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Ugwu OPC, Alum EU, Ugwu JN, Eze VHU, Ugwu CN, Ogenyi FC, Okon MB. Harnessing technology for infectious disease response in conflict zones: Challenges, innovations, and policy implications. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e38834. [PMID: 38996110 PMCID: PMC11245197 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000038834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Epidemic outbreaks of infectious diseases in conflict zones are complex threats to public health and humanitarian activities that require creativity approaches of reducing their damage. This narrative review focuses on the technology intersection with infectious disease response in conflict zones, and complexity of healthcare infrastructure, population displacement, and security risks. This narrative review explores how conflict-related destruction is harmful towards healthcare systems and the impediments to disease surveillance and response activities. In this regards, the review also considered the contributions of technological innovations, such as the improvement of epidemiological surveillance, mobile health (mHealth) technologies, genomic sequencing, and surveillance technologies, in strengthening infectious disease management in conflict settings. Ethical issues related to data privacy, security and fairness are also covered. By advisement on policy that focuses on investment in surveillance systems, diagnostic capacity, capacity building, collaboration, and even ethical governance, stakeholders can leverage technology to enhance the response to infectious disease in conflict settings and, thus, protect the global health security. This review is full of information for researchers, policymakers, and practitioners who are dealing with the issues of infectious disease outbreaks in conflicts worn areas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Esther Ugo Alum
- Department of Publication and Extension, Kampala International University, Uganda, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Jovita Nnenna Ugwu
- Department of Publication and Extension, Kampala International University, Uganda, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Val Hyginus Udoka Eze
- Department of Publication and Extension, Kampala International University, Uganda, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Chinyere N Ugwu
- Department of Publication and Extension, Kampala International University, Uganda, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Fabian C Ogenyi
- Department of Publication and Extension, Kampala International University, Uganda, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Michael Ben Okon
- Department of Publication and Extension, Kampala International University, Uganda, Kampala, Uganda
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Liu Y, Zhang L, Ouyang F, Xue C, Zhao X, Wang T, Pei Z, Shuai Q. Thermal-Accelerated Urease-Driven Bowl-Like Polydopamine Nanorobot for Targeted Photothermal/Photodynamic Antibiotic-Free Antibacterial Therapy. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2304086. [PMID: 38520218 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202304086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
The problem of antibiotic resistance seriously affects the treatment of bacterial infections, so there is an urgent need to develop novel antibiotic-independent antimicrobial strategies. Herein, a urease-driven bowl-like mesoporous polydopamine nanorobot (MPDA@ICG@Ur@Man) based on single-wavelength near-infrared (NIR) remote photothermal acceleration to achieve antibiotic-free phototherapy(photothermal therapy, PTT, plus photodynamic therapy, PDT) is first reported. The smart nanorobots can perform active movement by decomposing urea to produce carbon dioxide and ammonia. Particularly, the elevated local temperature during PTT can increase urease activity to enhance the autonomous movement and thus increase the contact between the antimicrobial substance and bacteria. Compared with a nanomotor propelled by urea only, the diffusion coefficient (De) of photothermal-accelerated nanorobots is increased from 1.10 to 1.26 µm2 s-1. More importantly, urease-driven bowl-like nanorobots with photothermal enhancement can specifically identify Escherichia coli (E. coli) and achieve simultaneous PTT/PDT at a single wavelength with 99% antibactericidal activity in vitro. In a word, the urease-driven bowl-like nanorobots guided by photothermal-accelerated strategy could provide a novel perspective for increasing PTT/PDT antibacterial therapeutic efficacy and be promising for various antibiotic-free sterilization applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P. R. China
| | - Li Zhang
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P. R. China
| | - Feng Ouyang
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P. R. China
| | - Chenglong Xue
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhao
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P. R. China
| | - Tao Wang
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P. R. China
| | - Zhichao Pei
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P. R. China
| | - Qi Shuai
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P. R. China
