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Ma Z, Xiao H, Li H, Lu X, Yan J, Nie H, Yin Q. Prodigiosin as an Antibiofilm Agent against the Bacterial Biofilm-Associated Infection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Pathogens 2024; 13:145. [PMID: 38392883 PMCID: PMC10891946 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13020145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is known to generate bacterial biofilms that increase antibiotic resistance. With the increase of multi-drug resistance in recent years, the formulation of a new therapeutic strategy has seemed urgent. Preliminary findings show that Prodigiosin (PG), derived from chromium-resistant Serratia marcescens, exhibited efficient anti-biofilm activity against Staphylococcus aureus. However, its anti-biofilm activity against P. aeruginosa remains largely unexplored. The anti-biofilm activity of PG against three clinical single drug-resistant P. aeruginosa was evaluated using crystal violet staining, and the viability of biofilms and planktonic cells were also assessed. A model of chronic lung infection was constructed to test the in vivo antibiofilm activity of PG. The results showed that PG inhibited biofilm formation and effectively inhibited the production of pyocyanin and extracellular polysaccharides in vitro, as well as moderated the expression of interleukins (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) in vivo, which might be attributed to the downregulation of biofilm-related genes such as algA, pelA, and pslM. These findings suggest that PG could be a potential treatment for drug-resistant P aeruginosa and chronic biofilm infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Qi Yin
- Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, No. 61 Daxuecheng Middle Road, Shapingba District, Chongqing 401334, China
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Tabassum N, Jeong GJ, Jo DM, Khan F, Kim YM. Treatment of Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans polymicrobial biofilms by phloroglucinol-gold nanoparticles. Microb Pathog 2023; 185:106416. [PMID: 37866550 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
The co-isolation of Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans from host tissues and organs and their in vitro and in vivo interaction studies suggest a synergistic relationship in forming polymicrobial biofilms. In particular, during polymicrobial biofilm formation, S. aureus becomes coated in the extracellular matrix secreted by C. albicans, leading to enhanced resistance to antibiotics. Accordingly, understanding the interactions between S. aureus and C. albicans in polymicrobial biofilms is of utmost importance in establishing treatment strategies for polymicrobial infections. As an alternate technique, nanoparticles were used in this investigation to suppress polymicrobial biofilm. The current study aims to manufacture gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using phloroglucinol (PG), a natural chemical, and test their inhibitory capabilities against S. aureus and C. albicans biofilms in standard and host-mimicking media (like saliva and sputum). PG-AuNPs have a spherical form with an average size of 46.71 ± 6.40 nm. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values differed when PG-AuNPs were evaluated in the standard and host-mimicking artificial media. The MIC of PG-AuNPs against S. aureus and C. albicans was 2048 μg/mL in both the standard and artificial sputum media. However, the MIC in saliva was only 128 μg/mL. The initial stage polymicrobial biofilm of S. aureus and C. albicans was dramatically decreased at the sub-MIC of PG-AuNPs in both standard and host-mimicking media. S. aureus and C. albicans mature polymicrobial biofilms were more effectively eliminated by MIC and sub-MIC of PG-AuNPs. This study indicates that PG-AuNPs have the ability to limit the formation of polymicrobial biofilms caused by bacterial and fungal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazia Tabassum
- Marine Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, The National Key Research Institutes in Universities, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea; Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Geum-Jae Jeong
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Du-Min Jo
- Marine Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, The National Key Research Institutes in Universities, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea; Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea; Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Fazlurrahman Khan
- Marine Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, The National Key Research Institutes in Universities, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea; Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea; Institute of Fisheries Sciences, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea.
| | - Young-Mog Kim
- Marine Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, The National Key Research Institutes in Universities, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea; Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea; Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea.
