1
|
Wang L, Lu X, Xing Z, Teng X, Wang S, Liu T, Zheng L, Wang X, Qu J. Macrogenomics Reveals Effects on Marine Microbial Communities during Oplegnathus punctatus Enclosure Farming. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:618. [PMID: 39194557 DOI: 10.3390/biology13080618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2024] [Revised: 08/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
(1) Background: Laizhou Bay is an important aquaculture area in the north of China. Oplegnathus punctatus is one of the species with high economic benefits. In recent years, the water environment of Laizhou Bay has reached a mild eutrophication level, while microorganisms are an important group between the environment and species. In this study, we evaluated alterations in environmental elements, microbial populations, and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) along with their interconnections during Oplegnathus punctatus net culture. (2) Methods: A total of 142 samples from various water layers were gathered for metagenome assembly analysis. Mariculture increases the abundance of microorganisms in this culture area and makes the microbial community structure more complex. The change had more significant effects on sediment than on seawater. (3) Results: Certain populations of cyanobacteria and Candidatus Micrarchaecta in seawater, and Actinobacteria and Thaumarchaeota in sediments showed high abundance in the mariculture area. Antibiotic resistance genes in sediments were more sensitive to various environmental factors, especially oxygen solubility and salinity. (4) Conclusions: These findings highlight the complex and dynamic nature of microorganism-environment-ARG interactions, characterized by regional specificity and providing insights for a more rational use of marine resources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Wang
- College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Xiaofei Lu
- College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Zhikai Xing
- College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Xindong Teng
- Qingdao International Travel Healthcare Center, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Tianyi Liu
- College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Li Zheng
- First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
- Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Xumin Wang
- College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Jiangyong Qu
- College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Heterologous Expression Reveals Ancient Properties of Tei3—A VanS Ortholog from the Teicoplanin Producer Actinoplanes teichomyceticus. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415713. [PMID: 36555354 PMCID: PMC9779433 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycopeptide antibiotics (GPAs) are among the most clinically successful antimicrobials. GPAs inhibit cell-wall biosynthesis in Gram-positive bacteria via binding to lipid II. Natural GPAs are produced by various actinobacteria. Being themselves Gram-positives, the GPA producers evolved sophisticated mechanisms of self-resistance to avoid suicide during antibiotic production. These self-resistance genes are considered the primary source of GPA resistance genes actually spreading among pathogenic enterococci and staphylococci. The GPA-resistance mechanism in Actinoplanes teichomyceticus—the producer of the last-resort-drug teicoplanin—has been intensively studied in recent years, posing relevant questions about the role of Tei3 sensor histidine kinase. In the current work, the molecular properties of Tei3 were investigated. The setup of a GPA-responsive assay system in the model Streptomyces coelicolor allowed us to demonstrate that Tei3 functions as a non-inducible kinase, conferring high levels of GPA resistance in A. teichomyceticus. The expression of different truncated versions of tei3 in S. coelicolor indicated that both the transmembrane helices of Tei3 are crucial for proper functioning. Finally, a hybrid gene was constructed, coding for a chimera protein combining the Tei3 sensor domain with the kinase domain of VanS, with the latter being the inducible Tei3 ortholog from S. coelicolor. Surprisingly, such a chimera did not respond to teicoplanin, but indeed to the related GPA A40926. Coupling these experimental results with a further in silico analysis, a novel scenario on GPA-resistance and biosynthetic genes co-evolution in A. teichomyceticus was hereby proposed.
Collapse
|
3
|
Heterogeneous A40926 Self-Resistance Profile in Nonomuraea gerenzanensis Population Informs Strain Improvement. FERMENTATION 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation7030140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonomuraea gerenzanensis ATCC 39727 produces the glycopeptide antibiotic A40926, which is the natural precursor of the semi-synthetic, last-resort drug dalbavancin. To reduce the cost of dalbavancin production, it is mandatory to improve the productivity of the producing strain. Here, we report that the exposure of N. gerenzanensis wild-type population to sub-inhibitory concentrations of A40926 led to the isolation of differently resistant phenotypes to which a diverse A40926 productivity was associated. The most resistant population (G, grand colonies) represented at least the 20% of the colonies growing on 2 µg/mL of A40926. It showed a stable phenotype after sub-culturing and a homogeneous profile of self-resistance to A40926 in population analysis profile (PAP) experiments. The less resistant population (P, petit) was represented by slow-growing colonies to which a lower A40926 productivity was associated. At bioreactor scale, the G variant produced twice more than the wild-type (ca. 400 mg/L A40926 versus less than 200 mg/L, respectively), paving the way for a rational strain improvement based on the selection of increasingly self-resistant colonies.