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Ali J, Johansen W, Ahmad R. Short turnaround time of seven to nine hours from sample collection until informed decision for sepsis treatment using nanopore sequencing. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6534. [PMID: 38503770 PMCID: PMC10951244 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55635-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Bloodstream infections (BSIs) and sepsis are major health problems, annually claiming millions of lives. Traditional blood culture techniques, employed to identify sepsis-causing pathogens and assess antibiotic susceptibility, usually take 2-4 days. Early and accurate antibiotic prescription is vital in sepsis to mitigate mortality and antibiotic resistance. This study aimed to reduce the wait time for sepsis diagnosis by employing shorter blood culture incubation times for BD BACTEC™ bottles using standard laboratory incubators, followed by real-time nanopore sequencing and data analysis. The method was tested on nine blood samples spiked with clinical isolates from the six most prevalent sepsis-causing pathogens. The results showed that pathogen identification was possible at as low as 102-104 CFU/mL, achieved after just 2 h of incubation and within 40 min of nanopore sequencing. Moreover, all the antimicrobial resistance genes were identified at 103-107 CFU/mL, achieved after incubation for 5 h and only 10 min to 3 h of sequencing. Therefore, the total turnaround time from sample collection to the information required for an informed decision on the right antibiotic treatment was between 7 and 9 h. These results hold significant promise for better clinical management of sepsis compared with current culture-based methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jawad Ali
- Department of Biotechnology, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Holsetgata 22, 2317, Hamar, Norway
| | - Wenche Johansen
- Department of Biotechnology, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Holsetgata 22, 2317, Hamar, Norway
| | - Rafi Ahmad
- Department of Biotechnology, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Holsetgata 22, 2317, Hamar, Norway.
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Hansine Hansens Veg 18, 9019, Tromsø, Norway.
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Craney A, Miller S. Present and Future Non-Culture-Based Diagnostics: Stewardship Potentials and Considerations. Clin Lab Med 2024; 44:109-122. [PMID: 38280793 DOI: 10.1016/j.cll.2023.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
The medical microbiologist plays a key role in the transition from culture-based to molecular test methods for diagnosis of infectious diseases. They must understand the scientific and technical bases underlying these tests along with their associated benefits and limitations and be able to educate administrators and patient providers on their proper use. Coordination of testing practices between clinical departments and the spectrum of public health and research laboratories is essential to optimize health care delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arryn Craney
- Center for Infectious Disease Diagnostics and Research, Diagnostic Medicine Institute, Geisinger Health System, 100 North Academy Avenue, Danville, PA 17822, USA
| | - Steve Miller
- Delve Bio, Inc. and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, 953 Indiana Street, San Francisco, CA 94107, USA.
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Mustafa AS. Whole Genome Sequencing: Applications in Clinical Bacteriology. Med Princ Pract 2024; 33:185-197. [PMID: 38402870 PMCID: PMC11221363 DOI: 10.1159/000538002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The success in determining the whole genome sequence of a bacterial pathogen was first achieved in 1995 by determining the complete nucleotide sequence of Haemophilus influenzae Rd using the chain-termination method established by Sanger et al. in 1977 and automated by Hood et al. in 1987. However, this technology was laborious, costly, and time-consuming. Since 2004, high-throughput next-generation sequencing technologies have been developed, which are highly efficient, require less time, and are cost-effective for whole genome sequencing (WGS) of all organisms, including bacterial pathogens. In recent years, the data obtained using WGS technologies coupled with bioinformatics analyses of the sequenced genomes have been projected to revolutionize clinical bacteriology. WGS technologies have been used in the identification of bacterial species, strains, and genotypes from cultured organisms and directly from clinical specimens. WGS has also helped in determining resistance to antibiotics by the detection of antimicrobial resistance genes and point mutations. Furthermore, WGS data have helped in the epidemiological tracking and surveillance of pathogenic bacteria in healthcare settings as well as in communities. This review focuses on the applications of WGS in clinical bacteriology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abu Salim Mustafa
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
