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Huber K. Review: Welfare in farm animals from an animal-centred point of view. Animal 2024; 18:101311. [PMID: 39265500 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2024.101311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/14/2024] Open
Abstract
This review aimed to enlighten aspects of welfare from the farm animal-centred point of view rarely addressed such as those anatomical and physiological alterations induced in farm animals to obtain high performance. Hence, the major working hypothesis was that high-producing farm animals developed an imbalance between body structural and functional capacities and the genetic procedures applied to obtain industrial production of animal protein. This is called "disproportionality", a feature which cannot be compensated by feeding and management approaches. Consequences of disproportionality are the insidious development of disturbances of the metabolism, low-grade systemic inflammation and as a final stage, production diseases, developing throughout the productive life span of a farm animal and affecting animal welfare. Based on scientific evidence from literature, the review discusses disproportional conditions in broilers, laying hens, sows, piglets, dairy cows, bulls and calves as the most important farm animals for production of milk, meat, foetuses and eggs. As a conclusion, farm animal welfare must consider analysing issues from an animal-centered point of view because it seems evident that, due to genetics and management pressures, most of farm animals are already beyond their physiological limitations. Animal welfare from an animal-centered point must be addressed as an ethical step to establish limits to the strength placed on the animal's anatomical and physiological functionality. It may allow more sustainable and efficient farm animal production and the availability of healthy animal-derived protein for human nutrition worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Huber
- Institute of Animal Science (460d), University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstrasse 35, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
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Pokhrel B, Jiang H. Postnatal Growth and Development of the Rumen: Integrating Physiological and Molecular Insights. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:269. [PMID: 38666881 PMCID: PMC11048093 DOI: 10.3390/biology13040269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
The rumen plays an essential role in the physiology and production of agriculturally important ruminants such as cattle. Functions of the rumen include fermentation, absorption, metabolism, and protection. Cattle are, however, not born with a functional rumen, and the rumen undergoes considerable changes in size, histology, physiology, and transcriptome from birth to adulthood. In this review, we discuss these changes in detail, the factors that affect these changes, and the potential molecular and cellular mechanisms that mediate these changes. The introduction of solid feed to the rumen is essential for rumen growth and functional development in post-weaning calves. Increasing evidence suggests that solid feed stimulates rumen growth and functional development through butyric acid and other volatile fatty acids (VFAs) produced by microbial fermentation of feed in the rumen and that VFAs stimulate rumen growth and functional development through hormones such as insulin and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) or through direct actions on energy production, chromatin modification, and gene expression. Given the role of the rumen in ruminant physiology and performance, it is important to further study the cellular, molecular, genomic, and epigenomic mechanisms that control rumen growth and development in postnatal ruminants. A better understanding of these mechanisms could lead to the development of novel strategies to enhance the growth and development of the rumen and thereby the productivity and health of cattle and other agriculturally important ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Honglin Jiang
- School of Animal Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA;
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Alawneh JI, Ramay H, Olchowy T, Allavena R, Soust M, Jassim RA. Effect of a Lactobacilli-Based Direct-Fed Microbial Product on Gut Microbiota and Gastrointestinal Morphological Changes. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:693. [PMID: 38473078 DOI: 10.3390/ani14050693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The calf's gastrointestinal tract (GIT) microbiome undergoes rapid shifts during early post-natal life, which can directly affect calf performance. The objectives of this study were to characterise and compare differences in the establishment and succession of GIT microbiota, GIT morphological changes, and the growth of dairy calves from birth until weaned. Forty-four newborn Holstein-Friesian calves were randomly selected and assigned to Treatment (TRT) and Control (CON) groups. The TRT group calves received a once-daily dose of a direct-fed microbial (DFM) liquid product containing Lacticaseibacillus paracasei, Lentilactobacillus buchneri, and Lacticaseibacillus casei, all formerly known as Lactobacillus. Fresh faecal samples were manually taken from the rectum of all calves, and gross necropsy was performed on the forestomachs and gastrointestinal tracts. Bacterial DNA was extracted from frozen faecal samples for 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. Calves in the TRT group had greater live weights (p = 0.02) at weaning compared with calves in the CON group (mean = 69.18 kg, SD = 13.37 kg). The average daily live weight gain (ADG) and total feed intake were similar between the two groups. Calves in the TRT group had greater duodenum, abomasum, and reticulum weights (p = 0.05). Rumen and intestinal development (p < 0.05) and faecal microbial diversity (p < 0.05) were more pronounced in the TRT group. The relative abundances of eight genera differed (p < 0.001) between the groups. Supplementing calves with the LAB-based DFM increased live weight at weaning and had a more pronounced effect on the development of rumen and the gastrointestinal tract and on microbiota diversity and evenness. Future work is needed to better understand the potential association of LAB-DFM products on gut mucosa-associated microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- John I Alawneh
