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Paluch E, Bortkiewicz O, Widelski J, Duda-Madej A, Gleńsk M, Nawrot U, Lamch Ł, Długowska D, Sobieszczańska B, Wilk KA. A Combination of β-Aescin and Newly Synthesized Alkylamidobetaines as Modern Components Eradicating the Biofilms of Multidrug-Resistant Clinical Strains of Candida glabrata. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2541. [PMID: 38473787 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The current trend in microbiological research aimed at limiting the development of biofilms of multidrug-resistant microorganisms is increasingly towards the search for possible synergistic effects between various compounds. This work presents a combination of a naturally occurring compound, β-aescin, newly synthesized alkylamidobetaines (AABs) with a general structure-CnTMDAB, and antifungal drugs. The research we conducted consists of several stages. The first stage concerns determining biological activity (antifungal) against selected multidrug-resistant strains of Candida glabrata (C. glabrata) with the highest ability to form biofilms. The second stage of this study determined the activity of β-aescin combinations with antifungal compounds and alkylamidobetaines. In the next stage of this study, the ability to eradicate a biofilm on the polystyrene surface of the combination of β-aescin with alkylamidobetaines was examined. It has been shown that the combination of β-aescin and alkylamidobetaine can firmly remove biofilms and reduce their viability. The last stage of this research was to determine the safety regarding the cytotoxicity of both β-aescin and alkylamidobetaines. Previous studies on the fibroblast cell line have shown that C9 alkylamidobetaine can be safely used as a component of anti-biofilm compounds. This research increases the level of knowledge about the practical possibilities of using anti-biofilm compounds in combined therapies against C. glabrata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil Paluch
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-376 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Olga Bortkiewicz
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-376 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jarosław Widelski
- Department of Pharmacognosy with Medicinal Plants Garden, Lublin Medical University, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Duda-Madej
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-376 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Michał Gleńsk
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Herbal Medicines, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Urszula Nawrot
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Łukasz Lamch
- Department of Engineering and Technology of Chemical Processes, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Daria Długowska
- Department of Engineering and Technology of Chemical Processes, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Beata Sobieszczańska
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-376 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Kazimiera A Wilk
- Department of Engineering and Technology of Chemical Processes, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
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Barbarossa A, Rosato A, Carrieri A, Tardugno R, Corbo F, Clodoveo ML, Fracchiolla G, Carocci A. Antifungal Biofilm Inhibitory Effects of Combinations of Diclofenac and Essential Oils. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1673. [PMID: 38136707 PMCID: PMC10740460 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12121673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic fungal infections have risen in recent decades and most of them are caused by Candida species, which are becoming increasingly resistant to conventional antifungal drugs. Biofilm production has been considered the most common growth form of Candida cells and is associated with a high level of antifungal resistance. At present, international research reports on the antifungal activity of non-traditional antimicrobial drugs and their potential use against life-threatening resistant fungal infections. Indeed, drug repurposing has led to the consideration of well-known compounds as a last-line therapy. The goal of this work is to evaluate the potential synergistic antifungal biofilm activity of new combinations between diclofenac sodium salt (DSS), a widely used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), with the essential oils (EOs) of Mentha piperita, Pelargonium graveolens, and Melaleuca alternifolia, whose antifungal activity has been well documented over the years. The in vitro antifungal activity of DSS and EOs was determined on different Candida strains. Susceptibility testing and the synergism of DSS and EOs versus biofilm cells was performed by using the broth microdilution assay and checkerboard methods. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (sMIC50) of DSS alone ranged from 1.25 to 2.05 mg/mL for all the strains considered. These values significantly decreased when the drug was used in combination with the EOs. The fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) was lower than 0.5 for almost all the associations, thus indicating a significant synergism, particularly for the DSS-Pelargonium graveolens combination towards the Candida strains examined. These preliminary results show that the combination of the EOs with DSS improves the antifungal activity on all the tested Candida strains, significantly lowering the concentrations of the components used and thus allowing any toxic effects to be overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexia Barbarossa
- Department of Pharmacy—Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70125 Bari, Italy; (A.B.); (A.R.); (A.C.); (R.T.); (F.C.); (A.C.)
