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Tassone S, Barbera S, Kaihara H, Glorio Patrucco S, Abid K. First Evidence of the Effects of Polyethylene Terephthalate Microplastics on Ruminal Degradability and Gastro-Intestinal Digestibility of Mixed Hay. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:2139. [PMID: 39123665 PMCID: PMC11311064 DOI: 10.3390/ani14152139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) raise environmental concerns. However, their effects on the ruminal-gastro-intestinal system have not yet been studied. This study aims to investigate the effects of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) MPs on the ability of the ruminal-gastro-intestinal system to degrade and digest mixed hay. Using a three-step in vitro ruminal-gastro-intestinal incubation system, PET MPs were introduced at concentrations of 0, 5, 10, and 15 g/L in ruminal and gastro-intestinal solutions. Ruminal fluid was collected from three 16-month-old Piedmontese bulls. The experiment was conducted on three mixed hays and was repeated three times, with triplicate incubations in each run. The results reveal that PET MPs reduced the degradability and digestibility of crude protein. Specifically, crude protein degradation was reduced by 9% at medium and 16% at high PET MP concentrations in the ruminal phase, while the crude protein digestibility of undegraded crude protein was reduced by 8% at the lowest PET MPs concentration in the gastro-intestinal tract. Additionally, PET MPs reduced the degradation of neutral detergent fiber at medium and high PET MP concentrations in the ruminal phase by 9% and 13%, respectively. These results highlight the risks of PET MPs contamination on ruminal-gastro-intestinal functions and underscore the urgent need to mitigate MPs contamination in the livestock sector.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Khalil Abid
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy; (S.T.); (S.B.); (H.K.); (S.G.P.)
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Ncisana L, Mabhaudhi T, Mkhize NR, Ravhuhali K, Tjelele TJ, Nyathi MK, Mbambalala L, Msiza NH, Nzeru MS, Modi AT. Water regimes in selected fodder radish ( Raphanus sativus) genotypes: Effects on nutritional value and in vitro ruminal dry matter degradability. Heliyon 2024; 10:e29203. [PMID: 38660280 PMCID: PMC11040040 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Fodder radish is widely used as a livestock supplement, however, the nutritional value of fodder radish under different water conditions remains insufficiently understood. This study aimed to assess the chemical components and in vitro, ruminal dry matter degradability of two fodder radish genotypes (Endurance and Line 2) subjected to three irrigation regimes: well-watered (W1), moderate water stress (W2), and severe water stress (W3). The analysis revealed statistically significant effects of the main factors on the chemical composition and estimates of fodder radish leaves and tubers, particularly in terms of Crude Protein (CP) and Ether Extract (EE) across genotypes. Both Endurance and Line 2 leaves exhibited interaction effects on N, P, Ca, Mg, K, Na, Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn and Al. Meanwhile only Na, K, Zn, and Cu were affected in tubers. Endurance tubers, specifically, displayed significantly higher (p < 0.05) CP content, with Line 2 tubers showing the highest CP content under W1. Furthermore, Endurance leaves had higher levels of Neutral Detergent Fibre, EE, and Non-Structural Carbohydrate (NSC) compared to Line 2 leaves under W1. Notable differences in tuber fibres were found, specifically in Acid Detergent Fibre for Endurance, with W3 exhibiting a higher concentration level. Both genotypes displayed higher NSC under W3. Significant variations in macro and mmicro minerals were observed between water levels in both genotypes. In terms of in vitro degradability during the 24 h and 48 h incubation periods, all treatments met the acceptable level of 60-80 %. Regardless of water regimes, both Endurance and Line 2 showed nutrient concentrations meeting the minimum requirements for optimal animal production. Though, Line 2 exhibits significantly higher nutritional value and in vitro ruminal dry matter degradability than Endurance, evident in both leaves and tubers. Notably, moderate water stress conditions yielded better nutritional quality and in vitro ruminal dry matter degradability compared to both well-watered and severe water stress treatments. This suggests that applying 180-220 mm of water per season can also yield better nutritive value of these genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lusanda Ncisana
- Centre for Transformative Agricultural and Food Systems, School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P/Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, 3209, South Africa
- Agricultural Research Council, Animal Production, P/Bag X02, Irene, 0062, South Africa
- Department of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, University of Limpopo, Sovenga, Polokwane, 0727, South Africa
| | - Tafadzwa Mabhaudhi
- Centre for Transformative Agricultural and Food Systems, School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P/Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, 3209, South Africa
| | - Ntuthuko Raphael Mkhize
- Animal and Poultry Science, School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P/Bag X01 Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, 3209, South Africa