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Salem MA, Mohamed OG, Mosalam EM, Elberri AI, Abdel-Bar HM, Hassan M, Al-Karmalawy AA, Tripathi A, Ezzat SM, Abo Mansour HE. Investigation of the phytochemical composition, antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-osteoarthritis, and wound healing activities of selected vegetable waste. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13034. [PMID: 37563154 PMCID: PMC10415269 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38591-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Agri-food wastes, produced following industrial food processing, are mostly discarded, leading to environmental hazards and losing the nutritional and medicinal values associated with their bioactive constituents. In this study, we performed a comprehensive analytical and biological evaluation of selected vegetable by-products (potato, onion, and garlic peels). The phytochemical analysis included UHPLC-ESI-qTOF-MS/MS in combination with molecular networking and determination of the total flavonoid and phenolic contents. Further, the antimicrobial, anti-osteoarthritis and wound healing potentials were also evaluated. In total, 47 compounds were identified, belonging to phenolic acids, flavonoids, saponins, and alkaloids as representative chemical classes. Onion peel extract (OPE) showed the higher polyphenolic contents, the promising antioxidant activity, the potential anti-osteoarthritis activity, and promising antimicrobial activity, especially against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Furthermore, OPE revealed to have promising in vivo wound healing activity, restoring tissue physiology and integrity, mainly through the activation of AP-1 signaling pathway. Lastly, when OPE was loaded with nanocapsule based hydrogel, the nano-formulation revealed enhanced cellular viability. The affinities of the OPE major metabolites were evaluated against both p65 and ATF-2 targets using two different molecular docking processes revealing quercetin-3,4'-O-diglucoside, alliospiroside C, and alliospiroside D as the most promising entities with superior binding scores. These results demonstrate that vegetable by-products, particularly, those derived from onion peels can be incorporated as natural by-product for future evaluation against wounds and osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Salem
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, Menoufia University, Gamal Abd El Nasr st., Shibīn al-Kawm, 32511, Menoufia, Egypt.
| | - Osama G Mohamed
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr el Aini St., Cairo, 11562, Egypt
- Natural Products Discovery Core, Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Esraa M Mosalam
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Menoufia University, Gamal Abd El Nasr st., Shebin El-Koum, 32511, Egypt
| | - Aya Ibrahim Elberri
- Genetic Engineering and Molecular Biology Division, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, 32511, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Hend Mohamed Abdel-Bar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Mariam Hassan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr el Aini st., Cairo, 11562, Egypt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Galala University, New Galala City, Suez, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A Al-Karmalawy
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University, 6th of October City, Giza, 12566, Egypt
| | - Ashootosh Tripathi
- Natural Products Discovery Core, Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Shahira M Ezzat
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr el Aini St., Cairo, 11562, Egypt
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA), Giza, 12451, Egypt
| | - Hend E Abo Mansour
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Menoufia University, Gamal Abd El Nasr st., Shebin El-Koum, 32511, Egypt
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Lan S, Chen X, Yin C, Xie S, Wang S, Deng R, Shen Z. Antibacterial and anti-biofilm activities of Disaspidin BB against Staphylococcus epidermidis. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:999449. [PMID: 36744091 PMCID: PMC9892941 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.999449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Staphylococcus epidermidis infections are an important concern in worldwide, especially when associated with biofilms, and resistance of this agent to many drugs makes the situation even worse. We investigated the inhibitory effect of Disaspidin BB obtained from plant extracts and purifications on clinical S. epidermidis strains and their biofilms, and preliminarily investigated its mechanism of of its anti-biofilm activity. Methods and Results The broth dilution method was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of Disaspidin BB on 11 clinical S. epidermidis strains (MIC value of 0.63 ~ 2.5 μg/ml). SEP-05 was found to be erythromycin-resistant (MIC value>8 μg/ml) and Disaspidin BB sensitive with an MIC value of 0.63 μg/ml. The time-kill curve assay indicated that the antibacterial activity of Disaspidin BB against SEP-05 with concentration dependence. The metabolic activity and total biomass of the drug-treated SEP-05 biofilm in each stage were significantly inhibited by the crystalline violet and XTT assay, and the scavenging effect of Disaspidin BB on SEP-05 biofilm was also confirmed by SEM observation. The results of real-time quantitative PCR showed that subinhibitory concentrations Disaspidin BB can inhibit biofilm formation by affecting the expression level of key genes (aap, atlE, icaA, luxS, recA) in SEP-05 biofilm formation. In addition, the content of polysaccharides, proteins and extracellular DNA in biofilm matrix after the intervention of Disaspidin BB was significantly reduced, and it was tentatively determined that the ability of SEP-05 biofilm formation and its stability were thus disturbed. Discussion The results show that Disaspidin BB has promising antibacterial effect on erythromycin-resistant S. epidermidis and significant scavenging effect on its biofilm, which provides a theoretical basis for the further development of BB as a new drug for the treatment of skin infections caused by S. epidermidis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihua Lan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaofeng Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuanping Yin