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
| | - Hena Ramay
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T3R 1J3, Canada
| | - Timothy Olchowy
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T3R 1J3, Canada
| | - Rachel Allavena
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
| | - Martin Soust
- Terragen Biotech Pty Ltd., Coolum Beach, QLD 4573, Australia
| | - Rafat Al Jassim
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
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González LA, Carvalho JGS, Kuinchtner BC, Dona AC, Baruselli PS, D'Occhio MJ. Plasma metabolomics reveals major changes in carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism of abruptly weaned beef calves. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8176. [PMID: 37210395 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35383-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023] Open
Abstract
1H NMR-based metabolomics was used to study the effect of abrupt weaning on the blood metabolome of beef calves. Twenty Angus calves (258 ± 5 kg BW; 5 to 6 months old) were randomly assigned to a non-weaned (NW) group that remained grazing with their dam or a weaned (W) group that underwent abrupt separation from their dam to a separate paddock on d 0 of the study. Body weight, behaviour, and blood samples for cortisol and metabolomics were measured at d 0, 1, 2, 7, and 14 of the study. On d 1 and 2, W calves spent less time grazing and ruminating, and more time vocalising and walking, had a greater concentration of cortisol, NEFA, 3-hydroxybutyrate, betaine, creatine, and phenylalanine, and lesser abundance of tyrosine (P < 0.05) compared to NW calves. Compared to NW calves at d 14, W calves had greater (P < 0.01) relative abundance of acetate, glucose, allantoin, creatinine, creatine, creatine phosphate, glutamate, 3-hydroxybutyrate, 3-hydroxyisobutyrate, and seven AA (alanine, glutamate, leucine, lysine, phenylalanine, threonine and valine) but lesser (P < 0.05) relative abundance of low density and very low-density lipids, and unsaturated lipids. Both PCA and OPLS-DA showed no clustering or discrimination between groups at d 0 and increasing divergence to d 14. Blood metabolomics is a useful tool to quantify the acute effects of stress in calves during the first 2 days after abrupt weaning, and longer-term changes in carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism due to nutritional changes from cessation of milk intake and greater reliance on forage intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano A González
- Sydney Institute of Agriculture, and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, 2570, Australia.
| | - Julia G S Carvalho
- Sydney Institute of Agriculture, and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, 2570, Australia
- Departamento de Reprodução Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruno C Kuinchtner
- Sydney Institute of Agriculture, and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, 2570, Australia
- Natural Pasture Ecology Laboratory (LEPAN), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Anthony C Dona
- Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Northern Medical School, University of Sydney, St Leonards, NSW, 2065, Australia
| | - Pietro S Baruselli
- Departamento de Reprodução Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Michael J D'Occhio
- Sydney Institute of Agriculture, and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, 2570, Australia
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Amin N, Schwarzkopf S, Tröscher-Mußotter J, Camarinha-Silva A, Dänicke S, Huber K, Frahm J, Seifert J. Host metabolome and faecal microbiome shows potential interactions impacted by age and weaning times in calves. Anim Microbiome 2023; 5:12. [PMID: 36788596 PMCID: PMC9926800 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-023-00233-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Calves undergo nutritional, metabolic, and behavioural changes from birth to the entire weaning period. An appropriate selection of weaning age is essential to reduce the negative effects caused by weaning-related dietary transitions. This study monitored the faecal microbiome and plasma metabolome of 59 female Holstein calves during different developmental stages and weaning times (early vs. late) and identified the potential associations of the measured parameters over an experimental period of 140 days. RESULTS A progressive development of the microbiome and metabolome was observed with significant differences according to the weaning groups (weaned at 7 or 17 weeks of age). Faecal samples of young calves were dominated by bifidobacterial and lactobacilli species, while their respective plasma samples showed high concentrations of amino acids (AAs) and biogenic amines (BAs). However, as the calves matured, the abundances of potential fiber-degrading bacteria and the plasma concentrations of sphingomyelins (SMs), few BAs and acylcarnitines (ACs) were increased. Early-weaning at 7 weeks significantly restructured the microbiome towards potential fiber-degrading bacteria and decreased plasma concentrations of most of the AAs and SMs, few BAs and ACs compared to the late-weaning event. Strong associations between faecal microbes, plasma metabolites and calf growth parameters were observed during days 42-98, where the abundances of Bacteroides, Parabacteroides, and Blautia were positively correlated with the plasma concentrations of AAs, BAs and SMs as well as the live weight gain or average daily gain in calves. CONCLUSION The present study reported that weaning at 17 weeks of age was beneficial due to higher growth rate of late-weaned calves during days 42-98 and a quick adaptability of microbiota to weaning-related dietary changes during day 112, suggesting an age-dependent maturation of the gastrointestinal tract. However, the respective plasma samples of late-weaned calves contained several metabolites with differential concentrations to the early-weaned group, suggesting a less abrupt but more-persistent effect of dietary changes on host metabolome compared to the microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nida Amin
- grid.9464.f0000 0001 2290 1502HoLMiR - Hohenheim Center for Livestock Microbiome Research, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany ,grid.9464.f0000 0001 2290 1502Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Emil-Wolff-Str. 6-10, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sarah Schwarzkopf