| | - Khuliso Ravhuhali
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Northwest University, Mmabatho, 2735, South Africa
- Food Security and Safety Niche Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Mmabatho, 2735, South Africa
| | - Tlou Julius Tjelele
- Agricultural Research Council, Animal Production, P/Bag X02, Irene, 0062, South Africa
| | - Melvin Kudu Nyathi
- Agricultural Research Council, Vegetables and Ornamental Plants (ARC-VOP), Private Bag X 293, Roodeplaat, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - Lwando Mbambalala
- Animal and Poultry Science, School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P/Bag X01 Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, 3209, South Africa
| | - Ntokozo Happy Msiza
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Northwest University, Mmabatho, 2735, South Africa
- Food Security and Safety Niche Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Mmabatho, 2735, South Africa
| | - Mpho Siennah Nzeru
- Agricultural Research Council, Animal Production, P/Bag X02, Irene, 0062, South Africa
| | - Albert Thembinkosi Modi
- Centre for Transformative Agricultural and Food Systems, School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P/Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, 3209, South Africa
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Goenaga I, García-Rodríguez A, Goiri I, León-Ecay S, De Las Heras J, Aldai N, Insausti K. Vegetable By-Products as Alternative and Sustainable Raw Materials for Ruminant Feeding: Nutritive Evaluation and Their Inclusion in a Novel Ration for Calf Fattening. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13081391. [PMID: 37106955 PMCID: PMC10135052 DOI: 10.3390/ani13081391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This research aimed to evaluate the nutritional composition, in vitro digestibility, and gas production kinetics of 15 vegetable by-products generated by the agri-food industry compared with corn silage as a reference raw material. Nutritional characterization and in vitro ruminal fermentation tests were performed to determine in vitro organic matter digestibility and digestible energy values, short-chain fatty acids, and the gas production profile. Results indicate that vegetable by-products were more degradable, more extensively fermented, and fermented at a faster rate than corn silage. Going one step further in the valorization of these by-products in animal feed, the second part of the research aimed to compare the novel ration designed for calf fattening with a conventional one. An artificial rumen unit was used to obtain nutrient disappearance, rumen fermentation parameters, and gas production of rumen digesta. Very slight differences were observed between both experimental rations, with their composition being the main difference. Most of the unitary vegetable by-products and all mixes, as real examples of by-product generation in the agri-food industry, have higher digestibility and a greater nutritional value than corn silage. These by-products showed the potential to be used in ruminant-ensiled rations and could replace part of the ingredients in conventional diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irantzu Goenaga
- Tratamiento Subproductos Agroalimentarios, S.L. (TRASA), Camino San Juan s/n, 31320 Milagro, Spain
- Institute of Innovation and Sustainable Development in Food Chain (IS-FOOD), Higher Technical School of Agricultural Engineering and Bioscience, Campus de Arrosadía, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), 31006 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Aser García-Rodríguez
- NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Department of Animal Production, Campus Agroalimentario de Arkaute s/n, 01192 Arkaute, Spain
| | - Idoia Goiri
- NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Department of Animal Production, Campus Agroalimentario de Arkaute s/n, 01192 Arkaute, Spain
| | - Sara León-Ecay
- Institute of Innovation and Sustainable Development in Food Chain (IS-FOOD), Higher Technical School of Agricultural Engineering and Bioscience, Campus de Arrosadía, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), 31006 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Joana De Las Heras
- Institute of Innovation and Sustainable Development in Food Chain (IS-FOOD), Higher Technical School of Agricultural Engineering and Bioscience, Campus de Arrosadía, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), 31006 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Noelia Aldai
- Lactiker Research Group, Department of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Kizkitza Insausti
- Institute of Innovation and Sustainable Development in Food Chain (IS-FOOD), Higher Technical School of Agricultural Engineering and Bioscience, Campus de Arrosadía, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), 31006 Pamplona, Spain
