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Ali W, Chen Y, Hassan MF, Wang T, Khatyan U, Sun J, Liu Z, Zou H. Osmoregulatory and immunological role of new canceled cells: Mitochondrial rich cells and its future perspective: A concise review. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY. PART A, ECOLOGICAL AND INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 341:99-106. [PMID: 37905465 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial-rich cells (MRCs) are one of the most significant canceled type of epithelial cells. Morphologically these cells are totally different from other epithelial cells. These cells primarily implicated in sea-water and fresh-water adaptation, and acid-base regulation. However, in this review paper, we explored some of the most intriguing biological and immune-related functional developmental networks of MRCs. The main pinpoint, MRCs perform a dynamic osmoregulatory and immunological functional role in the gut and male reproductive system. The Na+/K+_ATPase (NKA) and Na+/K+/2Cl cotransporter (NKCC) are key acidifying proteins of MRCs for the ion-transporting function for intestinal homeostasis and maintenance of acidifying the luminal microenvironment in the male reproductive system. Further more importantly, MRCs play a novel immunological role through the exocrine secretion of nano-scale exosomes and multivesicular bodies (MVBs) pathway, which is very essential for sperm maturation, motility, acrosome reaction, and male sex hormones, and these an essential events to produce male gametes with optimal fertilizing ability. This effort is expected to promote the novel immunological role of MRCs, which might be essential for nano-scale exosome secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waseem Ali
- Department of Veterinary Internal medicine & Clinical Diagnosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Veterinary Internal medicine & Clinical Diagnosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Mohammad Farooque Hassan
- Department of Veterinary Internal medicine & Clinical Diagnosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Veterinary Internal medicine & Clinical Diagnosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Uzma Khatyan
- Department of Veterinary Internal medicine & Clinical Diagnosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Sun
- Department of Veterinary Internal medicine & Clinical Diagnosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zongping Liu
- Department of Veterinary Internal medicine & Clinical Diagnosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Zou
- Department of Veterinary Internal medicine & Clinical Diagnosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
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Kurian TK, Banik S, Gopal D, Chakrabarti S, Mazumder N. Elucidating Methods for Isolation and Quantification of Exosomes: A Review. Mol Biotechnol 2021; 63:249-266. [PMID: 33492613 PMCID: PMC7940341 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-021-00300-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are the smallest extracellular vesicles present in most of the biological fluids. They are found to play an important role in cell signaling, immune response, tumor metastasis, etc. Studies have shown that these vesicles also have diagnostic and therapeutic roles for which their accurate detection and quantification is essential. Due to the complexity in size and structure of exosomes, even the gold standard methods face challenges. This comprehensive review discusses the various standard methods such as ultracentrifugation, ultrafiltration, size-exclusion chromatography, precipitation, immunoaffinity, and microfluidic technologies for the isolation of exosomes. The principle of isolation of each method is described, as well as their specific advantages and disadvantages. Quantification of exosomes by nanoparticle tracking analysis, flow cytometry, tunable resistive pulse sensing, electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, and microfluidic devices are also described, along with the applications of exosomes in various biomedical domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talitha Keren Kurian
- Department of Biophysics, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka 576104 India
| | - Soumyabrata Banik
- Department of Biophysics, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka 576104 India
| | - Dharshini Gopal
- Department of Bioinformatics, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka 576104 India
| | - Shweta Chakrabarti
- Department of Bioinformatics, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka 576104 India
| | - Nirmal Mazumder
- Department of Biophysics, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka 576104 India
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