to compare physiological and productive responses of five Mediterranean heritage goat breeds with a high production breed, spread worldwide, the Saanen breed. The overall objective of the paper was to highlight that in difficult environmental conditions, although not so extreme, a high production breed does not actually represent the best solution, both from animals’ welfare conditions and for production. Mediterranean breeds showed better milk quality than Saanen, and tended to recover earlier from negative energy balance. However, no differences were observed on long-term oxidative stress markers. This paper contributes to increase interest towards animal biodiversity and valorization of local breeds, which are characterized by a long selective pressure linked to the environmental adaptation and less selected for productive traits. Abstract This study aimed to describe metabolic, oxidative, and mineral blood profiles of Saanen does through lactation compared with Mediterranean breed clusters (Maltese and Rossa Mediterranea, and Jonica, Garganica, and Girgentana). Milk and blood samples of 57 dairy goats (9–10 goats per breed) were collected from the 2nd to the 30th week of lactation every 2–3 weeks. Saanen showed greater milk yield and somatic cell score, and lower fat and protein percentage through lactation (p < 0.05) than the Mediterranean breed clusters. Blood analysis revealed that stage of lactation had a greater impact than breed cluster, except for uric acid, alkaline phosphatase, and aspartate aminotransferase. Plasmatic non-esterified fatty acids indicated a greater negative energy balance in Saanen than the other breed clusters during early and medium lactation stages (p < 0.05). Serum Cl, Mg, and Ca increased in all the breed clusters from early to the following stages of lactation (p < 0.05). No significant prooxidant/antioxidant imbalances were detected in any of the three clusters during the entire lactation. In conclusion, Mediterranean breeds tended to recover earlier from negative energy balance than Saanen, but effects of breed or stage of lactation on long-term oxidative stress indicators were not evident.
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Khan R, Raza SHA, Junjvlieke Z, Wang H, Cheng G, Smith SB, Jiang Z, Li A, Zan L. RNA-seq reveal role of bovine TORC2 in the regulation of adipogenesis. Arch Biochem Biophys 2019; 680:108236. [PMID: 31893525 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2019.108236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Low intramuscular adipose tissue (marbling) continues to be challenge for improving beef quality in Chinese cattle. Highly marbled meat is very desirable; hence, methods to increase IMF content have become a key aspect of improving meat quality. Therefore, research on the mechanism of adipogenesis provides invaluable information for the improvement of meat quality. This study investigated the effect of TORC2 and its underlying mechanism on lipid metabolism in bovine adipocytes. The TORC2 gene was downregulated in bovine adipocytes by siRNA, and RNA sequencing was performed. Downregulation of TORC2 negatively affected bovine adipocyte differentiation. In addition, a total of 577 DEGs were found, containing 146 up-regulated and 376 down-regulated genes. KEGG pathway analysis revealed that the DEGs were linked with neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction pathway, calcium signaling pathway, cAMP pathway, chemokine signaling pathway and Wnt signaling pathway. Gene Ontology (GO) term analysis of the DEGs showed that down-regulation of TORC2 gene significantly suppressed the genes regulating important GO terms of adipogenesis-related processes in bovine adipocytes, especially regulation of biological activity, regulation of primary metabolic process, regulation of multicellular organismal process, cell adhesion, lipid metabolic process, secretion, chemical homeostasis, regulation of transport, cell-cell signaling, cAMP metabolic process, cellular calcium ion homeostasis, fat cell differentiation, and cell maturation. In conclusion, our results suggest that TORC2 at least in part regulates lipid metabolism in bovine adipocytes. The results of this study provide a basis for studying the function and molecular mechanism of the TORC2 gene in regulating adipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajwali Khan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China.
| | - Sayed Haidar Abbas Raza
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China.
| | - Zainaguli Junjvlieke
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Hongbao Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Gong Cheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Stephen B Smith
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Zhongliang Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Anning Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Linsen Zan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China; National Beef Cattle Improvement Center, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China.
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