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Marangon M, Marassi V, Roda B, Zattoni A, Reschiglian P, Mattivi F, Moio L, Ricci A, Piombino P, Segade SR, Giacosa S, Slaghenaufi D, Versari A, Vrhovsek U, Ugliano M, De Iseppi A, Mayr Marangon C, Curioni A. Comprehensive analysis of colloid formation, distribution, and properties of monovarietal red wines using asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation with online multidetection. Food Res Int 2024; 187:114414. [PMID: 38763663 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Red wine colloids, crucial in determining wine quality and stability, are understudied due to inadequate techniques for studying them effectively in the natural wine environment. Recently, Asymmetrical Flow Field-flow Fractionation (AF4) with online multidetection has emerged as a novel analytical tool for quantifying, fractionating, and characterizing red wine colloids in their native state. This study aimed to characterize the colloidal composition of 24 monovarietal Italian wines produced without filtration, oak contact, fining treatments, malolactic fermentation, macerating enzymes or ageing on yeast lees. AF4 analysis allowed quantification and characterization of wine colloids based on light scattering signal (MALS; gyration radius - Rg), size (hydrodynamic radius - Rh) and absorbance (A280 & A520 nm). The results showed that each wine contained up to five distinct colloids' populations, varying in size and gyration radii. Despite possessing very similar Rh, most colloids exhibited great differences in compactness, as indicated by their varying Rg values. Comparing the A280 signal of whole wines to those of wines containing only species larger than 5 kDa (considered colloids) allowed to calculate the percentage of molecules involved in colloidal particles assembly, ranging from 1 to 44 % of the total A280 absorbing compounds, reflecting the diversity among wines. The A520 signal indicated the presence of polymeric pigments in the colloidal fraction. Notably, colored colloids all had Rg > 20 nm, indicating their association with other colloidal-forming compounds. This observation led to the conclusion that, apart from free anthocyanins and polymeric pigments, the color of red wines is also due to colloidal particles formed by the latter bound to proteins, with their quantity being highly variable across wines of different origin. These findings, which highlight the fundamental role of proteins in shaping the colloidal status of red wines, were utilized to propose an updated hypothetical model for colloidal aggregation in red wine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Marangon
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padua, Viale dell'Università, 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; Interdepartmental Centre for Research in Viticulture and Enology (CIRVE), University of Padova, Via XXVIII Aprile 14, 31015 Conegliano, Italy.
| | - Valentina Marassi
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", University of Bologna, Italy; byFlow srl, Via dell'Arcoveggio 74, 40129 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Barbara Roda
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", University of Bologna, Italy; byFlow srl, Via dell'Arcoveggio 74, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Zattoni
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", University of Bologna, Italy; byFlow srl, Via dell'Arcoveggio 74, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Reschiglian
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", University of Bologna, Italy; byFlow srl, Via dell'Arcoveggio 74, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Fulvio Mattivi
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology - CIBIO, University of Trento, Italy; Metabolomic Unit, Research Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Luigi Moio
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Division of Vine and Wine Sciences, University of Napoli Federico II, Italy
| | - Arianna Ricci
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Paola Piombino
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Division of Vine and Wine Sciences, University of Napoli Federico II, Italy
| | - Susana Río Segade
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Torino, Italy
| | - Simone Giacosa
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Torino, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Versari
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Urska Vrhovsek
- Metabolomic Unit, Research Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | | | - Alberto De Iseppi
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padua, Viale dell'Università, 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Christine Mayr Marangon
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padua, Viale dell'Università, 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Andrea Curioni
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padua, Viale dell'Università, 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; Interdepartmental Centre for Research in Viticulture and Enology (CIRVE), University of Padova, Via XXVIII Aprile 14, 31015 Conegliano, Italy
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2
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Di Cristo L, Keller JG, Leoncino L, Marassi V, Loosli F, Seleci DA, Tsiliki G, Oomen AG, Stone V, Wohlleben W, Sabella S. Critical aspects in dissolution testing of nanomaterials in the oro-gastrointestinal tract: the relevance of juice composition for hazard identification and grouping. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2024; 6:798-815. [PMID: 38298600 PMCID: PMC10825926 DOI: 10.1039/d3na00588g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