- grid.9464.f0000 0001 2290 1502HoLMiR - Hohenheim Center for Livestock Microbiome Research, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany ,grid.9464.f0000 0001 2290 1502Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Emil-Wolff-Str. 6-10, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Johanna Tröscher-Mußotter
- grid.9464.f0000 0001 2290 1502HoLMiR - Hohenheim Center for Livestock Microbiome Research, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany ,grid.9464.f0000 0001 2290 1502Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Emil-Wolff-Str. 6-10, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Amélia Camarinha-Silva
- grid.9464.f0000 0001 2290 1502HoLMiR - Hohenheim Center for Livestock Microbiome Research, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany ,grid.9464.f0000 0001 2290 1502Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Emil-Wolff-Str. 6-10, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sven Dänicke
- grid.417834.dInstitute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Brunswick, Germany
| | - Korinna Huber
- grid.9464.f0000 0001 2290 1502HoLMiR - Hohenheim Center for Livestock Microbiome Research, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany ,grid.9464.f0000 0001 2290 1502Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Emil-Wolff-Str. 6-10, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jana Frahm
- grid.417834.dInstitute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Brunswick, Germany
| | - Jana Seifert
- HoLMiR - Hohenheim Center for Livestock Microbiome Research, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany. .,Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Emil-Wolff-Str. 6-10, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany.
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Belay T, Mekibib B. Assessment of Calf Management and Hygiene Practices Adopted in Large and Small-Scale Dairy Farms in Wondo Genet Area, Southern Ethiopia. VETERINARY MEDICINE: RESEARCH AND REPORTS 2022; 13:329-337. [DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s387838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Ahmad AA, Zhang J, Liang Z, Du M, Yang Y, Zheng J, Yan P, Long R, Tong B, Han J, Ding X. Age-dependent variations in rumen bacterial community of Mongolian cattle from weaning to adulthood. BMC Microbiol 2022; 22:213. [PMID: 36071396 PMCID: PMC9450343 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-022-02627-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rumen microbes play an important role in ruminant energy supply and animal performance. Previous studies showed that the rumen microbiome of Mongolian cattle has adapted to degrade the rough forage to provide sufficient energy to tolerate the harsh desert ecological conditions. However, little is known about the succession of rumen microbes in different developmental stages of post-weaning Mongolian cattle. METHODS Here, we examined the succession of the rumen microbial composition and structure of 15 post-weaning Mongolian cattle at three developmental stages i.e., 5 months (RM05), 18 months (RM18) and, 36 months (RM36) by using the 16S rRNA gene sequencing method. RESULTS We did not find any age-dependent variations in the ruminal concentrations of any volatile fatty acid (VFA) of Mongolian cattle. The diversity of the rumen bacterial community was significantly lower in RM05 group, which reached to stability with age. Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes were the two dominant phyla among all age groups. Phylum Actinobacteria was significantly higher in RM05 group, phyla Spirochaetes, and Tenericutes were highly abundant in RM18 group, and phyla Proteobacteria and Epsilonbacteraeota were enriched in RM36 group. Genera Prevotella_1, Bacteroides, and Bifidobacterium were abundant in RM05 group. The short chain fatty acid (SCFA) producing bacteria Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group showed high abundance in RM18 group and fiber degrading genus Alloprevotella was highly abundant in RM36 group. Random forest analysis identified Alloprevotella, Ileibacterium, and Helicobacter as important age discriminatory genera. In particular, the genera Ruminococcaceae_UCG-005, Bacteroides, Saccharofermentans, and Fibrobacter in RM05, genera [Eubacterium] coprostanoligenes_group, Erysipelotrichaceae_UCG-004, Helicobacter, Saccharofermentans, Papillibacter, and Turicibacter in RM18, and genera Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group, Lachnospiraceae_AC2044_group, and Papillibacter in RM36 showed the top interactions values in the intra-group interaction network. CONCLUSIONS The results showed that rumen microbiota of Mongolian cattle reached to stability and maturity with age after weaning. This study provides some theoretical evidence about the importance of functional specific rumen bacteria in different age groups. Further studies are needed to determine their actual roles and interactions with the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anum Ali Ahmad
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou, 730050, China.,State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Jianbo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou, 730050, China.,Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou, 730050, China
| | - Zeyi Liang
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou, 730050, China
| | - Mei Du
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou, 730050, China
| | - Yayuan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou, 730050, China
| | - Juanshan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou, 730050, China
| | - Ping Yan
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou, 730050, China
| | - RuiJun Long
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Bin Tong
- The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, The Research Center for Laboratory Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Mongolia, China
| | - Jianlin Han
- CAAS-ILRI Joint Laboratory on Livestock and Forage Genetic Resources, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, China. .,Livestock Genetics Program, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Xuezhi Ding
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou, 730050, China. .,Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou, 730050, China.