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shengjun Xie
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuaishuai Wang
- Guangzhou Hipower Pharmaceutical R&D Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Rongrong Deng
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Rongrong Deng, ✉
| | - Zhibin Shen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China,Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery System, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China,Guangdong Cosmetics Engineering and Technology Research Center, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China,Zhibin Shen, ✉
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Ali NB, El-Shiekh RA, Ashour RM, El-Gayed SH, Abdel-Sattar E, Hassan M. In Vitro and In Vivo Antibiofilm Activity of Red Onion Scales: An Agro-Food Waste. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28010355. [PMID: 36615550 PMCID: PMC9822268 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Red onion wastes (ROW) are valuable sources of bioactive metabolites with promising antimicrobial effects. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections are a growing risk in hospitals and communities. This study aims to investigate the in vitro and in vivo antibiofilm activities of the acidified ethanolic extract of red onion scales (RO-T) and its fractions against an MRSA vaginal colonization model. The RO-T extract, as well as its anthocyanin-rich fraction (RO-P) and flavonoid-rich fraction (RO-S), recorded a promising antibacterial activity against highly virulent strains of bacteria (MRSA, Acinetobacter baumannii, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). RO-S showed the highest antibacterial activity (MBC of 0.33 ± 0.11 mg/mL) against MRSA USA300 and significantly eradicated its biofilm formation with an IC50 of 0.003. Using a rat model, in vivo assessment on all samples, which were formulated as a hydrogel, revealed a significant reduction of MRSA bacterial load recovered from an infected vagina compared to that of the negative control group (NCG). RO-T extract and vancomycin groups recorded the highest antibacterial activity with a bacterial load 2.998 and 3.358 logs lower than the NCG, respectively. The histopathological investigation confirmed our findings. RO-T and RO-S were standardized for their quercetin content. Finally, ROW offers a new potent antibiofilm agent mostly due to its high quercetin content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nermeen B. Ali
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Riham A. El-Shiekh
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Rehab M. Ashour
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Sabah H. El-Gayed
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, 6th October University, Cairo 12585, Egypt
| | - Essam Abdel-Sattar
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
- Correspondence:
| | - Mariam Hassan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Galala University, New Galala City, Suez 43511, Egypt
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Khan F, Tabassum N, Bamunuarachchi NI, Kim YM. Phloroglucinol and Its Derivatives: Antimicrobial Properties toward Microbial Pathogens. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:4817-4838. [PMID: 35418233 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c00532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Phloroglucinol (PG) is a natural product isolated from plants, algae, and microorganisms. Aside from that, the number of PG derivatives has expanded due to the discovery of their potential biological roles. Aside from its diverse biological activities, PG and its derivatives have been widely utilized to treat microbial infections caused by bacteria, fungus, and viruses. The rapid emergence of antimicrobial-resistant microbial infections necessitates the chemical synthesis of numerous PG derivatives in order to meet the growing demand for drugs. This review focuses on the use of PG and its derivatives to control microbial infection and the underlying mechanism of action. Furthermore, as future perspectives, some of the various alternative strategies, such as the use of PG and its derivatives in conjugation, nanoformulation, antibiotic combination, and encapsulation, have been thoroughly discussed. This review will enable the researcher to investigate the possible antibacterial properties of PG and its derivatives, either free or in the form of various formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fazlurrahman Khan
- Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Nazia Tabassum
- Industry 4.0 Convergence Bionics Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Young-Mog Kim
- Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
