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Gallas JA, Pelozo LL, Corona SAM, Shen Y, Haapasalo M, Sousa-Neto MD, Souza-Gabriel AE. Effect of pomegranate solution alone or combined with chlorhexidine against oral multispecies biofilm. Int Endod J 2024. [PMID: 39126293 DOI: 10.1111/iej.14135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
AIM Natural bioactive products have been tested as alternative antimicrobial agents. This study evaluated the effect of Punica granatum extract (PGE) on oral multispecies biofilms. METHODOLOGY Lyophilized extracts from pomegranate peel were prepared, and the punicalagin content was assessed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC). Oral multispecies biofilms from 2 donors were grown on four collagen-coated hydroxyapatite discs. After incubation for 7 days or 3 weeks, the biofilms were exposed to water (control), 2% CHX, 10% PGE, 20% PGE or 30% PGE for 3 min. The proportions of dead bacteria were assessed by the live/dead staining and confocal microscopy. After the analysis, the best PGE concentration (30%) was combined with CHX. The experimental phases were repeated using water, 2% CHX, 30% PGE and 30% PGE + 2% CHX. Five random areas of the biofilm on each disc were scanned, resulting in 20 scanned areas for each group. RESULTS Regarding the biofilm volume, no differences were found amongst solutions (p = .111). The PGE solution killed bacteria effectively in 1-week, 2-week and 3-week-old-plaque biofilms, ranging from 37 to 55.3%, depending on the PGE concentration. The 30% PGE (a) (p = .0009) had greater antibiofilm effectiveness than 2% CHX (b), which killed bacteria in the 25.2 to 48.7% range. The 10% and 20% PGE had intermediate values (ab), without significant differences from 30% PGE (p = 1.002). Water (c) had the lowest proportion of dead bacteria (p < .00001) in a range of 5 to 6.7% and lower effectiveness in killing bacteria (p < .05). The PGE alone or mixed with 2% CHX had greater anti-biofilm effectiveness than CHX (p < .05). The old plaque biofilms were more resistant than the 7-day-old plaque (p < .05). CONCLUSIONS The 30% PGE (alone or combined with CHX) exhibited a greater antibiofilm effect on oral multispecies biofilms grown on hydroxyapatite discs than 2% CHX.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Gallas
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - L L Pelozo
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - S A M Corona
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Y Shen
- Division of Endodontics, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - M Haapasalo
- Division of Endodontics, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - M D Sousa-Neto
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - A E Souza-Gabriel
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Liu C, Li Y, Li Y, Li Z, Han G. Synergistic antibacterial effect of ginsenoside Rh2 and calcium hydroxide on Enterococcus faecalis. Odontology 2024:10.1007/s10266-024-00951-z. [PMID: 38762821 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-024-00951-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Treatment of root canal infections becomes more challenging due to the extremely high tolerance of Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) to calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2). Ginsenoside is a Chinese herbal extract that has been proven to have antimicrobial properties and synergistic activities. And this study evaluated the antibacterial activity of ginsenoside Rh2 in combination with Ca(OH)2 against E. faecalis and its preliminary mechanism of action. Broth microdilution method, checkerboard dilution method, time-inhibition curve, drug resistance assays, scanning electron microscopy, and biofilm inhibition and removal assays indicated that Rh2 in combination with Ca(OH)2 exhibited potent antibacterial activity against E. faecalis. Rh2 exerted significant in vitro antibacterial activity against E. faecalis, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 3.125 μg/mL and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 6.25 μg/mL, and significantly enhanced the susceptibility of E. faecalis to Ca(OH)2 (FICI = 0.5). Furthermore, cell membrane permeability assays, surface hydrophobicity assays, ATPase activity assays, and intra-biofilm extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) assays revealed that Rh2 and Ca(OH)2 synergistically inhibit bacteria mainly by increasing membrane permeability. Ultimately, cytotoxicity assays showed that Rh2 exhibited only low toxicity, the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of Rh2 was 19.75 μg/mL. This study confirmed the synergistic antibacterial activities of Rh2 and Ca(OH)2 against E. faecalis. Our findings indicate that the Rh2 and Ca(OH)2 combination may be a promising alternative approach to treating root canal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoran Liu
- Department of Oral Geriatrics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, 1500# Qinghua Road, Chaoyang District, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzyme Engineering, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanan Li
- Department of Oral Geriatrics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, 1500# Qinghua Road, Chaoyang District, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Ze Li
- Department of Oral Geriatrics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, 1500# Qinghua Road, Chaoyang District, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Guanghong Han
- Department of Oral Geriatrics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, 1500# Qinghua Road, Chaoyang District, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China.