The dissolution of a nanomaterial (NM) in an in vitro simulant of the oro-gastrointestinal (OGI) tract is an important predictor of its biodurability in vivo. The cascade addition of simulated digestive juices (saliva, stomach and intestine), including inorganic/organic biomacromolecules and digestive enzymes (complete composition, referred to as "Type 1 formulation"), strives for realistic representation of chemical composition of the OGI tract. However, the data robustness requires consideration of analytical feasibility, such as the use of simplified media. Here we present a systematic analysis of the effects exerted by different digestive juice formulations on the dissolution% (or half-life values) of benchmark NMs (e.g., zinc oxide, titanium dioxide, barium sulfate, and silicon dioxide). The digestive juices were progressively simplified by removal of components such as organic molecules, enzymes, and inorganic molecules (Type 2, 3 and 4). The results indicate that the "Type 1 formulation" augments the dissolution via sequestration of ions by measurable factors compared to formulations without enzymes (i.e., Type 3 and 4). Type 1 formulation is thus regarded as a preferable option for predicting NM biodurability for hazard assessment. However, for grouping purposes, the relative similarity among diverse nanoforms (NFs) of a NM is decisive. Two similarity algorithms were applied, and additional case studies comprising NFs and non NFs of the same substance were included. The results support the grouping decision by simplified formulation (Type 3) as a robust method for screening and grouping purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisana Di Cristo
- Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia, Nanoregulatory Group, D3PharmaChemistry Genova Italy
| | - Johannes G Keller
- Department of Material Physics and Department of Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE Ludwigshafen Germany
| | - Luca Leoncino
- Electron Microscopy Facility, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia Genova Italy
| | | | - Frederic Loosli
- Department of Material Physics and Department of Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE Ludwigshafen Germany
- University of Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - Didem Ag Seleci
- Department of Material Physics and Department of Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE Ludwigshafen Germany
| | - Georgia Tsiliki
- Institute for the Management of Information Systems, Athena Research Center Marousi Greece
| | - Agnes G Oomen
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) Bilthoven The Netherlands
- University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Vicki Stone
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, Heriot-Watt University Edinburgh UK
| | - Wendel Wohlleben
- Department of Material Physics and Department of Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE Ludwigshafen Germany
| | - Stefania Sabella
- Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia, Nanoregulatory Group, D3PharmaChemistry Genova Italy
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3
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Mavridi-Printezi A, Giordani S, Menichetti A, Mordini D, Zattoni A, Roda B, Ferrazzano L, Reschiglian P, Marassi V, Montalti M. The dual nature of biomimetic melanin. NANOSCALE 2023; 16:299-308. [PMID: 38059484 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr04696f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Melanin-inspired nanomaterials offer unique photophysical, electronic and radical scavenging properties that are widely explored for health and environmental preservation, or energy conversion and storage. The incorporation of functional melanin building blocks in more complex nanostructures or surfaces is typically achieved via a bottom-up approach starting from a molecular precursor, in most cases dopamine. Here we demonstrate that indeed, the oxidative polymerization of dopamine, for the synthesis of melanin-like polydopamine (PDA), leads to the simultaneous formation of more than one nanosized species with different compositions, morphologies and properties. In particular, a low-density polymeric structure and dense nanoparticles (NP) are simultaneously formed. The two populations could be separated and analyzed in real time using a chromatographic technique free of any stationary phase (flow field fractionation, FFF). The results following the synthesis of melanin-like PDA showed that the NP are formed only during the first 6 hours as a result of a supramolecular self-assembly-driven polymerization, while the formation of the polymer continues for about 36 hours. The two populations were also separated and characterized using TEM, UV-vis absorption spectroscopy, fluorescence and light scattering spectroscopy, DLS, FTIR, ζ-potential measurements, gel electrophoresis and pH titrations. Interestingly, very different properties between the two populations were observed: in particular the polymer contains a higher number of catechol units (8 mmol g-1 -OH) with respect to the NP (1 mmol g-1 -OH) and presents a much higher antioxidant activity. The attenuation of light by NP is more efficient than that by the polymer especially in the Vis-NIR region. Moreover, while the NP scatter light with an efficiency up to 27% they are not fluorescent, and the polymer does not scatter light but shows an excitation wavelength-dependent fluorescence typical of multi-fluorophoric uncoupled systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefano Giordani
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Arianna Menichetti
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
- Tecnopolo di Rimini, Via Dario Campana, 71, 47922 Rimini, Italy
| | - Dario Mordini
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Andrea Zattoni
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Barbara Roda
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Lucia Ferrazzano
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | | | - Valentina Marassi
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Marco Montalti
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
- Tecnopolo di Rimini, Via Dario Campana, 71, 47922 Rimini, Italy