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Schwarzkopf S, Kinoshita A, Hüther L, Salm L, Kehraus S, Südekum KH, Huber K, Dänicke S, Frahm J. Weaning age influences indicators of rumen function and development in female Holstein calves. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:102. [PMID: 35300681 PMCID: PMC8928593 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03163-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prenatal and postnatal conditions are crucial for the development of calves. Primiparous cows are still maturing during pregnancy, thus competing with the nutritional needs of their offspring. Therefore, mature cows might provide a superior intrauterine condition. Furthermore, weaning calves at an older age might affect them positively as well by reducing stress and offering time for various organs and their functions to develop. We aimed to evaluate effects of mothers’ parity and calves’ weaning age on gastrointestinal development and corresponding acid–base balance. Fifty-nine female German Holstein calves (about 8 days old) were investigated in a 2 × 2 factorial experiment with factors weaning age (7 vs. 17 weeks) and parity of mother (primiparous vs. multiparous). Calves were randomly assigned to one of these four groups. Animal behavior that was observed included resting, chewing and active behavior. Results Behavioral patterns were interactively affected by time and weaning age. Rumen sounds per 2 min increased in early-weaned calves during their weaning period. In late-weaned calves a consistently increase in rumen sounds was already recorded before their weaning period. Urinary N-containing compounds (creatinine, hippuric acid, uric acid, urea, allantoin) were interactively affected by time and weaning age. Concentrations of all measured compounds except urea increased during early weaning. All except hippuric acid concentration decreased in early-weaned calves after weaning. In late-weaned calves allantoin and uric acid increased before weaning and did not change during weaning. Conclusion These results suggest that late-weaned calves developed adequate rumen functions and acid–base balance, whereas early-weaned calves might have suffered from ruminal acidosis and catabolism. Weaning calves at 7 weeks of age might be too early for an adequate rumen development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Schwarzkopf
- Department of Functional Anatomy of Livestock, Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Fruwithstr. 35, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Asako Kinoshita
- Department of Functional Anatomy of Livestock, Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Fruwithstr. 35, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Liane Hüther
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Bundesallee 37, 38116, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Laurenz Salm
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Bundesallee 37, 38116, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Saskia Kehraus
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Bonn, Endenicher Allee 15, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz Südekum
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Bonn, Endenicher Allee 15, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Korinna Huber
- Department of Functional Anatomy of Livestock, Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Fruwithstr. 35, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sven Dänicke
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Bundesallee 37, 38116, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jana Frahm
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Bundesallee 37, 38116, Braunschweig, Germany.
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Schwarzkopf S, Kinoshita A, Kluess J, Kersten S, Meyer U, Huber K, Dänicke S, Frahm J. Correction: Schwarzkopf et al. Weaning Holstein Calves at 17 Weeks of Age Enables Smooth Transition from Liquid to Solid Feed. Animals 2019, 9, 1132. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11113044. [PMID: 34828067 PMCID: PMC8614375 DOI: 10.3390/ani11113044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Schwarzkopf
- Institute of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany; (S.S.); (A.K.); (K.H.)
| | - Asako Kinoshita
- Institute of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany; (S.S.); (A.K.); (K.H.)
| | - Jeannette Kluess
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany; (J.K.); (S.K.); (U.M.); (S.D.)
| | - Susanne Kersten
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany; (J.K.); (S.K.); (U.M.); (S.D.)
| | - Ulrich Meyer
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany; (J.K.); (S.K.); (U.M.); (S.D.)
| | - Korinna Huber
- Institute of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany; (S.S.); (A.K.); (K.H.)
| | - Sven Dänicke
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany; (J.K.); (S.K.); (U.M.); (S.D.)
| | - Jana Frahm
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany; (J.K.); (S.K.); (U.M.); (S.D.)