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Qandeel NA, El-Masry AA, Eid M, Moustafa MA, El-Shaheny R. Fast one-pot microwave-assisted green synthesis of highly fluorescent plant-inspired S,N-self-doped carbon quantum dots as a sensitive probe for the antiviral drug nitazoxanide and hemoglobin. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1237:340592. [PMID: 36442950 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Ruiz H, Lacasta D, Ramos JJ, Quintas H, Ruiz de Arcaute M, Ramo MÁ, Villanueva-Saz S, Ferrer LM. Anaemia in Ruminants Caused by Plant Consumption. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12182373. [PMID: 36139233 PMCID: PMC9495094 DOI: 10.3390/ani12182373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant toxicology has affected animals throughout evolution. Plants have adapted themselves to the environment. This adaptation has led to the development of defensive strategies to avoid being consumed. Plants have several chemical compounds, which can cause deleterious effects on people or animals that consume them, causing a wide variety of clinical signs. Plants from various latitudes, both cultivated for human and animal feeding or decorative purpose and even wild growth plants are able to generate anaemia in ruminants. Coumarins or ptaquiloside predispose bleeding and haemorrhages, causing a haemorrhagic disease in affected animals. In this group, some important fodder plants, such sweet clover (Genus Melilotus spp.), or other weeds distributed worldwide, such as bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum) of giant fennel (Ferula communis), are included. On the other hand, sulfur-containing chemicals (e.g., n-propyl disulfate and S-propyl cysteine sulfoxides (SMCOs)) may cause severe direct damage to the erythrocyte and their membrane, leading to their destruction and causing haemolytic anaemia in the animal. This review presents the most frequent intoxication by plants causing anaemia in ruminants. Toxic compounds, clinical signs, diagnosis and possible treatments are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor Ruiz
- Animal Pathology Department, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, Veterinary Faculty of Zaragoza C/Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Delia Lacasta
- Animal Pathology Department, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, Veterinary Faculty of Zaragoza C/Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Juan José Ramos
- Animal Pathology Department, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, Veterinary Faculty of Zaragoza C/Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Hélder Quintas
- Mountain Research Centre (CIMO), School of Agriculture, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança (IPB), Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Marta Ruiz de Arcaute
- Animal Pathology Department, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, Veterinary Faculty of Zaragoza C/Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Ramo
- Animal Pathology Department, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, Veterinary Faculty of Zaragoza C/Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Sergio Villanueva-Saz
- Animal Pathology Department, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, Veterinary Faculty of Zaragoza C/Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Luis Miguel Ferrer
- Animal Pathology Department, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, Veterinary Faculty of Zaragoza C/Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
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Rodrigues JPB, Liberal Â, Petropoulos SA, Ferreira ICFR, Oliveira MBPP, Fernandes Â, Barros L. Agri-Food Surplus, Waste and Loss as Sustainable Biobased Ingredients: A Review. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27165200. [PMID: 36014439 PMCID: PMC9412510 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27165200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ensuring a sustainable supply of food for the world’s fast growing population is a major challenge in today’s economy, as modern lifestyle and increasing consumer concern with maintaining a balanced and nutritious diet is an important challenge for the agricultural sector worldwide. This market niche for healthier products, especially fruits and vegetables, has increased their production, consequently resulting in increased amounts of agri-food surplus, waste, and loss (SWL) generated during crop production, transportation, storage, and processing. Although many of these materials are not utilized, negatively affecting the environmental, economic, and social segments, they are a rich source of valuable compounds that could be used for different purposes, thus preventing the losses of natural resources and boosting a circular economy. This review aimed to give insights on the efficient management of agri-food SWL, considering conventional and emerging recovery and reuse techniques. Particularly, we explored and summarized the chemical composition of three worldwide cultivated and consumed vegetables (carrots, broccoli and lettuce) and evaluate the potential of their residues as a sustainable alternative for extracting value-added ingredients for the development of new biodynamic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana P. B. Rodrigues
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Ângela Liberal
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Spyridon A. Petropoulos
- Laboratory of Vegetable Production, Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Fytokou Street, N. Ionia, 384 46 Volos, Greece
| | - Isabel C. F. R. Ferreira
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Maria Beatriz P. P. Oliveira
- REQUIMTE/Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira no. 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ângela Fernandes
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
- Correspondence: (Â.F.); (L.B.)
| | - Lillian Barros
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
- Correspondence: (Â.F.); (L.B.)
