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Tardito S, Matis S, Zocchi MR, Benelli R, Poggi A. Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Targeting in Colorectal Carcinoma: Antibodies and Patient-Derived Organoids as a Smart Model to Study Therapy Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7131. [PMID: 39000238 PMCID: PMC11241078 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Therefore, the need for new therapeutic strategies is still a challenge. Surgery and chemotherapy represent the first-line interventions; nevertheless, the prognosis for metastatic CRC (mCRC) patients remains unacceptable. An important step towards targeted therapy came from the inhibition of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathway, by the anti-EGFR antibody, Cetuximab, or by specific tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI). Cetuximab, a mouse-human chimeric monoclonal antibody (mAb), binds to the extracellular domain of EGFR thus impairing EGFR-mediated signaling and reducing cell proliferation. TKI can affect the EGFR biochemical pathway at different steps along the signaling cascade. Apart from Cetuximab, other anti-EGFR mAbs have been developed, such as Panitumumab. Both antibodies have been approved for the treatment of KRAS-NRAS wild type mCRC, alone or in combination with chemotherapy. These antibodies display strong differences in activating the host immune system against CRC, due to their different immunoglobulin isotypes. Although anti-EGFR antibodies are efficient, drug resistance occurs with high frequency. Resistant tumor cell populations can either already be present before therapy or develop later by biochemical adaptations or new genomic mutations in the EGFR pathway. Numerous efforts have been made to improve the efficacy of the anti-EGFR mAbs or to find new agents that are able to block downstream EGFR signaling cascade molecules. Indeed, we examined the importance of analyzing the anti-EGFR antibody-drug conjugates (ADC) developed to overcome resistance and/or stimulate the tumor host's immunity against CRC growth. Also, patient-derived CRC organoid cultures represent a useful and feasible in vitro model to study tumor behavior and therapy response. Organoids can reflect tumor genetic heterogeneity found in the tissue of origin, representing a unique tool for personalized medicine. Thus, CRC-derived organoid cultures are a smart model for studying the tumor microenvironment and for the preclinical assay of anti-EGFR drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuele Tardito
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC 20010, USA;
| | - Serena Matis
- Molecular Oncology and Angiogenesis Unit, IRRCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy;
| | - Maria Raffaella Zocchi
- Department of Immunology, Transplant and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS Scientific Institute San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy;
| | - Roberto Benelli
- Molecular Oncology and Angiogenesis Unit, IRRCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy;
| | - Alessandro Poggi
- Molecular Oncology and Angiogenesis Unit, IRRCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy;
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2
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Pang KT, Yang YS, Zhang W, Ho YS, Sormanni P, Michaels TCT, Walsh I, Chia S. Understanding and controlling the molecular mechanisms of protein aggregation in mAb therapeutics. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 67:108192. [PMID: 37290583 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In antibody development and manufacturing, protein aggregation is a common challenge that can lead to serious efficacy and safety issues. To mitigate this problem, it is important to investigate its molecular origins. This review discusses (1) our current molecular understanding and theoretical models of antibody aggregation, (2) how various stress conditions related to antibody upstream and downstream bioprocesses can trigger aggregation, and (3) current mitigation strategies employed towards inhibiting aggregation. We discuss the relevance of the aggregation phenomenon in the context of novel antibody modalities and highlight how in silico approaches can be exploited to mitigate it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuin Tian Pang
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore; School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technology University, Singapore
| | - Yuan Sheng Yang
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Wei Zhang
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Ying Swan Ho
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Pietro Sormanni
- Chemistry of Health, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas C T Michaels
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, ETH Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 3, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland; Bringing Materials to Life Initiative, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ian Walsh
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore.
| | - Sean Chia
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore.
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3
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Douez E, D'Atri V, Guillarme D, Antier D, Guerriaud M, Beck A, Watier H, Foucault-Fruchard L. Why is there no biosimilar of Erbitux®? J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 234:115544. [PMID: 37418870 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based therapies have been a major advance in oncology patient care, even though they represent a significant healthcare cost. Biosimilars, launched in Europe in 2004 are an economically attractive alternative to expensive originator biological drugs. They also increase the competitiveness of pharmaceutical development. This article focuses on the case of Erbitux® (cetuximab). This anti-EGFR (Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor) monoclonal antibody is indicated for metastatic colorectal cancer (2004) and squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (2006). However, despite the expiration of the patent in Europe in 2014 and estimated annual sales of 1.681 million US dollars in 2022, Erbitux® has not yet faced any approved biosimilar challenges in the United States or in Europe. Here, we outline the unique structural complexity of this antibody highlighted by advanced orthogonal analytical characterization strategies resulting in risks to demonstrate biosimilarity, which may explain the lack of Erbitux® biosimilars in the European and US markets to date. The development of Erbitux® biobetters are also discussed as alternative strategies to biosimilars. These biologics offer expected additional safety and potency benefits over the reference product but require a full pharmaceutical and clinical development as for New Molecular Entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Douez
- Pharmacy Department, Tours University Hospital, Tours, France; EA6295, Nanomédicaments et Nanosondes, Université de Tours, Tours, France.