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The Untargeted Phytochemical Profile of Three Meliaceae Species Related to In Vitro Cytotoxicity and Anti-Virulence Activity against MRSA Isolates. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27020435. [PMID: 35056761 PMCID: PMC8777635 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27020435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A high mortality rate is associated with about 80% of all infections worldwide, mainly due to antimicrobial resistance. Various antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities have been proposed for Meliaceae species. This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro anti-virulence and cytotoxic effect of the leaf extracts of Aphanamixis polystachya, Toona ciliata and Melia azedarach against five MRSA strains and on three cancer cell lines, followed by biological correlation to their encompassed phytoconstituents. MATERIAL AND METHODS We explored three plants of this family against a panel of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains and several cancer cell lines to select the most promising candidates for further in vivo and preclinical studies. The phytochemical composition was evaluated by UHPLC-QTOF-MS untargeted profiling. Cell viability was assessed by SRB assay. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration was carried out by using the agar micro-dilution technique. Inhibition of biofilm formation and preformed biofilm disruption were assessed spectrophotomertically, according to the Sultan and Nabil method (2019). RESULTS A total of 279 compounds were putatively annotated to include different phytochemical classes, such as flavonoids (108), limonoids/terpenoids (59), phenolic acids (49) and lower-molecular-weight phenolics (39). A. polystachya extract showed the most potent cytotoxic activity against Huh-7, DU-145 and MCF-7 cell lines (IC50 = 3, 3.5 and 13.4 µg mL-1, respectively), followed by M. azedarach, with no effect recorded for T. ciliata extract. Furthermore, both A. polystachya and M. azedarach extracts showed promising anti-virulence and antimicrobial activities, with A. polystachya being particularly active against MRSA. These two latter extracts could inhibit and disrupt the biofilm, formed by MRSA, at sub-lethal concentrations. Interestingly, the extracts inhibited hemolysin-α enzyme, thus protecting rabbit RBCs from lysis. A. polystachya extract reduced the pigmentation and catalase enzyme activity of tested pigmented strains better than M. azedarach at both tested sub-MICs. Consequently, susceptibility of the extract-treated cells to oxidant killing by 200 mM H2O2 increased, leading to faster killing of the cells within 120 min as compared to the extract-non-treated cells, likely due to the lower antioxidant-scavenging activity of cells exhibiting less staphyloxanthin production. CONCLUSION These findings suggested that both A. polystachya and M. azedarach natural extracts are rich in bioactive compounds, mainly limonoids, phenolics and oxygenated triterpenoids, which can combat MRSA biofilm infections and could be considered as promising sources of therapeutic cytotoxic, antibiofilm and anti-virulence agents.
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Okba MM, Abdel Baki PM, Abu-Elghait M, Shehabeldine AM, El-Sherei MM, Khaleel AE, Salem MA. UPLC-ESI-MS/MS profiling of the underground parts of common Iris species in relation to their anti-virulence activities against Staphylococcusaureus. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 282:114658. [PMID: 34555449 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The use of plant extracts and their phytochemicals as candidates for targeting the microbial resistance inhibition is increasingly focused in last decades. In Mongolian traditional medicine, Irises were long used for the treatment of bacterial infections. Irises have been used since the Ancient Egyptians. AIM OF THE STUDY Chemical composition and virulence inhibition potential of both polar (PF) and non-polar fractions (NPF) of three common Iris species (I. confusa, I. pseudacorus and I. germanica) were explored. MATERIAL AND METHODS Secondary metabolites profiling was characterized by the UPLC-HRMS/MS technique. Multi-variate data analysis was performed using Metaboanalyst 3.0. Anti-virulence inhibitory activity was evaluated via anti-haemolytic assay and Quantitative biofilm inhibition assay. RESULTS I. pseudacorus PF exhibited the most potent effect against S. aureus haemolytic activity. All the tested fractions from all species, except I. pseudacorus NPF, have no significant inhibition on the biofilm formation of methicillin resistant and sensitive (MRSA and MSSA) S. aureus. I. pseudacorus NPF showed potent biofilm inhibitory potential of 71.4 and 85.8% against biofilm formation of MRSA and MSSA, respectively. Metabolite profiling of the investigated species revealed ninety and forty-five metabolites detected in the PFs and NPFs, respectively. Nigricin-type, tectorigenin-type isoflavonids and xanthones allowed the discrimination of I. pseudacorus PF from the other species, highlighting the importance of those metabolites in exerting its promising activity. On the other hand, triterpene acids, iridals, triacylglycerols and ceramides represented the metabolites detected in highest abundance in I. pseudacorus NPF. CONCLUSIONS This is the sole map represents the secondary metabolites profiling of the PFs and NPFs of common Iris species correlating them with the potent explored Staphylococcus aureus anti-virulence activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona M Okba
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Passent M Abdel Baki
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Mohammed Abu-Elghait
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, 11884, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Amr M Shehabeldine
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, 11884, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Moshera M El-Sherei
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Amal E Khaleel
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed A Salem
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Menoufia University, Gamal Abd El Nasr st., Shibin Elkom, 32511, Menoufia, Egypt.
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