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Methane Production Potential from Apple Pomace, Cabbage Leaves, Pumpkin Residue and Walnut Husks. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12126128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Circular economy aims to eliminate organic waste through its transformation, composting and processing into other products or energy. The main aim of the study was to determine the specific methane yield (SMY) of anaerobic digestion (AD) of four different fruit and vegetable residues (FVR). In addition, the reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions was calculated based on the assumption that maize will be replaced by the FVR as a feedstock for biogas production. The SMY of four residues (apple pomace, cabbage leaves, pumpkin peels and fibrous strands and walnut husks) was measured in the biomethane potential test (BMP) in wet anaerobic digestion technology. The highest SMY (297.81 ± 0.65 NL kgVS−1) was observed for cabbage leaves while the lowest SMY (131.07 ± 1.30 kgVS−1) was found for walnut husks. The concentrations of two inhibitory gasses (NH3 and H2S) in biogas were low and did not affect the AD process. Only biogas produced from cabbage leaves was characterised by higher NH3 and H2S concentrations resulting from the highest protein concentration in this waste. FVR used as feedstock in biogas production may decrease the area of maize cultivation. Therefore, the GHG emissions from maize cultivation will be reduced. In Poland only, the use of four studied FVR as feedstock for biogas production would contribute to the reduction of GHG emissions by 43,682 t CO2 eq.
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Baert F, Matthys C, Maselyne J, Van Poucke C, Van Coillie E, Bergmans B, Vlaemynck G. Parkinson's disease patients' short chain fatty acids production capacity after in vitro fecal fiber fermentation. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2021; 7:72. [PMID: 34389734 PMCID: PMC8363715 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-021-00215-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal models indicate that butyrate might reduce motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease. Some dietary fibers are butyrogenic, but in Parkinson's disease patients their butyrate stimulating capacity is unknown. Therefore, we investigated different fiber supplements' effects on short-chain fatty acid production, along with potential underlying mechanisms, in Parkinson's patients and age-matched healthy controls. Finally, it was investigated if this butyrate production could be confirmed by using fiber-rich vegetables. Different fibers (n = 40) were evaluated by in vitro fermentation experiments with fecal samples of Parkinson's patients (n = 24) and age-matched healthy volunteers (n = 39). Short-chain fatty acid production was analyzed by headspace solid-phase micro-extraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Clostridium coccoides and C. leptum were quantified through 16S-rRNA gene-targeted group-specific qPCR. Factors influencing short-chain fatty acid production were investigated using linear mixed models. After fiber fermentation, butyrate concentration varied between 25.6 ± 16.5 µmol/g and 203.8 ± 91.9 µmol/g for Parkinson's patients and between 52.7 ± 13.0 µmol/g and 229.5 ± 42.8 µmol/g for controls. Inulin had the largest effect, while xanthan gum had the lowest production. Similar to fiber supplements, inulin-rich vegetables, but also fungal β-glucans, stimulated butyrate production most of all vegetable fibers. Parkinson's disease diagnosis limited short-chain fatty acid production and was negatively associated with butyrate producers. Butyrate kinetics during 48 h fermentation demonstrated a time lag effect in Parkinson's patients, especially in fructo-oligosaccharide fermentation. Butyrate production can be stimulated in Parkinson's patients, however, remains reduced compared to healthy controls. This is a first step in investigating dietary fiber's potential to increase short-chain fatty acids in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Baert
- Department Technology and Food, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Melle, Belgium ,grid.5596.f0000 0001 0668 7884Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, O&N I, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christophe Matthys
- grid.5596.f0000 0001 0668 7884Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, O&N I, Leuven, Belgium ,grid.410569.f0000 0004 0626 3338Department of Endocrinology, University Hospitals Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jarissa Maselyne
- Department Technology and Food, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Melle, Belgium
| | - Christof Van Poucke
- Department Technology and Food, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Melle, Belgium
| | - Els Van Coillie
- Department Technology and Food, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Melle, Belgium
| | - Bruno Bergmans
- grid.420036.30000 0004 0626 3792Department of Neurology, AZ Sint-Jan Brugge-Oostende AV, Bruges, Belgium ,Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Geertrui Vlaemynck
- Department Technology and Food, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Melle, Belgium