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Giordani S, Marassi V, Zattoni A, Roda B, Reschiglian P. Liposomes characterization for market approval as pharmaceutical products: Analytical methods, guidelines and standardized protocols. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 236:115751. [PMID: 37778202 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Liposomes are nano-sized lipid-based vesicles widely studied for their drug delivery capabilities. Compared to standard carries they exhibit better properties such as improved site-targeting and drug release, protection of drugs from degradation and clearance, and lower toxic side effects. At present, scientific literature is rich of studies regarding liposomes-based systems, while 14 types of liposomal products have been authorized to the market by EMA and FDA and many others have been approved by national agencies. Although the interest in nanodevices and nanomedicine has steadily increased in the last two decades the development of documentation regulating and standardizing all the phases of their development and quality control still suffers from major inadequacy due to the intrinsic complexity of nano-systems characterization. Many generic documents (Type 1) discussing guidelines for the study of nano-systems (lipidic and not) have been proposed while there is a lack of robust and standardized methods (Type 2 documents). As a result, a widespread of different techniques, approaches and methodologies are being used, generating results of variable quality and hard to compare with each other. Additionally, such documents are often subject to updates and rewriting further complicating the topic. Within this context the aim of this work is focused on bridging the gap in liposome characterization: the most recent standardized methodologies suitable for liposomes characterization are here reported (with the corresponding Type 2 documents) and revised in a short and pragmatical way focused on providing the reader with a practical background of the state of the art. In particular, this paper will put the accent on the methodologies developed to evaluate the main critical quality attributes (CQAs) necessary for liposomes market approval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Giordani
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Valentina Marassi
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; byFlow srl, 40129 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Andrea Zattoni
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; byFlow srl, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Barbara Roda
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; byFlow srl, 40129 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Pierluigi Reschiglian
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; byFlow srl, 40129 Bologna, Italy
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Giordani S, Marassi V, Placci A, Zattoni A, Roda B, Reschiglian P. Field-Flow Fractionation in Molecular Biology and Biotechnology. Molecules 2023; 28:6201. [PMID: 37687030 PMCID: PMC10488451 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28176201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Field-flow fractionation (FFF) is a family of single-phase separative techniques exploited to gently separate and characterize nano- and microsystems in suspension. These techniques cover an extremely wide dynamic range and are able to separate analytes in an interval between a few nm to 100 µm size-wise (over 15 orders of magnitude mass-wise). They are flexible in terms of mobile phase and can separate the analytes in native conditions, preserving their original structures/properties as much as possible. Molecular biology is the branch of biology that studies the molecular basis of biological activity, while biotechnology deals with the technological applications of biology. The areas where biotechnologies are required include industrial, agri-food, environmental, and pharmaceutical. Many species of biological interest belong to the operational range of FFF techniques, and their application to the analysis of such samples has steadily grown in the last 30 years. This work aims to summarize the main features, milestones, and results provided by the application of FFF in the field of molecular biology and biotechnology, with a focus on the years from 2000 to 2022. After a theoretical background overview of FFF and its methodologies, the results are reported based on the nature of the samples analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Giordani
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy (V.M.)
| | - Valentina Marassi
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy (V.M.)
- byFlow srl, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Anna Placci
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy (V.M.)
| | - Andrea Zattoni
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy (V.M.)
- byFlow srl, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Barbara Roda
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy (V.M.)
- byFlow srl, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Reschiglian
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy (V.M.)
- byFlow srl, 40129 Bologna, Italy
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Marassi V, Zanoni I, Ortelli S, Giordani S, Reschiglian P, Roda B, Zattoni A, Ravagli C, Cappiello L, Baldi G, Costa AL, Blosi M. Native Study of the Behaviour of Magnetite Nanoparticles for Hyperthermia Treatment during the Initial Moments of Intravenous Administration. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14122810. [PMID: 36559302 PMCID: PMC9782478 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) present outstanding properties making them suitable as therapeutic agents for hyperthermia treatments. Since the main safety concerns of MNPs are represented by their inherent instability in a biological medium, strategies to both achieve long-term stability and monitor hazardous MNP degradation are needed. We combined a dynamic approach relying on flow field flow fractionation (FFF)-multidetection with conventional techniques to explore frame-by-frame changes of MNPs injected in simulated biological medium, hypothesize the interaction mechanism they are subject to when surrounded by a saline, protein-rich environment, and understand their behaviour at the most critical point of intravenous administration. In the first moments of MNPs administration in the patient, MNPs change their surrounding from a favorable to an unfavorable medium, i.e., a complex biological fluid such as blood; the particles evolve from a synthetic identity to a biological identity, a transition that needs to be carefully monitored. The dynamic approach presented herein represents an optimal alternative to conventional batch techniques that can monitor only size, shape, surface charge, and aggregation phenomena as an averaged information, given that they cannot resolve different populations present in the sample and cannot give accurate information about the evolution or temporary instability of MNPs. The designed FFF method equipped with a multidetection system enabled the separation of the particle populations providing selective information on their morphological evolution and on nanoparticle-proteins interaction in the very first steps of infusion. Results showed that in a dynamic biological setting and following interaction with serum albumin, PP-MNPs retain their colloidal properties, supporting their safety profile for intravenous administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Marassi