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Gallas JA, Pelozo LL, Oliveira WP, Salvador SL, Corona SM, Souza-Gabriel AE. Characterization, Antimicrobial Activity, and Antioxidant Efficacy of a Pomegranate Peel Solution Against Persistent Root Canal Pathogens. Cureus 2023; 15:e43142. [PMID: 37692706 PMCID: PMC10484239 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.43142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The limitations of dental irrigation solutions reinforce the need to explore novel bioactive compounds that are safer and biodegradable. This study aimed to prepare a 10% pomegranate peel solution (Punica granatum extract - PGE) and evaluate its antimicrobial and antioxidant effects for root canal treatment. METHODS Lyophilized extracts (1g/10 mL) from pomegranate peels were prepared, and the punicalagin content was assessed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography using pure punicalagin (standard). The antimicrobial activity was tested against common persistent root canal pathogens by the agar diffusion method, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum bactericidal/fungicide concentration (MCB/MFC). The antioxidant activity (%AA) was assessed by the DPPH radical scavenging method. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey's test (α = 0.05). RESULTS The total phenolic content of the PGEextract was 6.55 µg/mL. Differences were found among the inhibition zone of PGE (23.32 ± 3.65), 1% NaOCl (30.76 ± 4.73), and 50% ethanol (without inhibition) (p < 0.05). The MIC values of PGE ranged between 6.25 and 75 mg/ml, and PGE was effective against the tested pathogens. PGE had antioxidant potential (IC50 = 3.52 µg/mL); however, the mean values were inferior to that of the quercetin (positive control) (IC50 = 0.95 µg/mL). The DPPH scavenging effect (%AA) of PGE (70.98 ± 2.3) had no difference from the positive control (72.94 ± 2.1) (p = 0.253). CONCLUSION The PGE extract was successfully biosynthesized and exhibited antimicrobial and antioxidant activity, suggesting its potential use as an adjuvant therapy during root canal treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia A Gallas
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, BRA
| | - Laís L Pelozo
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, BRA
| | - Wanderley P Oliveira
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, BRA
| | - Sérgio L Salvador
- Department of Toxicological and Bromatological Clinical Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, BRA
| | - Silmara M Corona
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, BRA
| | - Aline E Souza-Gabriel
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, BRA
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Hamidi SP, Koohi-Hosseinabadi O, Khaksar S, Ghanbariasad A, Dehghanian AR, Dehghan A, Haddadi Z, Gorgin R, Farjam M, Alipanah H. Evaluation of the topical gel and oral administration of Punica Granatum Var Pleniflora on oral mucositis induced by 5-Fluorouracil in golden hamsters. BMC Complement Med Ther 2023; 23:225. [PMID: 37420236 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-023-04053-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral mucositis (OM), an acute inflammation of the oral cavity, is a common complication in patients undergoing invasive myeloblastic chemotherapy or radiation therapy. 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) is one of the most effective therapeutic drugs, but one of the common side effects of 5-FU administration is OM. Unfortunately, no suitable treatment has been found, so far to control its side effects. Studies showed that herbal medicine like Punica granatum var pleniflora (PGP) has medicinal properties such as anti-inflammatory and antibacterial and can be an alternative for the treatment of fungal infection. Accordingly, we decided to investigate the therapeutic effect of PGP in the treatment of OM caused by 5-FU in golden hamsters. METHODS Sixty male golden hamsters were divided into six main group. Chemotherapy with 5-FU at dose of 60 mg/kg was performed at a ten-day duration. Then, cheek pouches of the hamsters were scratched with an 18-gauge sterile needle to induce oral mucositis in animals. On the twelfth day, as a day of intensification of OM, treatment with PGP including topical gel with concentrations of 5% and 10% and oral administration of hydro-alcoholic extract with doses of 125 mg/kg and 250 mg/kg for three- and five-day therapeutic duration were separately started. Finally, samples of cheek pouches in hamsters were collected on 14th and 17th days and histopathologic score (HPS), malondialdehyde (MDA), and myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels were assayed. RESULTS A significant (p < 0.05) decrease in histopathologic score was observed in G10%-, P125-treated groups in comparison to the Ctrl group. Our data showed that treatment with G10% is more potent than P125-treated group. In contrast, histopathologic score in G10%, P125, and P250 treated groups demonstrated almost similar values On the 17th day. However, the levels of MDA and MPO in the treatment groups were enhanced compared with control group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS It is possible that PGP can play protective role in the healing of tissue damage caused by chemotherapy with 5-FU due to the presence of its natural compounds and antioxidant properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sepideh Khaksar
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Ghanbariasad
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
- Surgical and Clinical Pathology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Amir Reza Dehghanian
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Azizallah Dehghan
- Surgical and Clinical Pathology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zahra Haddadi
- Student Research Committee, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Roxana Gorgin
- Student Research Committee, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Farjam
- Surgical and Clinical Pathology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Hiva Alipanah
- Surgical and Clinical Pathology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran.