| | - Antonio Rosato
- Department of Pharmacy—Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70125 Bari, Italy; (A.B.); (A.R.); (A.C.); (R.T.); (F.C.); (A.C.)
| | - Antonio Carrieri
- Department of Pharmacy—Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70125 Bari, Italy; (A.B.); (A.R.); (A.C.); (R.T.); (F.C.); (A.C.)
| | - Roberta Tardugno
- Department of Pharmacy—Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70125 Bari, Italy; (A.B.); (A.R.); (A.C.); (R.T.); (F.C.); (A.C.)
| | - Filomena Corbo
- Department of Pharmacy—Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70125 Bari, Italy; (A.B.); (A.R.); (A.C.); (R.T.); (F.C.); (A.C.)
| | - Maria Lisa Clodoveo
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Fracchiolla
- Department of Pharmacy—Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70125 Bari, Italy; (A.B.); (A.R.); (A.C.); (R.T.); (F.C.); (A.C.)
| | - Alessia Carocci
- Department of Pharmacy—Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70125 Bari, Italy; (A.B.); (A.R.); (A.C.); (R.T.); (F.C.); (A.C.)
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Arooj B, Asghar S, Saleem M, Khalid SH, Asif M, Chohan T, Khan IU, Zubair HM, Yaseen HS. Anti-inflammatory mechanisms of eucalyptol rich Eucalyptus globulus essential oil alone and in combination with flurbiprofen. Inflammopharmacology 2023:10.1007/s10787-023-01237-6. [PMID: 37179510 PMCID: PMC10183087 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-023-01237-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is the core contributor in the pathogenesis of various acute and chronic illness including appendicitis, bronchitis, arthritis, cancer and neurological diseases. NSAIDs, commonly used medications for inflammatory diseases, on prolonged use cause GI bleeding, ulcers and many more issues. Plant-based therapeutic agents including essential oils in combination with low-dose synthetic drugs have been shown to produce synergistic effects and reduce complications of synthetic drugs. This study was designed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory, analgesic and anti-pyretic properties of Eucalyptus globulus essential oil alone and in combination with flurbiprofen. GC-MS analysis was performed to screen chemical composition of oil. In vitro anti-inflammatory assay (membrane stabilization assay) and in vivo inflammatory acute (carrageenan and histamine-induced paw oedema) and chronic (cotton pellet-induced granuloma and Complete Freund's adjuvant-induced arthritis) models were performed to check anti-inflammatory properties. Acetic acid-induced algesia and yeast-induced pyrexia models were performed to check analgesic and anti-pyretic properties. qRT-PCR was performed to study the effect of treatments on the expression of inflammatory biomarkers. GC-MS analysis of E. globulus essential oil showed the presence of eucalyptol along with other active biomolecules. 500 + 10 mg/kg of oil-drug combination showed significantly (p < 0.05) better in vitro membrane stabilization effects as compared with groups treated with 500 mg/kg of E. globulus oil and 10 mg/kg of Flurbiprofen alone. 500 + 10 mg/kg of oil-drug combination showed significantly (p < 0.05) better anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic effects as compared to 500 mg/kg of E. globulus oil alone in all in vivo models. When comparison was done between 500 + 10 mg/kg of oil-drug combination-treated and 10 mg/kg Flurbiprofen-treated group, the former group showed significantly (p < 0.05) better anti-inflammatory and anti-pyretic effects, but there were non-significant differences in the analgesic model. Animal group treated with 10 mg/kg of Flurbiprofen showed significantly (p < 0.05) better anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects than group treated with 500 mg/kg of oil alone while, there were non-significant differences in anti-pyretic effects. qRT-PCR analysis showed significant (p < 0.05) down-regulation in the expression of IL-4 and TNF-α in serum samples of animals treated with 500 + 10 mg/kg of oil-drug combination as compared to the diseased control (arthritic) group. Overall, the current research demonstrates that Eucalyptus globulus essential oil in combination with flurbiprofen showed better anti-inflammatory, analgesic and anti-pyretic effects than oil and flurbiprofen alone which is attributed to the down-regulation of pro-inflammatory biomarkers (IL-4 and TNF-α). Further studies are required to formulate a stable dosage form and to check the anti-inflammatory efficacy in different inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bushra Arooj
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, 63100 Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Sajid Asghar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, 38000 Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Mohammad Saleem
- Punjab University College of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, 54000 Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Syed Haroon Khalid
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, 38000 Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Asif
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, 63100 Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan.