- Correspondence:
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Amin N, Schwarzkopf S, Kinoshita A, Tröscher-Mußotter J, Dänicke S, Camarinha-Silva A, Huber K, Frahm J, Seifert J. Evolution of rumen and oral microbiota in calves is influenced by age and time of weaning. Anim Microbiome 2021; 3:31. [PMID: 33883031 PMCID: PMC8059317 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-021-00095-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The rumen bacterial communities are changing dynamically throughout the first year of calf’s life including the weaning period as a critical event. Rumen microbiome analysis is often limited to invasive rumen sampling procedures but the oral cavity of ruminants is expected to harbour rumen microbes due to regurgitation activity. The present study used buccal swab samples to define the rumen core microbiome and characterize the shifts in rumen and oral microbial communities occurring as result of calf’s age as well as time of weaning. Results Buccal swab samples of 59 calves were collected along the first 140 days of life and compared to stomach tubing sample of the rumen at day 140. Animals were randomly divided into two weaning groups. Microbiota of saliva and rumen content was analysed by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. Our study showed that most rumen-specific bacterial taxa were equally observed in rumen samples as well as in the buccal swabs, though relative abundance varied. The occurrence of rumen-specific OTUs in buccal swab samples increased approximately 1.7 times from day 70 to day 140, indicating the gradual development of rumen as calf aged. The rumen-specific bacterial taxa diversity increased, and inter-animal variations decreased with age. Early weaning (7 weeks of age) rapidly increased the rumen microbial diversity from pre- to post-weaned state. Rumen microbiota of early-weaned calves seemed to have a suppressed growth of starch- and carbohydrate-utilizing bacteria and increased fibre degraders. Whereas, in late-weaned calves (17 weeks of age) no impact of dietary modifications on rumen microbiota composition was observed after weaning. Oral-specific bacterial community composition was significantly affected by calf’s age and time of weaning. Conclusions The present study showed the significant impact of calf’s age and weaning on the establishment of rumen- and oral-specific bacterial communities utilizing buccal swab samples. The results emphasize the possibility of using buccal swab samples as a replacement of complex stomach tube method for large-scale predictive studies on ruminants. For in-depth rumen microbiome studies, the time of sampling should be carefully considered using an active phase of regurgitation. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s42523-021-00095-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nida Amin
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Emil-Wolff-Str. 6-10, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sarah Schwarzkopf
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Emil-Wolff-Str. 6-10, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Asako Kinoshita
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Emil-Wolff-Str. 6-10, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany.,Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Bundesallee 37, 38116, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Johanna Tröscher-Mußotter
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Emil-Wolff-Str. 6-10, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sven Dänicke
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Bundesallee 37, 38116, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Amélia Camarinha-Silva
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Emil-Wolff-Str. 6-10, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Korinna Huber
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Emil-Wolff-Str. 6-10, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jana Frahm
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Bundesallee 37, 38116, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jana Seifert
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Emil-Wolff-Str. 6-10, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany.
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Characteristics of the Oxidative Status in Dairy Calves Fed at Different Milk Replacer Levels and Weaned at 14 Weeks of Age. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10020260. [PMID: 33567587 PMCID: PMC7915232 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10020260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A paradigm shift in the way of rearing heifer calves from restricted feeding and early weaning towards greater feed allowances and later weaning ages is ongoing. We aimed at characterizing the oxidative status in Holstein heifer calves fed with milk replacer (MR) at either a restrictive (RES) or a high (HIGH) level for 14 weeks. We compared two groups: HIGH (10 L MR/d, n = 18) and RES (5.7 L/d, n = 19) from day five until week 14 of life. In blood samples collected at birth, and then fortnightly from week 8–16, and in week 20, the antioxidative capacity measured as ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), oxidative damage of lipids measured as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and oxidative damage of proteins measured as advanced oxidation products of proteins (AOPP), free radicals measured as reactive oxidative metabolites (dROM), and the glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity, as well as leptin, adiponectin and haptoglobin were assessed. The time course of these variables during the first 20 weeks of life showed characteristic patterns; group differences were limited to adiponectin, AOPP, and FRAP. RES calves had lower growth rates, showed signs of hunger, but did not differ from HIGH in their intake of solid starter feed and in health status. This work characterizes the changes in oxidative status of dairy calves with increasing age and confirms the benefits of a high feeding plane with regard to welfare and development.
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