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Yang CJ, Song JS, Yoo JJ, Park KW, Yun J, Kim SG, Kim YS. 16S rRNA Next-Generation Sequencing May Not Be Useful for Examining Suspected Cases of Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2024; 60:289. [PMID: 38399576 PMCID: PMC10890036 DOI: 10.3390/medicina60020289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Ascites, often associated with liver cirrhosis, poses diagnostic challenges, particularly in detecting bacterial infections. Traditional methods have limitations, prompting the exploration of advanced techniques such as 16S rDNA next-generation sequencing (NGS) for improved diagnostics in such low-biomass fluids. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the NGS method enhances detection sensitivity compared to a conventional ascites culture. Additionally, we aimed to explore the presence of a microbiome in the abdominal cavity and determine whether it has a sterile condition. Materials and Methods: Ten patients with clinically suspected spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) were included in this study. A traditional ascites culture was performed, and all ascites samples were subjected to 16S ribosomal RNA gene amplification and sequencing. 16S rRNA gene sequencing results were interpreted by comparing them to positive and negative controls for each sample. Results: Differential centrifugation was applied to all ascites samples, resulting in very small or no bacterial pellets being harvested. The examination of the 16S amplicon sequencing libraries indicated that the target amplicon products were either minimally visible or exhibited lower intensity than their corresponding negative controls. Contaminants present in the reagents were also identified in the ascites samples. Sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA gene of all samples showed microbial compositions that were akin to those found in the negative controls, without any bacteria isolated that were unique to the samples. Conclusions: The peritoneal cavity and ascites exhibit low bacterial biomass even in the presence of SBP, resulting in a very low positivity rate in 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Hence, the 16S RNA sequencing method does little to enhance the rate of positive samples compared to traditional culture methods, including in SBP cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Jin Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon 14584, Republic of Korea; (C.J.Y.); (J.Y.); (S.G.K.); (Y.S.K.)
| | - Ju Sun Song
- GC Genome, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Green Cross Laboratories, Youngin 16924, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jeong-Ju Yoo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon 14584, Republic of Korea; (C.J.Y.); (J.Y.); (S.G.K.); (Y.S.K.)
| | - Keun Woo Park
- Preclinical Stroke Modeling Laboratory Weill Cornell Medicine, Burke Medical Research Institute, White Plains, NY 10605, USA;
| | - Jina Yun
- Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon 14584, Republic of Korea; (C.J.Y.); (J.Y.); (S.G.K.); (Y.S.K.)
| | - Sang Gyune Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon 14584, Republic of Korea; (C.J.Y.); (J.Y.); (S.G.K.); (Y.S.K.)
| | - Young Seok Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon 14584, Republic of Korea; (C.J.Y.); (J.Y.); (S.G.K.); (Y.S.K.)
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Gao Y, Li H, Zhao C, Li S, Yin G, Wang H. Machine learning and feature extraction for rapid antimicrobial resistance prediction of Acinetobacter baumannii from whole-genome sequencing data. Front Microbiol 2024; 14:1320312. [PMID: 38274740 PMCID: PMC10808480 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1320312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) has contributed significantly to advancements in machine learning methods for predicting antimicrobial resistance (AMR). However, the comparisons of different methods for AMR prediction without requiring prior knowledge of resistance remains to be conducted. Methods We aimed to predict the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 13 antimicrobial agents against Acinetobacter baumannii using three machine learning algorithms (random forest, support vector machine, and XGBoost) combined with k-mer features extracted from WGS data. Results A cohort of 339 isolates was used for model construction. The average essential agreement and category agreement of the best models exceeded 90.90% (95%CI, 89.03-92.77%) and 95.29% (95%CI, 94.91-95.67%), respectively; the exceptions being levofloxacin, minocycline and imipenem. The very major error rates ranged from 0.0 to 5.71%. We applied feature selection pipelines to extract the top-ranked 11-mers to optimise training time and computing resources. This approach slightly improved the prediction performance and enabled us to obtain prediction results within 10 min. Notably, when employing these top-ranked 11-mers in an independent test dataset (120 isolates), we achieved an average accuracy of 0.96. Conclusion Our study is the first to demonstrate that AMR prediction for A. baumannii using machine learning methods based on k-mer features has competitive performance over traditional workflows; hence, sequence-based AMR prediction and its application could be further promoted. The k-mer-based workflow developed in this study demonstrated high recall/sensitivity and specificity, making it a dependable tool for MIC prediction in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Gao
- Institute of Medical Technology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Henan Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chunjiang Zhao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shuguang Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Guankun Yin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Institute of Medical Technology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