- Department of Chemistry G. Ciamician, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Stem Sel srl, University of Bologna, 40129 Bologna, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Ilaria Zanoni
- CNR-ISSMC, Institute of Science, Technology and Sustainability for Ceramics (Former ISTEC), Via Granarolo 64, 48018 Faenza, Italy
| | - Simona Ortelli
- CNR-ISSMC, Institute of Science, Technology and Sustainability for Ceramics (Former ISTEC), Via Granarolo 64, 48018 Faenza, Italy
| | - Stefano Giordani
- Department of Chemistry G. Ciamician, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Reschiglian
- Department of Chemistry G. Ciamician, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Stem Sel srl, University of Bologna, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Barbara Roda
- Department of Chemistry G. Ciamician, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Stem Sel srl, University of Bologna, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Zattoni
- Department of Chemistry G. Ciamician, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Stem Sel srl, University of Bologna, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Costanza Ravagli
- Ce.Ri.Col, Colorobbia Consulting S.R.L., 50059 Sovigliana Vinci, Italy
| | - Laura Cappiello
- Ce.Ri.Col, Colorobbia Consulting S.R.L., 50059 Sovigliana Vinci, Italy
| | - Giovanni Baldi
- Ce.Ri.Col, Colorobbia Consulting S.R.L., 50059 Sovigliana Vinci, Italy
| | - Anna L. Costa
- CNR-ISSMC, Institute of Science, Technology and Sustainability for Ceramics (Former ISTEC), Via Granarolo 64, 48018 Faenza, Italy
| | - Magda Blosi
- CNR-ISSMC, Institute of Science, Technology and Sustainability for Ceramics (Former ISTEC), Via Granarolo 64, 48018 Faenza, Italy
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Di Filippo MF, Di Matteo V, Dolci LS, Albertini B, Ballarin B, Cassani MC, Passerini N, Gentilomi GA, Bonvicini F, Panzavolta S. Effectiveness of Snail Slime in the Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:nano12193447. [PMID: 36234575 PMCID: PMC9565232 DOI: 10.3390/nano12193447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The development of green, low cost and sustainable synthetic routes to produce metal nanoparticles is of outmost importance, as these materials fulfill large scale applications in a number of different areas. Herein, snail slime extracted from Helix Aspersa snails was successfully employed both as bio-reducing agent of silver nitrate and as bio-stabilizer of the obtained nanoparticles. Several trials were carried out by varying temperature, the volume of snail slime and the silver nitrate concentration to find the best biogenic pathway to produce silver nanoparticles. The best results were obtained when the synthesis was performed at room temperature and neutral pH. UV-Visible Spectroscopy, SEM-TEM and FTIR were used for a detailed characterization of the nanoparticles. The obtained nanoparticles are spherical, with mean diameters measured from TEM images ranging from 15 to 30 nm and stable over time. The role of proteins and glycoproteins in the biogenic production of silver nanoparticles was elucidated. Infrared spectra clearly showed the presence of proteins all around the silver core. The macromolecular shell is also responsible of the effectiveness of the synthesized AgNPs to inhibit Gram positive and Gram negative bacterial growth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Valentina Di Matteo
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, Via Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Luisa Stella Dolci
- Department of Pharmacy and BioTechnology, University of Bologna, Via S. Donato 19/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Beatrice Albertini
- Department of Pharmacy and BioTechnology, University of Bologna, Via S. Donato 19/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Barbara Ballarin
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, Via Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
- Center for Industrial Research-Advanced Applications in Mechanical Engineering and Materials Technology CIRI MAM, University of Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 2, 40136 Bologna, Italy
- Center for Industrial Research-Fonti Rinnovabili, Ambiente, Mare e Energia CIRI FRAME, University of Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 2, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Cassani
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, Via Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Nadia Passerini
- Department of Pharmacy and BioTechnology, University of Bologna, Via S. Donato 19/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
- Health Sciences and Technologies—Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (HST- ICIR) Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano dell’Emilia, Italy
| | - Giovanna Angela Gentilomi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Bonvicini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Silvia Panzavolta
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Health Sciences and Technologies—Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (HST- ICIR) Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano dell’Emilia, Italy
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8