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhou H, Peng K, Su Y, Song X, Qiu J, Xiong R, He L. Preparation of surface molecularly imprinted polymer and its application for the selective extraction of teicoplanin from water. RSC Adv 2021; 11:13615-13623. [PMID: 35423866 PMCID: PMC8697609 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra00913c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a new surface molecularly imprinted polymer (SMIP) of teicoplanin (TEC) was prepared in an aqueous solution using amino-modified silica gel as a carrier. The molar ratio of the template molecule, functional monomer and cross-linker in the optimized synthesis system was 1 : 15 : 40. The structure and morphology of SMIP were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectra and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. It was shown that the silica gel modified with different active groups; the type and structure of functional monomers have a great influence on the specificity of SMIP. The SMIPs synthesized from a series of methacrylic acid and its hydroxylalkyl esters as functional monomers have good specificity for TEC. The results of static adsorption experiments showed that the adsorption capacity of SMIP was 6.5 times that of non-molecularly imprinted polymer, which were 152.6 mg g−1 and 23.6 mg g−1, respectively, indicating that SMIP had a larger affinity for TEC. Finally, the SMIP was successfully used as a dispersive solid-phase extraction adsorption material to selectively extract and enrich TEC from the water sample. The limit of detection of the proposed liquid chromatographic method for TEC was 5 μg L−1. A novel surface molecularly imprinted polymer for specific absorbing teicoplanin in environmental water.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhou
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (SCAU)
- College of Veterinary Medicine
- South China Agricultural University
- Guangzhou
- China
| | - Kanlin Peng
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (SCAU)
- College of Veterinary Medicine
- South China Agricultural University
- Guangzhou
- China
| | - Yijuan Su
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (SCAU)
- College of Veterinary Medicine
- South China Agricultural University
- Guangzhou
- China
| | - Xuqin Song
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (SCAU)
- College of Veterinary Medicine
- South China Agricultural University
- Guangzhou
- China
| | - Jingli Qiu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (SCAU)
- College of Veterinary Medicine
- South China Agricultural University
- Guangzhou
- China
| | - Renping Xiong
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (SCAU)
- College of Veterinary Medicine
- South China Agricultural University
- Guangzhou
- China
| | - Limin He
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (SCAU)
- College of Veterinary Medicine
- South China Agricultural University
- Guangzhou
- China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Rodríguez-Mayor AV, Peralta-Camacho GJ, Cárdenas-Martínez KJ, García-Castañeda JE. Development of Strategies for Glycopeptide Synthesis: An Overview on the Glycosidic Linkage. CURR ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1385272824999200701121037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Glycoproteins and glycopeptides are an interesting focus of research, because of
their potential use as therapeutic agents, since they are related to carbohydrate-carbohydrate,
carbohydrate-protein, and carbohydrate-lipid interactions, which are commonly involved in
biological processes. It has been established that natural glycoconjugates could be an important
source of templates for the design and development of molecules with therapeutic applications.
However, isolating large quantities of glycoconjugates from biological sources
with the required purity is extremely complex, because these molecules are found in heterogeneous
environments and in very low concentrations. As an alternative to solving this
problem, the chemical synthesis of glycoconjugates has been developed. In this context,
several methods for the synthesis of glycopeptides in solution and/or solid-phase have been
reported. In most of these methods, glycosylated amino acid derivatives are used as building
blocks for both solution and solid-phase synthesis. The synthetic viability of glycoconjugates is a critical parameter
for allowing their use as drugs to mitigate the impact of microbial resistance and/or cancer. However, the
chemical synthesis of glycoconjugates is a challenge, because these molecules possess multiple reaction sites and
have a very specific stereochemistry. Therefore, it is necessary to design and implement synthetic routes, which
may involve various protection schemes but can be stereoselective, environmentally friendly, and high-yielding.
This review focuses on glycopeptide synthesis by recapitulating the progress made over the last 15 years.