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Satora P, Skotniczny M, Strnad S, Piechowicz W. Chemical composition and sensory quality of sauerkraut produced from different cabbage varieties. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.110325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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de Evan T, Marcos CN, Ranilla MJ, Carro MD. In Vitro and In Situ Evaluation of Broccoli Wastes as Potential Feed for Ruminants. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10111989. [PMID: 33137999 PMCID: PMC7692473 DOI: 10.3390/ani10111989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Public concern about food wastes has increased in recent years. According to the FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization), vegetable food losses happen mainly at cultivation and harvest, but losses at distribution and consumption are also important. The dry matter of some vegetable wastes is rich in protein and fiber and the wastes could be used in ruminant feeding, but information on their nutritive value is needed. Both broccoli florets and stems were studied, and the rumen degradability of diets including increasing amounts of dried broccoli was assessed. Both florets and stems had low dry matter content (<5%), but were rich in protein (>23%) and sugars (>19.9%). Both broccoli fractions were highly degradable in the rumen, with stems showing greater values than florets. In contrast, stems had lower in vitro intestinal digestibility than florets. According to in vitro results, dried broccoli could replace up to 24% of the cereals and high-protein ingredients in a high-cereal concentrate without affecting the rumen fermentation of the diet. Abstract The potential of broccoli wastes (florets and stems) as ruminant feed was analyzed using in vitro and in situ techniques. Both stems and florets had high moisture content (90.6 and 86.1%, respectively), but the stems contained (% dry matter) lower levels (p < 0.05) of crude protein (CP; 23.2 vs. 30.8%) and ether extract (2.91 vs. 6.15%) and tended to have greater sugars content (p = 0.071; 33.4 vs. 19.6%) than florets. Stems had greater in vitro dry matter rumen degradability (45.3%; 24 h incubation) and lower in vitro CP intestinal digestibility (82.7%) compared with florets (42.2 and 90.1%, respectively). Rumen degradability of protein was high (<85%) for both fractions. In a second experiment, diets including different proportions of broccoli were formulated and fermented in vitro. The replacement of 24% of conventional feeds (wheat, soybean meal and wheat bran) in a concentrate by dried broccoli increased the amount of organic matter fermented in vitro and the NH3-N concentrations of a mixed diet including 40% of the concentrate. Including dried broccoli in the diet produced only small modifications in the volatile fatty acid profile and did not affect CH4 emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trinidad de Evan
- Departamento de Producción Agraria, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Agroalimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (T.d.E.); (C.N.M.)
| | - Carlos N. Marcos
- Departamento de Producción Agraria, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Agroalimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (T.d.E.); (C.N.M.)
| | - María José Ranilla
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain. IGM (CSIC-ULE), Finca Marzanas s/n. 24346 Grulleros, León, Spain;
| | - María Dolores Carro
- Departamento de Producción Agraria, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Agroalimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (T.d.E.); (C.N.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-910671023
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Potential of Recycling Cauliflower and Romanesco Wastes in Ruminant Feeding: In Vitro Studies. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10081247. [PMID: 32707953 PMCID: PMC7459492 DOI: 10.3390/ani10081247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The use of vegetable wastes in animal feeding is increasing worldwide, but the knowledge of the nutritional value of some of them is still limited. In this study, the nutritive value for ruminants of different fractions of cauliflower and Romanesco wastes (leaves, stems and sprouts) was assessed using in vitro techniques. In addition, we analyzed the effect of increasing the substitution rate of cauliflower for commercial concentrate in a dairy sheep diet containing 40% of alfalfa hay and 60% of concentrate. All fractions of both vegetables had high amounts of water, but their dry matter was rich in protein and sugar and it was extensively fermented in vitro by ruminal microorganisms. Stems and sprouts were more rapidly fermented than leaves, but there were only minor differences between the two assessed vegetables. In an in vitro study with diets for dairy sheep with concentrates containing increased amounts of dried cauliflower, we observed that cauliflower can be included up to 24% of the concentrate without any negative effect on rumen fermentation. The results indicate that cauliflower and Romanesco wastes could be used in ruminant feeding, but in vivo trials are needed to confirm the in vitro results. Abstract The nutritive values for ruminants of cauliflower (CAU) and Romanesco (ROM) wastes (leaves, stems and sprouts) were assessed by analyzing their chemical composition, in vitro ruminal fermentation, and in vitro intestinal digestibility. In addition, the in vitro ruminal fermentation of diets containing increasing amounts of CAU was studied. The dry matter (DM) content of leaves, stems and sprouts of both vegetables was lower than 10%, but they contained high crude protein (CP; 19.9 to 33.0%) and sugar (16.3 to 28.7%) levels, and low neutral detergent fiber (21.6 to 32.3%). Stems and sprouts were more rapidly and extensively fermented in the rumen than leaves, but there were only minor differences the fermentation profiles of both vegetables. The estimated metabolizable energy content ranged from 9.3 (leaves) to 10.8 (sprouts) MJ/kg DM. The CP rumen degradability (12-h in situ incubations) was greater than 80.0% for all fractions, and the in vitro intestinal digestibility of CP ranged from 85.7 to 93.2%. The inclusion of up to 24% of dried CAU in the concentrate of a mixed diet (40:60 alfalfa hay:concentrate) increased the in vitro rumen fermentation of the CAU diet, but did not affect methane (CH4) production, indicating the lack of antimethanogenic compounds in CAU.