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Zappi A, Marassi V, Kassouf N, Giordani S, Pasqualucci G, Garbini D, Roda B, Zattoni A, Reschiglian P, Melucci D. A Green Analytical Method Combined with Chemometrics for Traceability of Tomato Sauce Based on Colloidal and Volatile Fingerprinting. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27175507. [PMID: 36080273 PMCID: PMC9457838 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tomato sauce is a world famous food product. Despite standards regulating the production of tomato derivatives, the market suffers frpm fraud such as product adulteration, origin mislabelling and counterfeiting. Methods suitable to discriminate the geographical origin of food samples and identify counterfeits are required. Chemometric approaches offer valuable information: data on tomato sauce is usually obtained through chromatography (HPLC and GC) coupled to mass spectrometry, which requires chemical pretreatment and the use of organic solvents. In this paper, a faster, cheaper, and greener analytical procedure has been developed for the analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and the colloidal fraction via multivariate statistical analysis. Tomato sauce VOCs were analysed by GC coupled to flame ionisation (GC-FID) and to ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS). Instead of using HPLC, the colloidal fraction was analysed by asymmetric flow field-fractionation (AF4), which was applied to this kind of sample for the first time. The GC and AF4 data showed promising perspectives in food-quality control: the AF4 method yielded comparable or better results than GC-IMS and offered complementary information. The ability to work in saline conditions with easy pretreatment and no chemical waste is a significant advantage compared to environmentally heavy techniques. The method presented here should therefore be taken into consideration when designing chemometric approaches which encompass a large number of samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Zappi
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Valentina Marassi
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- byFlow srl, 40129 Bologna, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Nicholas Kassouf
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Giordani
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Gaia Pasqualucci
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Davide Garbini
- COOP ITALIA Soc. Cooperativa, Casalecchio di Reno, 40033 Bologna, Italy
| | - Barbara Roda
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- byFlow srl, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Zattoni
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- byFlow srl, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Reschiglian
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- byFlow srl, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Dora Melucci
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- CIRI Agrifood, University of Bologna, 47521 Cesena, Italy
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Application of Af4-Multidetection to Liraglutide in Its Formulation: Preserving and Representing Native Aggregation. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27175485. [PMID: 36080254 PMCID: PMC9457993 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aggregation is among the most critical parameters affecting the pharmacological and safety profile of peptide Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs). For this reason, it is of utmost importance to define the exact aggregation state of peptide drugs, particularly when the API is marketed as a ready-to-use solution. Consequently, appropriate non-destructive techniques able to replicate the peptide environment must be employed. In our work, we exploited Asymmetrical Flow Field-Flow Fractionation (AF4), connected to UV, dRI, fluorescence, and MALS detectors, to fully characterize the aggregation state of Liraglutide, a peptide API used for the treatment of diabetes type 2 and chronic obesity. In previous studies, Liraglutide was hypothesized to assemble into hexa-octamers in phosphate buffer, but no information on its behavior in the formulation medium was provided up to now. The method used allowed researchers to work using formulation as the mobile phase with excellent recoveries and LoQ/LoD, discerning between stable and degraded samples, and detecting, when present, aggregates up to 108 Da. The native state of Liraglutide was assessed and found to be an association into pentamers, with a non-spherical conformation. Combined to benchmark analyses, the sameness study was complete and descriptive, also giving insight on the aggregation process and covalent/non-covalent aggregate types.
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Tracking Heme-Protein Interactions in Healthy and Pathological Human Serum in Native Conditions by Miniaturized FFF-Multidetection. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12136762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of heme with blood serum proteins plays an important role in many physiological and pathological processes involving enzyme activity, gene expression and cell proliferation. The mechanisms underlying these interactions are; however, not yet fully understood. New analytical methods able to investigate protein-heme binding in native, biologically representative conditions are thus required. In this work, we present a method based on miniaturized, hollow-fiber flow field-flow fractionation with multiple spectrophotometric and light-scattering detection for size separation of high-abundance serum proteins and selective detection of heme-bound subpopulations. Heme is found to mainly interact with serum albumin, whereas a low amount also binds to other proteins such as IgM. The ability to bind heme in physiological conditions is also investigated for individual serum proteins. IgG is found unable to bind heme at clinically relevant concentrations. The proposed method allows separation, quantitation, and mass/size characterization of serum high-abundance proteins, providing information of heme-protein complex stability and preferred heme-clearing pathways. The same approach could be in perspective extended to the investigation of specific heme-antibody binding, and to further studies involving other molecules of pharmaceutical/clinical interest.
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