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Byrne L, Murphy RA. Relative Bioavailability of Trace Minerals in Production Animal Nutrition: A Review. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:1981. [PMID: 35953970 PMCID: PMC9367456 DOI: 10.3390/ani12151981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of dietary supplementation of animal feeds with trace minerals is irrefutable, with various forms of both organic and inorganic products commercially available. With advances in research techniques, and data obtained from both in-vitro and in-vivo studies in recent years, differences between inorganic and organic trace minerals have become more apparent. Furthermore, differences between specific organic mineral types can now be identified. Adhering to PRISMA guidelines for systematic reviews, we carried out an extensive literature search on previously published studies detailing performance responses to trace minerals, in addition to their corresponding relative bioavailability values. This review covers four of the main trace minerals included in feed: copper, iron, manganese and zinc, and encompasses the different types of organic and inorganic products commercially available. Their impact from environmental, economic, and nutritional perspectives are discussed, along with the biological availability of various mineral forms in production animals. Species-specific sections cover ruminants, poultry, and swine. Extensive relative bioavailability tables cover values for all trace mineral products commercially available, including those not previously reviewed in earlier studies, thereby providing a comprehensive industry reference guide. Additionally, we examine reasons for variance in reported relative bioavailability values, with an emphasis on accounting for data misinterpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurann Byrne
- Alltech Bioscience Centre, Summerhill Road, Dunboyne, A86 X006 Co. Meath, Ireland
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Nash T, Vervelde L. Advances, challenges and future applications of avian intestinal in vitro models. Avian Pathol 2022; 51:317-329. [PMID: 35638458 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2022.2084363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
There is a rapidly growing interest in how the avian intestine is affected by dietary components and probiotic microorganisms, as well as its role in the spread of infectious diseases in both the developing and developed world. A paucity of physiologically relevant models has limited research in this essential field of poultry gut health and led to an over-reliance on the use of live birds for experiments. The intestine is characterized by a complex cellular composition with numerous functions, unique dynamic locations and interdependencies making this organ challenging to recreate in vitro. This review illustrates the in vitro tools that aim to recapitulate this intestinal environment; from the simplest cell lines, which mimic select features of the intestine but lack anatomical and physiological complexity, to the more recently developed complex 3D enteroids, which recreate more of the intestine's intricate microanatomy, heterogeneous cell populations and signalling gradients. We highlight the benefits and limitations of in vitro intestinal models and describe their current applications and future prospective utilizations in intestinal biology and pathology research. We also describe the scope to improve on the current systems to include, for example, microbiota and a dynamic mechanical environment, vital components which enable the intestine to develop and maintain homeostasis in vivo. As this review explains, no one model is perfect, but the key to choosing a model or combination of models is to carefully consider the purpose or scientific question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa Nash
- The Roslin Institute & R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Lonneke Vervelde
- The Roslin Institute & R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Orr B, Sutton K, Christian S, Nash T, Niemann H, Hansen LL, McGrew MJ, Jensen SR, Vervelde L. Novel chicken two-dimensional intestinal model comprising all key epithelial cell types and a mesenchymal sub-layer. Vet Res 2021; 52:142. [PMID: 34819162 PMCID: PMC8611946 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-021-01010-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium plays a variety of roles including providing an effective physical barrier and innate immune protection against infection. Two-dimensional models of the intestinal epithelium, 2D enteroids, are a valuable resource to investigate intestinal cell biology and innate immune functions and are suitable for high throughput studies of paracellular transport and epithelial integrity. We have developed a chicken 2D enteroid model that recapitulates all major differentiated cell lineages, including enterocytes, Paneth cells, Goblet cells, enteroendocrine cells and leukocytes, and self-organises into an epithelial and mesenchymal sub-layer. Functional studies demonstrated the 2D enteroids formed a tight cell layer with minimal paracellular flux and a robust epithelial integrity, which was maintained or rescued following damage. The 2D enteroids were also able to demonstrate appropriate innate immune responses following exposure to bacterial endotoxins, from Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium and Bacillus subtilis. Frozen 2D enteroids cells when thawed were comparable to freshly isolated cells. The chicken 2D enteroids provide a useful ex vivo model to study intestinal cell biology and innate immune function, and have potential uses in screening of nutritional supplements, pharmaceuticals, and bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigid Orr
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Kate Sutton
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Sonja Christian
- Novozymes A/S, Animal Health and Nutrition, 2800, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Tessa Nash
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Helle Niemann
- Novozymes A/S, Animal Health and Nutrition, 2800, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Lone Lind Hansen
- Novozymes A/S, Animal Health and Nutrition, 2800, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mike J McGrew
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | | | - Lonneke Vervelde
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK.