| | - Tahir Chohan
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 54000 Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ikram Ullah Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, 38000 Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Hafiz Muhammad Zubair
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, 63100 Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Hafiza Sidra Yaseen
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lahore, 54000 Lahore, Pakistan
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Chraibi M, Fadil M, Farah A, Benkhaira N, Lebrazi S, Fikri-Benbrahim K. Simplex-centroid design as innovative approach in the optimization of antimicrobial effect of Thymus satureioides, Myrtus communis and Artemisia herba alba essential oils against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Candidatropicalis. Exp Parasitol 2023; 247:108472. [PMID: 36693583 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2023.108472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Essential Oils (EOs) known since Antiquity, and initially obtained by maceration of aromatic plants, are used as diseases' remedies because they contain valuable therapeutic components. Antimicrobial effect's evaluation of formulations established by an augmented centered mixing plan for three Moroccan medicinal and aromatic plants' essential oils (EOs): Thymus satureioides (T. satureioides), Myrtus communis (M. communis) and Artemisia herba alba (A. herba alba) against Escherichia coli (E. coli), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Candida tropicalis (C. tropicalis). The identification of E.Os chemical compounds was made using Gaz chromatography (GC) and Gaz chromatography coupled to Mass spectrometry (GC/MS).Whereas, the optimization of their antimicrobial effect was performed by experimental design methodology (mixture design) coupled to microdilution method based on Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) determination. Results showed that the main components are borneol (34.26%) and α-pinene (31.21%); borneol (27.15%) and 1,8-cineole (21.33%); camphor (14.67%), chrysanthenone (14.10%), and β-thujone (12.60%) for T. satureioides, M. communis and A. herba alba respectively. Optimal mixtures composed of 60% and 40% of T. satureioides and M. communis E.Os; 72% and 28% of T. satureioides and A. Herba alba E.Os; 75% of thyme E.O and 25% of mugwort E.O; predicted the highest antimicrobial effect against E. coli, S. aureus and C. tropicalis, respectively. This study highlights the antimicrobial effect of EOs tertiary mixtures through using mixture design methodology, which may contribute to a successful application in pharmaceutical, food, or cosmetic industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Chraibi
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology and Bioactive Molecules, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco
| | - Mouhcine Fadil
- Physico-Chemical Laboratory of Inorganic and Organic Materials, Materials Science Center (MSC), Ecole Normale Supérieure, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Abdellah Farah
- Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco
| | - Nesrine Benkhaira
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology and Bioactive Molecules, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco
| | - Sara Lebrazi
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology and Bioactive Molecules, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco
| | - Kawtar Fikri-Benbrahim
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology and Bioactive Molecules, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco.
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Lavandula angustifolia Essential Oils as Effective Enhancers of Fluconazole Antifungal Activity against Candida albicans. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031176. [PMID: 36770842 PMCID: PMC9921790 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of Candida albicans resistance to commercial antifungal agents in recent decades has prompted modern medicine and veterinary medicine to search for combined treatment options. The aim of the study was to determine the activity of essential oils from different cultivars and morphological parts of the medicinal lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) in combination with fluconazole against Candida albicans ATCC 10231 strain. The effect of the combination of lavender essential oil with fluconazole was tested using the checkerboard method, and the obtained results were interpreted on the basis of fractional inhibitory concentration indices (FICIs). A synergistic interaction was found for all combinations of fluconazole with essential oils isolated both from flowers and leafy stalks of two tested lavender cultivars: 'Blue River' and 'Ellagance Purple'. The observed enhancement effect of fluconazole antifungal activity was significantly stronger in the case of essential oils obtained from flowers and leafy stalks of 'Blue River' cultivar. Analogous studies were performed for linalool, one of the main components of lavender essential oils, and a similar synergistic interaction with fluconazole was found.