| | - Valentina D'Atri
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU - Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Davy Guillarme
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU - Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU - Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Antier
- Pharmacy Department, Tours University Hospital, Tours, France; UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, Inserm, Tours, France
| | - Mathieu Guerriaud
- CREDIMI Laboratory EA 7532 and Laboratory of Excellence LipSTIC ANR-11-LABX-0021, Faculty of Health Sciences (Pharmacy), University of Burgundy, Dijon, France
| | - Alain Beck
- IRPF - Centre D'Immunologie Pierre-Fabre (CIPF), 5 Avenue Napoléon III, BP 60497 Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France
| | - Hervé Watier
- Immunology Laboratory, Tours University Hospital, Tours, France; UMR 1100, CEPR, Université de Tours, Inserm, Tours, France
| | - Laura Foucault-Fruchard
- Pharmacy Department, Tours University Hospital, Tours, France; UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, Inserm, Tours, France
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4
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Cawez F, Mercuri PS, Morales-Yãnez FJ, Maalouf R, Vandevenne M, Kerff F, Guérin V, Mainil J, Thiry D, Saulmont M, Vanderplasschen A, Lafaye P, Aymé G, Bogaerts P, Dumoulin M, Galleni M. Development of Nanobodies as Theranostic Agents against CMY-2-Like Class C β-Lactamases. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2023; 67:e0149922. [PMID: 36892280 PMCID: PMC10112224 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01499-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Three soluble single-domain fragments derived from the unique variable region of camelid heavy-chain antibodies (VHHs) against the CMY-2 β-lactamase behaved as inhibitors. The structure of the complex VHH cAbCMY-2(254)/CMY-2 showed that the epitope is close to the active site and that the CDR3 of the VHH protrudes into the catalytic site. The β-lactamase inhibition pattern followed a mixed profile with a predominant noncompetitive component. The three isolated VHHs recognized overlapping epitopes since they behaved as competitive binders. Our study identified a binding site that can be targeted by a new class of β-lactamase inhibitors designed on the sequence of the paratope. Furthermore, the use of mono- or bivalent VHH and rabbit polyclonal anti-CMY-2 antibodies enables the development of the first generation of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of CMY-2 produced by CMY-2-expressing bacteria, irrespective of resistotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Cawez
- InBioS, Center for Protein Engineering, Biological Macromolecules, Department of Life Sciences, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Paola Sandra Mercuri
- InBioS, Center for Protein Engineering, Biological Macromolecules, Department of Life Sciences, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Francisco Javier Morales-Yãnez
- InBioS, Center for Protein Engineering, NEPTUNS, Department of Life Sciences, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- ALPANANO, Center for Protein Engineering & FARAH, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Rita Maalouf
- InBioS, Center for Protein Engineering, NEPTUNS, Department of Life Sciences, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Marylène Vandevenne
- InBios, Center for Protein Engineering, ROBOTEIN, Department of Life Sciences, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Frederic Kerff
- InBioS, Center for Protein Engineering, Department of Life Sciences, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Virginie Guérin
- Bacteriology, FARAH and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Jacques Mainil
- Bacteriology, FARAH and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Damien Thiry
- Bacteriology, FARAH and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Marc Saulmont
- Regional Animal Health and Identification Association (ARSIA), Ciney, Belgium
| | - Alain Vanderplasschen
- ALPANANO, Center for Protein Engineering & FARAH, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Immunology-Vaccinology, FARAH and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Pierre Lafaye
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 328, Paris, France
| | - Gabriel Aymé
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 328, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Bogaerts
- National Reference Center for Antibiotic-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacilli, Department of Clinical Microbiology, CHU UCL Namur, Yvoir, Belgium
| | - Mireille Dumoulin
- InBioS, Center for Protein Engineering, NEPTUNS, Department of Life Sciences, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- ALPANANO, Center for Protein Engineering & FARAH, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Moreno Galleni
- InBioS, Center for Protein Engineering, Biological Macromolecules, Department of Life Sciences, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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Ebrahimi N, Fardi E, Ghaderi H, Palizdar S, Khorram R, Vafadar R, Ghanaatian M, Rezaei-Tazangi F, Baziyar P, Ahmadi A, Hamblin MR, Aref AR. Receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors in cancer. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:104. [PMID: 36947256 PMCID: PMC11073124 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04729-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Targeted therapy is a new cancer treatment approach, involving drugs that particularly target specific proteins in cancer cells, such as receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) which are involved in promoting growth and proliferation, Therefore inhibiting these proteins could impede cancer progression. An understanding of RTKs and the relevant signaling cascades, has enabled the development of many targeted drug therapies employing RTK inhibitors (RTKIs) some of which have entered clinical application. Here we discuss RTK structures, activation mechanisms and functions. Moreover, we cover the potential effects of combination drug therapy (including chemotherapy or immunotherapy agents with one RTKI or multiple RTKIs) especially for drug resistant cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasim Ebrahimi
- Genetics Division, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Elmira Fardi
- Medical Branch, Islamic Azad University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hajarossadat Ghaderi
- Laboratory of Regenerative and Medical Innovation, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sahar Palizdar
- Division of Microbiology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Islamic Azad University of Tehran East Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roya Khorram
- Bone and Joint Diseases Research Center, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Reza Vafadar
- Department of Orthopeadic Surgery, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Masoud Ghanaatian
- Master 1 Bio-Santé-Parcours Toulouse Graduate School of Cancer, Ageing and Rejuvenation (CARe), Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Fatemeh Rezaei-Tazangi
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Payam Baziyar
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Basic Science, Uinversity of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Ahmadi
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Nano and Bio Science and Technology, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr, 75169, Iran.