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Valorization of Punica granatum L. Leaves Extracts as a Source of Bioactive Molecules. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16030342. [PMID: 36986442 PMCID: PMC10052729 DOI: 10.3390/ph16030342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to a lack of innovative valorization strategies, pomegranate processing generates a significant amount of residues with a negative environmental footprint. These by-products are a rich source of bioactive compounds with functional and medicinal benefits. This study reports the valorization of pomegranate leaves as a source of bioactive ingredients using maceration, ultrasound, and microwave-assisted extraction techniques. The phenolic composition of the leaf extracts was analyzed using an HPLC-DAD-ESI/MSn system. The extracts’ antioxidant, antimicrobial, cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, and skin-beneficial properties were determined using validated in vitro methodologies. The results showed that gallic acid, (-)-epicatechin, and granatin B were the most abundant compounds in the three hydroethanolic extracts (between 0.95 and 1.45, 0.7 and 2.4, and 0.133 and 3.0 mg/g, respectively). The leaf extracts revealed broad-spectrum antimicrobial effects against clinical and food pathogens. They also presented antioxidant potential and cytotoxic effects against all tested cancer cell lines. In addition, tyrosinase activity was also verified. The tested concentrations (50–400 µg/mL) ensured a cellular viability higher than 70% in both keratinocyte and fibroblast skin cell lines. The obtained results indicate that the pomegranate leaves could be used as a low-cost source of value-added functional ingredients for potential nutraceutical and cosmeceutical applications.
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Mohammadi M, Boghrati Z, Emami SA, Akaberi M. Pomegranate: A review of the heavenly healer's past, present, and future. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2023; 26:1245-1264. [PMID: 37886004 PMCID: PMC10598818 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2023.72816.15844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
In the great Persian Empire, pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) had a wide reputation for use both as an herbal medicine and nutritious food. It was also a symbol of peace and love according to Achaemenid limestones in the great Persia. This paper aims to review the traditional uses of pomegranate in Persian and Islamic traditional medicine and have thorough and current information regarding the pharmacology and phytochemistry of this valuable plant for practical use and further research. Relevant information about P. granatum was collected from scientific publishers and databases including Elsevier, Wiley, PubMed, and Google Scholar between 1950 and 2022. The traditional knowledge was extracted from Persian and Islamic traditional textbooks. Based on traditional textbooks, pomegranate has beneficial effects on diseases related to gastrointestinal, upper and lower respiratory, visual, and reproductive systems. In addition, pomegranate and its preparations have been prescribed for treating metabolic disorders, skin problems, and wounds as well as dental protection. Preclinical and clinical evidence supports many therapeutic potentials of pomegranate in traditional medicine. Its therapeutic effects are mostly attributed to its polyphenols. The knowledge in Persian and Islamic traditional textbooks about pomegranate and its preparations can be used as a guide for further preclinical and mainly clinical studies to discover the therapeutic potential of this valuable plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehran Mohammadi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Zahra Boghrati
- Department of Traditional Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Ahmad Emami
- Department of Traditional Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Maryam Akaberi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Machado JCB, Ferreira MRA, Soares LAL. Punica granatum leaves as a source of active compounds: A review of biological activities, bioactive compounds, food, and technological application. FOOD BIOSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2022.102220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Punica granatum as Anticandidal and Anti-HIV Agent: An HIV Oral Cavity Potential Drug. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11192622. [PMID: 36235486 PMCID: PMC9571146 DOI: 10.3390/plants11192622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The oral cavity is crucial from diagnosis to adherence to HAART therapy in the HIV/AIDS population; consequently, drugs that can maintain healthy conditions in the oral cavity are necessary for patients with HIV/AIDS. Punica granatum (pomegranate) is a tree that has been employed extensively for centuries in the traditional medicine of ancient cultures for the treatment of a wide range of diseases, including oral and dental diseases. In recent decades, its potent anticandidal properties have been shown, especially on Candida albicans, the cause of the most common clinical manifestation in HIV patients. The present work contributes to the review of the anti-HIV and anticandidal properties of the plant species P. granatum as involved with the oral cavity. The literature reviewed revealed that crude extracts of pomegranate and its main isolated compounds possess inhibitory activity on different HIV targets, including binding viral proteins and the three replicative HIV enzymes. In addition, in the literature reviewed, pomegranate exhibited anticandidal effects on 10 different species. Thus, pomegranate appears to be an excellent candidate to explore and incorporate into the treatment of the oral cavity of HIV/AIDS patients, in that, in addition to its pharmacological effects such as antiviral and anticandidal, pomegranate represents an easily available, inexpensive, and safe natural source.
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