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Li H, Li J, Hu J, Chen J, Zhou W. High-performing cross-dataset machine learning reveals robust microbiota alteration in secondary apical periodontitis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1393108. [PMID: 38975327 PMCID: PMC11224960 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1393108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Multiple research groups have consistently underscored the intricate interplay between the microbiome and apical periodontitis. However, the presence of variability in experimental design and quantitative assessment have added a layer of complexity, making it challenging to comprehensively assess the relationship. Through an unbiased methodological refinement analysis, we re-analyzed 4 microbiota studies including 120 apical samples from infected teeth (with/without root canal treatment), healthy teeth, using meta-analysis and machine learning. With high-performing machine-learning models, we discover disease signatures of related species and enriched metabolic pathways, expanded understanding of apical periodontitis with potential therapeutic implications. Our approach employs uniform computational tools across datasets to leverage statistical power and define a reproducible signal potentially linked to the development of secondary apical periodontitis (SAP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- Department of Endodontics, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiehang Li
- Department of Endodontics, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiani Hu
- Research and Development Department, Beijing Xunzhu Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
- School of Chemistry Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jionglin Chen
- Research and Development Department, Beijing Xunzhu Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Endodontics, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
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Wang Z, Yang G, Zhou X, Peng X, Li M, Zhang M, Lu D, Yang D, Cheng L, Ren B. Heavy Ion Radiation Directly Induced the Shift of Oral Microbiota and Increased the Cariogenicity of Streptococcus mutans. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0132223. [PMID: 37310225 PMCID: PMC10434067 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01322-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiation caries is one of the most common complications of head and neck radiotherapy. A shift in the oral microbiota is the main factor of radiation caries. A new form of biosafe radiation, heavy ion radiation, is increasingly being applied in clinical treatment due to its superior depth-dose distribution and biological effects. However, how heavy ion radiation directly impacts the oral microbiota and the progress of radiation caries are unknown. Here, unstimulated saliva samples from both healthy and caries volunteers and caries-related bacteria were directly exposed to therapeutic doses of heavy ion radiation to determine the effects of radiation on oral microbiota composition and bacterial cariogenicity. Heavy ion radiation significantly decreased the richness and diversity of oral microbiota from both healthy and caries volunteers, and a higher percentage of Streptococcus was detected in radiation groups. In addition, heavy ion radiation significantly enhanced the cariogenicity of saliva-derived biofilms, including the ratios of the genus Streptococcus and biofilm formation. In the Streptococcus mutans-Streptococcus sanguinis dual-species biofilms, heavy ion radiation increased the ratio of S. mutans. Next, S. mutans was directly exposed to heavy ions, and the radiation significantly upregulated the gtfC and gtfD cariogenic virulence genes to enhance the biofilm formation and exopolysaccharides synthesis of S. mutans. Our study demonstrated, for the first time, that direct exposure to heavy ion radiation can disrupt the oral microbial diversity and balance of dual-species biofilms by increasing the virulence of S. mutans, increasing its cariogenicity, indicating a potential correlation between heavy ions and radiation caries. IMPORTANCE The oral microbiome is crucial to understanding the pathogenesis of radiation caries. Although heavy ion radiation has been used to treat head and neck cancers in some proton therapy centers, its correlation with dental caries, especially its direct effects on the oral microbiome and cariogenic pathogens, has not been reported previously. Here, we showed that the heavy ion radiation directly shifted the oral microbiota from a balanced state to a caries-associated state by increasing the cariogenic virulence of S. mutans. Our study highlighted the direct effect of heavy ion radiation on oral microbiota and the cariogenicity of oral microbes for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ge Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xian Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingyun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Miaomiao Zhang
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Dong Lu
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Deqin Yang
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lei Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Biao Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Mackiewicz E, Bonsmann T, Kaczor-Wiankowska K, Nowicka A. Volumetric Assessment of Apical Periodontitis Using Cone-Beam Computed Tomography-A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:2940. [PMID: 36833634 PMCID: PMC9966796 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20042940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This systematic review aimed to investigate the scientific literature on volumetric studies concerning the diagnosis and treatment of apical periodontitis using CBCT. A systematic review protocol was written following the preferred reporting items for the systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) checklist. Four electronic databases were searched for relevant publications in English, which were published up to 21 January 2023. The inclusion criteria and corresponding search keys were applied. The risk of bias was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Meta-Analysis of Statistic Assessment and Review Instrument. The search strategy identified 202 studies, with 123 studies excluded during the title and abstract screening and 47 studies left for full text screening. A total of 17 studies met the inclusion criteria. The lesion volume was measured and classified according to different indices which compared the effectiveness of their diagnostics. Moreover, the volume of AP lesions increased with the thickness of the maxillary sinus mucosa in primary and secondary infections and decreased due to endodontic treatment. Volumetric measurements using CBCT are useful in the correct definition of periapical tissue pathosis using a CBCT periapical volume index and assessment of the dynamics of the treatment of apical lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Mackiewicz