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Ruiz-Linares M, Monroy-Rojas JF, Solana C, Baca P, Aguado B, Soriano-Lerma A, Arias-Moliz MT, Ferrer-Luque CM. Antimicrobial potential of new diclofenac hydrogels for disinfection in regenerative endodontics: An in vitro and ex vivo study. Int Endod J 2023; 56:103-117. [PMID: 36169591 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIM There is a need to explore new alternatives for root canal disinfection in regenerative endodontics, since the current strategies are far from ideal. Currently, the potential use of diclofenac (DC) is being investigated for controlling root canal infections. The objective was to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of novel DC-based hydrogels (DCHs) against polymicrobial biofilms grown in radicular dentine and root canals and to compare results with triantibiotic (TAH) and diantibiotic (DAH) hydrogels, and calcium hydroxide (Ca[OH]2 ). METHODOLOGY The in vitro antimicrobial activity of intracanal medicaments was evaluated against 3-week-old polymicrobial root canal biofilms grown on human radicular dentine. Dentine samples were obtained and randomly divided into the study groups (n = 4/group): (1) 1 mg/ml TAH; (2) 1 mg/ml DAH; (3) 5% diclofenac (DCH); (4) 2.5% DCH; (5) 1.25% DCH; (6) 1 mg/ml DAH + 5% DCH; (7) Ca(OH)2 paste; (8) positive control. The microbial viability, in terms of percentage of intact cell membranes, was assessed after 7 days by confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM). The ex vivo efficacy of intracanal medications was evaluated in root canals infected with a polymicrobial suspension. Intracanal microbiological samples at baseline (S1) and 7 days post-treatment (S2) were taken; microbial quantification and cell viability were assessed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and flow cytometry (FC). The mean Log10 of bacterial DNA copies in root canal samples before (S1) and the Log10 reduction of DNA copies S1-S2 in qPCR were recorded. The absolute value of total cells stained, and the percentage reduction of intact membrane cells after treatment (S1-S2), were analysed by FC. Global comparison was done using the Kruskal-Wallis test, whilst the Mann-Whitney U test was used for pair-by-pair comparison. RESULTS Confocal scanning laser microscopy analysis indicated that the greatest effectiveness was obtained with 5% DCH, showing significant differences with respect to the other groups (p < .001). In root canals, the highest Log10 DNA reduction S1-S2 was obtained with 5% DCH and TAH, with no differences between them. The results of FC showed that only 5% DCH proved significantly superior to the other treatments. CONCLUSIONS Sodium DC hydrogels demonstrate antimicrobial efficacy against endodontic biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilde Ruiz-Linares
- Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Javier F Monroy-Rojas
- Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Carmen Solana
- Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Pilar Baca
- Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Beatriz Aguado
- Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Ana Soriano-Lerma
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix", University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Government, PTS Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - María Teresa Arias-Moliz
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain.,Department of Microbiology, School of Dentistry, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Carmen María Ferrer-Luque
- Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
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Synergistic Action of Cinnamomum verum Essential Oil with Sertraline. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11111617. [PMID: 36421261 PMCID: PMC9686778 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11111617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cinnamomum verum L. essential oil (CEO), commonly known as Ceylon cinnamon or cinnamon tree, is regarded as one of the most employed essential oils in the field of aromatherapy. It is usually applied externally as astringent, antipruritic, rubefacient, and anti-septic agent. Furthermore, both in vitro and in vivo research have demonstrated its numerous pharmacological effects, including the potentiality for treating neuralgia, myalgia, headache, and migraine. Several pieces of research also corroborated its significant antiviral and antimicrobial properties. Cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, caryophyllene, cinnamyl acetate, and cinnamic acid are the most representative compounds that are generally found in greater quantities in CEO and play a pivotal role in determining its pharmacological activities. Due to the global antibiotic resistance scenario and the dwindling amount of funding dedicated to developing new antibiotics, in recent years research has concentrated on exploring specific economic approaches against microbial infections. In this context, the purpose of this study was the investigation of the synergistic antibacterial activities of commercially available and chemically characterized CEO in combination with sertraline, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), whose repositioning as a non-antibiotic drug has been explored over the years with encouraging results. In vitro effects of the titled combination were assessed toward a wide panel of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The antimicrobial efficacy was investigated by using the checkerboard microdilution method. The interesting preliminary results obtained suggested a synergistic effect (fractional inhibitory index, FICI < 0.5) of sertraline in combination with CEO, leading to severe growth inhibition for all bacterial species under investigation.