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Martin-Loeches I, Pereira JG, Teoh TK, Barlow G, Dortet L, Carrol ED, Olgemöller U, Boyd SE, Textoris J. Molecular antimicrobial susceptibility testing in sepsis. Future Microbiol 2024; 19:61-72. [PMID: 38180334 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2023-0128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Rapidly detecting and identifying pathogens is crucial for appropriate antimicrobial therapy in patients with sepsis. Conventional diagnostic methods have been a great asset to medicine, though they are time consuming and labor intensive. This work will enable healthcare professionals to understand the bacterial community better and enhance their diagnostic capacity by using novel molecular methods that make obtaining quicker, more precise results possible. The authors discuss and critically assess the merits and drawbacks of molecular testing and the added value of these tests, including the shift turnaround time, the implication for clinicians' decisions, gaps in knowledge, future research directions and novel insights or innovations. The field of antimicrobial molecular testing has seen several novel insights and innovations to improve the diagnosis and management of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Martin-Loeches
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Multidisciplinary Intensive Care Research Organization (MICRO), St James' Hospital, D08 NHY1, Dublin, Ireland
- Hospital Clinic, Institut D'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universidad de Barcelona, Ciberes, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Tee Keat Teoh
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, St James' Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gavin Barlow
- York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York and Hull York Medical School, UK
- Hull University Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Hull, UK
| | - Laurent Dortet
- Department of Bacteriology-Hygiene, Bicêtre Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- INSERM UMR 1184, RESIST Unit, Paris-Saclay University, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- French National Reference Center for Antimicrobial Resistance, France
| | - Enitan D Carrol
- University of Liverpool, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, Liverpool, UK
- Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Department of Infectious Diseases, Liverpool, UK
| | - Ulrike Olgemöller
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Sara E Boyd
- St George's University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Antimicrobial Pharmacodynamics and Therapeutics, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- National Institute for Health Research, Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infection and Antimicrobial Resistance, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Kahlmeter G, Turnidge J. Wild-type distributions of minimum inhibitory concentrations and epidemiological cut-off values-laboratory and clinical utility. Clin Microbiol Rev 2023; 36:e0010022. [PMID: 38038445 PMCID: PMC10732016 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00100-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The characterization of wild-type minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and zone diameter distributions with the setting of epidemiological cut-off values (ECOFFs or ECVs) provides a reference for the otherwise relative MIC values in the international system for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Distributions of MIC values for a species and an agent follow a log-normal distribution, which in the absence of resistance mechanisms is monomodal and designated wild type (WT). The upper end of the WT distribution, the ECOFF, can be identified with statistical methods. In the presence of phenotypically detectable resistance, the distribution has at least one more mode (the non-WT), but despite this, the WT is most often identifiable using the same methods. The ECOFF provides the most sensitive measure of resistance development in a species against an agent. The WT and non-WT modes are independent of the organism´s response to treatment, but when the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) determines the clinical breakpoints, the committee avoids breakpoints that split WT distributions of target species. This is to avoid the poorer reproducibility of susceptibility categorization when breakpoints split major populations but also because the EUCAST has failed to identify different clinical outcomes for isolates with different MIC values inside the wild-type distribution. In laboratory practice, the ECOFF is used to screen for and exclude resistance and allows the comparison of resistance between systems with different breakpoints from different breakpoint organizations, breakpoints evolving over time, and different breakpoints between human and animal medicine. The EUCAST actively encourages colleagues to question MIC distributions as presented on the website (https://www.eucast.org/mic_and_zone_distributions_and_ecoffs) and to contribute MIC and inhibition zone diameter data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Kahlmeter
- Technical Data Coordinator of the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST), Växjö, Sweden
- Head of the Swedish Reference Laboratory for phenotypic susceptibility testing, Växjö, Sweden