- Student Scientific Circle at the Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstancow Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Tobias Bonsmann
- Student Scientific Circle at the Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstancow Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Kinga Kaczor-Wiankowska
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstancow Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Alicja Nowicka
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstancow Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
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Hu J, Huang X, Zheng L, Zhang Y, Zeng H, Nie L, Pang X, Zhang H. MiR-199a-5P promotes osteogenic differentiation of human stem cells from apical papilla via targeting IFIT2 in apical periodontitis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1149339. [PMID: 37063854 PMCID: PMC10098181 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1149339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Periapical alveolar bone loss is the common consequence of apical periodontitis (AP) caused by persistent local inflammation around the apical area. Human stem cells from apical papilla (hSCAPs) play a crucial role in the restoration of bone lesions during AP. Studies have recently identified the critical role of microRNAs (miRNAs) involved in AP pathogenesis, but little is known about their function and potential molecular mechanism, especially in the osteogenesis of hSCAPs during AP. Here, we investigated the role of clinical sample-based specific miRNAs in the osteogenesis of hSCAPs. Methods Differential expression of miRNAs were detected in the periapical tissues of normal and patients with AP via transcriptomic analysis, and the expression of miR-199a-5p was confirmed by qRT-PCR. Treatment of hSCAPs with miR-199a-5p mimics while loaded onto beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) ceramic particle scaffold to explore its effect on osteogenesis in vivo. RNA binding protein immunoprecipitation (RIP) and Luciferase reporter assay were conducted to identify the target gene of miR-199a-5p. Results The expression of miR-199a-5p was decreased in the periapical tissues of AP patients, and miR-199a-5p mimics markedly enhanced cell proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of hSCAPs, while miR-199a-5p antagomir dramatically attenuated hSCAPs osteogenesis. Moreover, we identified and confirmed Interferon Induced Protein with Tetratricopeptide Repeats 2 (IFIT2) as a specific target of miR-199a-5p, and silencing endogenous IFIT2 expression alleviated the inhibitory effect of miR-199a-5p antagomir on the osteogenic differentiation of hSCAPs. Furthermore, miR-199a-5p mimics transfected hSCAPs loaded onto beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) scaffolds induced robust subcutaneous ectopic bone formation in vivo. Discussion These results strengthen our understanding of predictors and facilitators of the key AP miRNAs (miR-199a-5p) in bone lesion repair under periapical inflammatory conditions. And the regulatory networks will be instrumental in exploring the underlying mechanisms of AP and lay the foundation for future regenerative medicine based on dental mesenchymal stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Hu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, the Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, the Affiliated Stomatology Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xia Huang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, the Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Liwen Zheng
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, the Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, the Affiliated Stomatology Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuxin Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, the Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, the Affiliated Stomatology Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Huan Zeng
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, the Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, the Affiliated Stomatology Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Nie
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, the Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Pang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, the Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Hongmei Zhang, ; Xiaoxiao Pang,
| | - Hongmei Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, the Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, the Affiliated Stomatology Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Hongmei Zhang, ; Xiaoxiao Pang,
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Guo X, Sun Y, Wang Z, Ren B, Xu HHK, Peng X, Li M, Wang S, Wang H, Wu Y, Weir MD, Zhou X, Lan F, Cheng L. The Preventive Effect of A Magnetic Nanoparticle-Modified Root Canal Sealer on Persistent Apical Periodontitis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13137. [PMID: 36361925 PMCID: PMC9655100 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Persistent apical periodontitis is a critical challenge for endodontists. Developing root canal filling materials with continuous antibacterial effects and tightly sealed root canals are essential strategies to avoid the failure of root canal therapy and prevent persistent apical periodontitis. We modified the EndoREZ root canal sealer with the antibacterial material dimethylaminododecyl methacrylate (DMADDM) and magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs). The mechanical properties of the modified root canal sealer were tested. The biocompatibility of this sealer was verified in vitro and in vivo. Multispecies biofilms were constructed to assess the antibacterial effects of the modified root canal sealer. We applied magnetic fields and examined the extent of root canal sealer penetration in vitro and in vivo. The results showed that EndoREZ sealer containing 2.5% DMADDM and 1% MNP had biological safety and apical sealing ability. In addition, the modified sealer could increase the sealer penetration range and exert significant antibacterial effects on multispecies biofilms under an external magnetic field. According to the in vivo study, the apices of the root canals with the sealer containing 2.5% DMADDM and 1% MNP showed no significant resorption and exhibited only a slight increase in the periodontal ligament space, with a good inhibitory effect on persistent apical periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Biao Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Hockin H. K. Xu
- Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Xian Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Mingyun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Suping Wang
- Stomatology Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Haohao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yao Wu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Michael D. Weir
- Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Fang Lan
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Lei Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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Fan Y, Wang Z, Sun Y, Guo X, Wang H, Xu HHK, Wang S, Zhou X, Li B, Cheng L. Effect of the Modified Methacrylate-Based Root Canal Sealer in Single-Cone Technique. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:3722. [PMID: 36364498 PMCID: PMC9655841 DOI: 10.3390/nano12213722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to modify EndoREZ with 2.5% dimethylaminododecyl methacrylate (DMADDM) and 1% magnetic nanoparticles (MNP) to study its sealing property, penetration and long-term antibacterial and therapeutic effect in the single-cone technique (SCT) compared with EndoREZ and iRoot SP. Thirty single-root human maxillary premolars were assigned into three groups and obturated with three different root canal sealers by SCT. Every specimen was then scanned using micro-CT to analyze void fraction, and void volumes and confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) was used to study the dentin penetration. The long-term antimicrobial effects were tested in vitro before and after aging 1 and 4 weeks by the single-strain Enterococcus faecalis biofilm model. In addition, the beagle canine model of apical periodontitis (AP) was utilized to judge and compare the therapeutic effect of three sealers in SCT. The void fraction and void volumes of the modified root canal sealer were not significantly different from iRoot SP (p > 0.05) but were lower than EndoREZ (p < 0.05). The modified root canal sealant displayed a greater penetration, long-term antibacterial property, and treatment effect than the other groups (p < 0.05). This indicated that after being modified with DMADDM and MNP, it showed better performance in SCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Haohao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Hockin H. K. Xu
- Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Suping Wang
- Stomatology Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Bolei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lei Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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Antimicrobial Peptides Active in In Vitro Models of Endodontic Bacterial Infections Modulate Inflammation in Human Cardiac Fibroblasts. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14102081. [PMID: 36297519 PMCID: PMC9611259 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14102081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Endodontic and periodontal disease are conditions of infectious origin that can lead to tooth loss or develop into systemic hyperinflammation, which may be associated with a wide variety of diseases, including cardiovascular. Endodontic and periodontal treatment often relies on antibiotics. Since new antimicrobial resistances are a major threat, the use of standard antibiotics is not recommended when the infection is only local. Antimicrobial peptides were recently demonstrated to be valid alternatives for dental treatments. The antimicrobial peptide M33D is a tetrabranched peptide active against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. It has a long life, unusual for peptides, because its branched form provides resistance to proteases. Here the efficacy of M33D and of its analog M33i/l as antibiotics for local use in dentistry was evaluated. M33D and M33i/l were active against reference strains and multidrug-resistant clinical isolates of Gram-negative and Gram-positive species. Their minimum inhibitory concentration against different strains of dental interest was between 0.4 and 6.0 μM. Both peptides acted rapidly on bacteria, impairing membrane function. They also disrupted biofilm effectively. Disinfection of the root canal is crucial for endodontic treatments. M33D and M33i/l reduced E. faecalis colonies to one-twentieth in a dentin slices model reproducing root canal irrigation. They both captured and neutralized lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a bacterial toxin responsible for inflammation. The release of IL-1β and TNFα by LPS-stimulated murine macrophages was reduced by both peptides. Human cardiac fibroblasts respond to different insults with the release of proinflammatory cytokines, and consequently, they are considered directly involved in atherogenic cardiovascular processes, including those triggered by infections. The presence of M33D and M33i/l at MIC concentration reduced IL6 release from LPS- stimulated human cardiac fibroblasts, hence proving to be promising in preventing bacteria-induced atherogenesis. The two peptides showed low toxicity to mammalian cells, with an EC50 one order of magnitude higher than the average MIC and low hemolytic activity. The development of antimicrobial peptides for dental irrigations and medication is a very promising new field of research that will provide tools to fight dental infections and their severe consequences, while at the same time protecting standard antibiotics from new outbreaks of antimicrobial resistance.
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