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Non-Antibiotic Drug Repositioning as an Alternative Antimicrobial Approach. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11060816. [PMID: 35740222 PMCID: PMC9220406 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11060816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The worldwide scenario of antibiotic resistance and the falling number of funds for the development of novel antibiotics have led research efforts toward the study of specific cost-effective strategies aimed at discovering drugs against microbial infections. Among the potential options, drug repositioning, which has already exhibited satisfactory results in other medical fields, came out as the most promising. It consists of finding new uses for previously approved medicines and, over the years, many “repurposed drugs” displayed some encouraging in vitro and in vivo results beyond their initial application. The principal theoretical justification for reusing already existing drugs is that they have known mechanisms of action and manageable side effects. Reuse of old drugs is now considered an interesting approach to overcome the drawbacks of conventional antibiotics. The purpose of this review is to offer the reader a panoramic view of the updated studies concerning the repositioning process of different classes of non-antibiotic drugs in the antimicrobial field. Several research works reported the ability of some non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), antidepressants, antipsychotics, and statins to counteract the growth of harmful microorganisms, demonstrating an interesting winning mode to fight infectious diseases caused by antimicrobial resistant bacteria.
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Villar Rodríguez J, Pérez Pico AM, Mingorance Álvarez E, Mayordomo Acevedo R. Meta-analysis of the antifungal activities of three essential oils as alternative therapies in dermatophytosis infections. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 133:241-253. [PMID: 35332625 PMCID: PMC9545424 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Aims This work examines the available scientific evidence about the efficiency of essential oils (EO) as an alternative therapy to traditional treatment of fungal infections, including onychomycosis, assessing the effect of the three EO most frequently studied for their antifungal activity (thyme, cinnamon and tea tree EO) against three causative agents of fungal diseases in humans: Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes complex and Candida albicans. Methods and Results The PRISMA statement protocol was followed to conduct a bibliographical search and 54 articles that met all the inclusion criteria were retrieved. Differences were observed in the MIC and MFC values depending on the micro‐organism strain and the EO used. The lowest MIC were observed with Cinnamomum zeylanicum EO (0.013–1120 μl ml−1) against the three micro‐organisms. For MFC, the lowest value was found for Thymus vulgaris EO (4.2 μl ml−1) against Trichophyton rubrum. Conclusions The antifungal effects of EO could be a very promising solution to overcome the therapeutic shortcomings of antimycotic medication. More experiments are needed to examine the properties of these oils to devise effective and nonaggressive therapies for treatment of dermatophytosis. Significance and Impact of Study The results indicate that EO remain good candidates for future treatments and could provide a solution for failed medications and/or adverse reactions to current pharmacological treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Villar Rodríguez
- Department of Anatomy, Cellular Biology and Zoology, University Centre of Plasencia, University of Extremadura, Spain
| | - Ana María Pérez Pico
- Department of Nursing, University Centre of Plasencia, University of Extremadura, Spain
| | - Esther Mingorance Álvarez
- Department of Anatomy, Cellular Biology and Zoology, University Centre of Plasencia, University of Extremadura, Spain
| | - Raquel Mayordomo Acevedo
- Department of Anatomy, Cellular Biology and Zoology, University Centre of Plasencia, University of Extremadura, Spain
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