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Ghiselli F, Rossi B, Piva A, Grilli E. Assessing Intestinal Health. In Vitro and Ex vivo Gut Barrier Models of Farm Animals: Benefits and Limitations. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:723387. [PMID: 34888373 PMCID: PMC8649998 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.723387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal performance is determined by the functionality and health of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Complex mechanisms and interactions are involved in the regulation of GIT functionality and health. The understanding of these relationships could be crucial for developing strategies to improve animal production yields. The concept of "gut health" is not well defined, but this concept has begun to play a very important role in the field of animal science. However, a clear definition of GIT health and the means by which to measure it are lacking. In vitro and ex vivo models can facilitate these studies, creating well-controlled and repeatable conditions to understand how to improve animal gut health. Over the years, several models have been developed and used to study the beneficial or pathogenic relationships between the GIT and the external environment. This review aims to describe the most commonly used animals' in vitro or ex vivo models and techniques that are useful for better understanding the intestinal health of production animals, elucidating their benefits and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Ghiselli
- Servizio Produzioni Animali e Sicurezza Alimentare, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Piva
- Servizio Produzioni Animali e Sicurezza Alimentare, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Vetagro S.p.A., Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Ester Grilli
- Servizio Produzioni Animali e Sicurezza Alimentare, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Vetagro Inc., Chicago, IL, United States
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Ghiselli F, Rossi B, Felici M, Parigi M, Tosi G, Fiorentini L, Massi P, Piva A, Grilli E. Isolation, culture, and characterization of chicken intestinal epithelial cells. BMC Mol Cell Biol 2021; 22:12. [PMID: 33579204 PMCID: PMC7881477 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-021-00349-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enterocytes exert an absorptive and protective function in the intestine, and they encounter many different challenging factors such as feed, bacteria, and parasites. An intestinal epithelial in vitro model can help to understand how enterocytes are affected by these factors and contribute to the development of strategies against pathogens. RESULTS The present study describes a novel method to culture and maintain primary chicken enterocytes and their characterization by immunofluorescence and biomolecular approaches. Starting from 19-day-old chicken embryos it was possible to isolate viable intestinal cell aggregates that can expand and produce a self-maintaining intestinal epithelial cell population that survives until 12 days in culture. These cells resulted positive in immunofluorescence to Cytokeratin 18, Zonula occludens 1, Villin, and Occludin that are common intestinal epithelial markers, and negative to Vimentin that is expressed by endothelial cells. Cells were cultured also on Transwell® permeable supports and trans-epithelial electrical resistance, was measured. This value gradually increased reaching 64 Ω*cm2 7 days after seeding and it remained stable until day 12. CONCLUSIONS Based on these results it was confirmed that it is possible to isolate and maintain chicken intestinal epithelial cells in culture and that they can be suitable as in vitro intestinal model for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Ghiselli
- DIMEVET, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra, 50, Ozzano dell'Emilia, 40064, Bologna, BO, Italy
| | - Barbara Rossi
- Vetagro S.p.A., Via Ignazio Porro, 2, 42124, Reggio Emilia, RE, Italy
| | - Martina Felici
- DIMEVET, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra, 50, Ozzano dell'Emilia, 40064, Bologna, BO, Italy
| | - Maria Parigi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Lombardia e Dell'Emilia Romagna, Sede Territoriale di Forlì, Via Don Eugenio Servadei, 47122, Forlì, FC, Italy
| | - Giovanni Tosi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Lombardia e Dell'Emilia Romagna, Sede Territoriale di Forlì, Via Don Eugenio Servadei, 47122, Forlì, FC, Italy
| | - Laura Fiorentini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Lombardia e Dell'Emilia Romagna, Sede Territoriale di Forlì, Via Don Eugenio Servadei, 47122, Forlì, FC, Italy
| | - Paola Massi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Lombardia e Dell'Emilia Romagna, Sede Territoriale di Forlì, Via Don Eugenio Servadei, 47122, Forlì, FC, Italy
| | - Andrea Piva
- DIMEVET, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra, 50, Ozzano dell'Emilia, 40064, Bologna, BO, Italy.,Vetagro S.p.A., Via Ignazio Porro, 2, 42124, Reggio Emilia, RE, Italy
| | - Ester Grilli
- DIMEVET, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra, 50, Ozzano dell'Emilia, 40064, Bologna, BO, Italy. .,Vetagro, Inc., 116 W. Jackson Blwd., Suite #320, Chicago, IL, 60604, USA.
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