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Pinotti L, Manoni M, Fumagalli F, Rovere N, Luciano A, Ottoboni M, Ferrari L, Cheli F, Djuragic O. Reduce, Reuse, Recycle for Food Waste: A Second Life for Fresh-Cut Leafy Salad Crops in Animal Diets. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10061082. [PMID: 32585906 PMCID: PMC7341183 DOI: 10.3390/ani10061082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The world's population is growing rapidly, which means that the environmental impact of food production needs to be reduced and that food should be considered as something precious and not wasted. Moreover, an urgent challenge facing the planet is the competition between the food produced for humans and the feed for animals. There are various solutions such as the use of plant/vegetable by-products (PBPs) and former foodstuffs, which are the co/by-products of processing industries, or the food losses generated by the food production chain for human consumption. This paper reviews the by-co-products derived from the transformation of fresh-cut leafy salad crops. A preliminary nutritional evaluation of these materials is thus proposed. Based on their composition and nutritional features, in some cases similar to fresh forage and grasses, this biomass seems to be a suitable feedstuff for selected farm animals, such as ruminants. In conclusion, although the present data are not exhaustive and further studies are needed to weigh up the possible advantages and disadvantages of these materials, fresh-cut leafy salad crops represent a potential unconventional feed ingredient that could help in exploiting the circular economy in livestock production, thereby improving sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Pinotti
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, VESPA, University of Milan, 20134 Milan, Italy; (M.M.); (F.F.); (N.R.); (A.L.); (M.O.); (L.F.); (F.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-02-503-15742
| | - Michele Manoni
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, VESPA, University of Milan, 20134 Milan, Italy; (M.M.); (F.F.); (N.R.); (A.L.); (M.O.); (L.F.); (F.C.)
| | - Francesca Fumagalli
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, VESPA, University of Milan, 20134 Milan, Italy; (M.M.); (F.F.); (N.R.); (A.L.); (M.O.); (L.F.); (F.C.)
| | - Nicoletta Rovere
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, VESPA, University of Milan, 20134 Milan, Italy; (M.M.); (F.F.); (N.R.); (A.L.); (M.O.); (L.F.); (F.C.)
| | - Alice Luciano
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, VESPA, University of Milan, 20134 Milan, Italy; (M.M.); (F.F.); (N.R.); (A.L.); (M.O.); (L.F.); (F.C.)
| | - Matteo Ottoboni
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, VESPA, University of Milan, 20134 Milan, Italy; (M.M.); (F.F.); (N.R.); (A.L.); (M.O.); (L.F.); (F.C.)
| | - Luca Ferrari
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, VESPA, University of Milan, 20134 Milan, Italy; (M.M.); (F.F.); (N.R.); (A.L.); (M.O.); (L.F.); (F.C.)
| | - Federica Cheli
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, VESPA, University of Milan, 20134 Milan, Italy; (M.M.); (F.F.); (N.R.); (A.L.); (M.O.); (L.F.); (F.C.)
- CRC I-WE (Coordinating Research Centre: Innovation for Well-Being and Environment), University of Milan, 20134 Milan, Italy
| | - Olivera Djuragic
- Institute of Food Technology, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar cara Lazara, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia;
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