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, 2028, South Africa.
| | - Amir Reza Aref
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Translational Medicine Group, Xsphera Biosciences, 6 Tide Street, Boston, MA, 02210, USA.
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6
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Dey A, Mitra A, Pathak S, Prasad S, Zhang AS, Zhang H, Sun XF, Banerjee A. Recent Advancements, Limitations, and Future Perspectives of the use of Personalized Medicine in Treatment of Colon Cancer. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2023; 22:15330338231178403. [PMID: 37248615 PMCID: PMC10240881 DOI: 10.1177/15330338231178403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Due to the heterogeneity of colon cancer, surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation are ineffective in all cases. The genomic profile and biomarkers associated with the process are considered in personalized medicine, along with the patient's personal history. It is based on the response of the targeted therapies to specific genetic variations. The patient's genetic transcriptomic and epigenetic features are evaluated, and the best therapeutic approach and diagnostic testing are identified through personalized medicine. This review aims to summarize all the necessary, updated information on colon cancer related to personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is gaining prominence as generalized treatments are finding it challenging to contain colon cancer cases which currently rank fourth among global cancer incidence while being the fifth largest in total death cases worldwide. In personalized therapy, patients are grouped into specific categories, and the best therapeutic approach is chosen based on evaluating their molecular features. Various personalized strategies are currently being explored in the treatment of colon cancer involving immunotherapy, phytochemicals, and other biomarker-specific targeted therapies. However, significant challenges must be overcome to integrate personalized medicine into healthcare systems completely. We look at the various signaling pathways and genetic and epigenetic alterations associated with colon cancer to understand and identify biomarkers useful in targeted therapy. The current personalized therapies available in colon cancer treatment and the strategies being explored to improve the existing methods are discussed. This review highlights the advantages and limitations of personalized medicine in colon cancer therapy. The current scenario of personalized medicine in developed countries and the challenges faced in middle- and low-income countries are also summarized. Finally, we discuss the future perspectives of personalized medicine in colon cancer and how it could be integrated into the healthcare systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Dey
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chennai, India
| | - Abhijit Mitra
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chennai, India
| | - Surajit Pathak
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chennai, India
| | - Suhanya Prasad
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Nanobiomedical Engineering, Medical University of Bialystok, Białystok, Poland
| | | | - Hong Zhang
- School of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Orebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Xiao-Feng Sun
- Department of Oncology and Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Antara Banerjee
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chennai, India
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Saoudi Gonzalez N, López D, Gómez D, Ros J, Baraibar I, Salva F, Tabernero J, Élez E. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of approved monoclonal antibody therapy for colorectal cancer. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2022; 18:755-767. [PMID: 36582117 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2022.2160316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The introduction of monoclonal antibodies to the chemotherapy backbone treatment has challenged the paradigm of metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) treatment. Their mechanism of action and pharmacokinetics are complex but important to understand in order to improve patient selection and treatment outcomes for mCRC population. AREAS COVERED This review examines the scientific data, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacokinetics of approved monoclonal antibodies used to treat mCRC patients, including agents targeting signaling via VEGFR (bevacizumab and ramucirumab), EGFR (cetuximab and panitumumab), HER2/3 target therapy, and immunotherapy agents such as pembrolizumab or nivolumab. Efficacy and mechanism of action of bispecific antibodies are also covered. EXPERT OPINION mCRC is a heterogeneous disease and the optimal selection and sequence of treatments is challenging. Monoclonal antibodies have complex pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, with important interactions between them. The arrival of bioequivalent molecules to the market increases the need for the characterization of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of classic monoclonal antibodies to reach bioequivalent novel molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Saoudi Gonzalez
- Medical Oncology Department, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain.,Medical Oncology Department, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Vhio Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel López
- Medical Oncology Department, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Diego Gómez
- Medical Oncology Department, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Ros
- Medical Oncology Department, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain.,Medical Oncology Department, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Vhio Barcelona, Spain
| | - Iosune Baraibar
- Medical Oncology Department, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain.,Medical Oncology Department, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Vhio Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Salva
- Medical Oncology Department, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain.,Medical Oncology Department, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Vhio Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Tabernero
- Medical Oncology Department, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain.,Medical Oncology Department, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Vhio Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Élez
- Medical Oncology Department, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain.,Medical Oncology Department, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Vhio Barcelona, Spain
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