- Head of the EUCAST Development Laboratory, Växjö, Sweden
| | - John Turnidge
- Document and Technical Support to the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST), Växjö, Sweden
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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Colilla M, Vallet-Regí M. Organically Modified Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles against Bacterial Resistance. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2023; 35:8788-8805. [PMID: 38027542 PMCID: PMC10653088 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.3c02192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial antimicrobial resistance is posed to become a major hazard to global health in the 21st century. An aggravating issue is the stalled antibiotic research pipeline, which requires the development of new therapeutic strategies to combat antibiotic-resistant infections. Nanotechnology has entered into this scenario bringing up the opportunity to use nanocarriers capable of transporting and delivering antimicrobials to the target site, overcoming bacterial resistant barriers. Among them, mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) are receiving growing attention due to their unique features, including large drug loading capacity, biocompatibility, tunable pore sizes and volumes, and functionalizable silanol-rich surface. This perspective article outlines the recent research advances in the design and development of organically modified MSNs to fight bacterial infections. First, a brief introduction to the different mechanisms of bacterial resistance is presented. Then, we review the recent scientific approaches to engineer multifunctional MSNs conceived as an assembly of inorganic and organic building blocks, against bacterial resistance. These elements include specific ligands to target planktonic bacteria, intracellular bacteria, or bacterial biofilm; stimuli-responsive entities to prevent antimicrobial cargo release before arriving at the target; imaging agents for diagnosis; additional constituents for synergistic combination antimicrobial therapies; and aims to improve the therapeutic outcomes. Finally, this manuscript addresses the current challenges and future perspectives on this hot research area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montserrat Colilla
- Departamento
de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación
Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre i+12, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Centro
de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería,
Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - María Vallet-Regí
- Departamento
de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación
Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre i+12, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Centro
de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería,
Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Madrid 28029, Spain
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Bianconi I, Aschbacher R, Pagani E. Current Uses and Future Perspectives of Genomic Technologies in Clinical Microbiology. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1580. [PMID: 37998782 PMCID: PMC10668849 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12111580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advancements in sequencing technology and data analytics have led to a transformative era in pathogen detection and typing. These developments not only expedite the process, but also render it more cost-effective. Genomic analyses of infectious diseases are swiftly becoming the standard for pathogen analysis and control. Additionally, national surveillance systems can derive substantial benefits from genomic data, as they offer profound insights into pathogen epidemiology and the emergence of antimicrobial-resistant strains. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a pressing global public health issue. While clinical laboratories have traditionally relied on culture-based antimicrobial susceptibility testing, the integration of genomic data into AMR analysis holds immense promise. Genomic-based AMR data can furnish swift, consistent, and highly accurate predictions of resistance phenotypes for specific strains or populations, all while contributing invaluable insights for surveillance. Moreover, genome sequencing assumes a pivotal role in the investigation of hospital outbreaks. It aids in the identification of infection sources, unveils genetic connections among isolates, and informs strategies for infection control. The One Health initiative, with its focus on the intricate interconnectedness of humans, animals, and the environment, seeks to develop comprehensive approaches for disease surveillance, control, and prevention. When integrated with epidemiological data from surveillance systems, genomic data can forecast the expansion of bacterial populations and species transmissions. Consequently, this provides profound insights into the evolution and genetic relationships of AMR in pathogens, hosts, and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Bianconi
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Provincial Hospital of Bolzano (SABES-ASDAA), Lehrkrankenhaus der Paracelsus Medizinischen Privatuniversitätvia Amba Alagi 5, 39100 Bolzano, Italy; (R.A.); (E.P.)
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