Collapse
|
6
|
Yushchuk O, Binda E, Marinelli F. Glycopeptide Antibiotic Resistance Genes: Distribution and Function in the Producer Actinomycetes. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1173. [PMID: 32655512 PMCID: PMC7325946 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycopeptide antibiotics (GPAs) are considered drugs of "last resort" for the treatment of life-threatening infections caused by relevant Gram-positive pathogens (enterococci, staphylococci, and clostridia). Driven by the issue of the never-stopping evolution of bacterial antibiotic resistance, research on GPA biosynthesis and resistance is developing fast in modern "post-genomic" era. It is today widely accepted that resistance mechanisms emerging in pathogens have been acquired from the soil-dwelling antibiotic-producing actinomycetes, which use them to avoid suicide during production, rather than being orchestrated de novo by pathogen bacteria upon continued treatment. Actually, more and more genomes of GPA producers are being unraveled, carrying a broad collection of differently arranged GPA resistance (named van) genes. In the producer actinomycetes, van genes are generally associated with the antibiotic biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) deputed to GPA biosynthesis, being probably transferred/arranged together, favoring a possible co-regulation between antibiotic production and self-resistance. GPA BGC-associated van genes have been also found mining public databases of bacterial genomic and metagenomic sequences. Interestingly, some BGCs for antibiotics, seemingly unrelated to GPAs (e.g., feglymycin), carry van gene homologues. Herein, we would like to cover the recent advances on the distribution of GPA resistance genes in genomic and metagenomics datasets related to GPA potential/proved producer microorganisms. A thorough understanding of GPA resistance in the producing microorganisms may prove useful in the future surveillance of emerging mechanisms of resistance to this clinically relevant antibiotic class.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oleksandr Yushchuk
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Elisa Binda
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Flavia Marinelli
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Teicoplanin biosynthesis: unraveling the interplay of structural, regulatory, and resistance genes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:3279-3291. [PMID: 32076781 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10436-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Teicoplanin (Tcp) is a clinically relevant glycopeptide antibiotic (GPA) that is produced by the actinobacterium Actinoplanes teichomyceticus. Tcp is a front-line therapy for treating severe infections caused by multidrug-resistant Gram-positive pathogens in adults and infants. In this review, we provide a detailed overview of how Tcp is produced by A. teichomyceticus by describing Tcp biosynthesis, regulation, and resistance. We summarize the knowledge gained from in vivo and in vitro studies to provide an integrated model of teicoplanin biosynthesis. Then, we discuss genetic and nutritional factors that contribute to the regulation of teicoplanin biosynthesis, focusing on those that have been successfully applied for improving teicoplanin production. A current view on teicoplanin self-resistance mechanisms in A. teichomyceticus is given, and we compare the Tcp biosynthetic gene cluster with other glycopeptide gene clusters from actinoplanetes and from unidentified isolates/metagenomics samples. Finally, we provide an outlook for further directions in studying Tcp biosynthesis and regulation.
Collapse
|
8
|
Yushchuk O, Homoniuk V, Ostash B, Marinelli F, Fedorenko V. Genetic insights into the mechanism of teicoplanin self-resistance in Actinoplanes teichomyceticus. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2020; 73:255-259. [PMID: 31953525 DOI: 10.1038/s41429-019-0274-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Actinoplanes teichomyceticus NRRL B-16726 is the only known producer of the clinically important glycopeptide antibiotic teicoplanin. The producing strain is highly self-resistant to teicoplanin. Although the biosynthesis of teicoplanin has been investigated, much of our understanding of self-resistance in the producing strain is based on the extrapolation of existing data about glycopeptide resistance (mediated by the expression of vanRS-vanHAX genes) in other actinomycetes and cocci. The organization of the operons carrying putative van orthologues in A. teichomyceticus differs from known precedents, further adding up to the uncertainty about teicoplanin self-resistance mechanisms. Here, we determined operon structure of the teicoplanin resistance genes in A. teichomyceticus. Although Tei15* is necessary to activate teicoplanin biosynthetic genes, the expression of van orthologues was shown to be independent of Tei15*. We further showed that tei7 promoter driving the expression of vanHAX orthologues is dependent on Tei2 (VanR). Finally, we demonstrate the utility of the tei2 promoter as a new tool to achieve strong constitutive expression in A. teichomyceticus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oleksandr Yushchuk
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, 4 Hrushevskoho st., Lviv, 79005, Ukraine
| | - Vitalina Homoniuk
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, 4 Hrushevskoho st., Lviv, 79005, Ukraine
| | - Bohdan Ostash
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, 4 Hrushevskoho st., Lviv, 79005, Ukraine
| | - Flavia Marinelli
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - Victor Fedorenko
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, 4 Hrushevskoho st., Lviv, 79005, Ukraine.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Mast Y, Stegmann E. Actinomycetes: The Antibiotics Producers. Antibiotics (Basel) 2019; 8:E105. [PMID: 31362405 PMCID: PMC6783997 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics8030105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Actinomycetes are well known as an inexhaustible source for antibiotics [...].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Mast
- Department of Bioresources for Bioeconomy and Health Research, Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Culture Collection for Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
- Institute for Microbiology, Technical University of Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
- Department of Microbiology/Biotechnology, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Faculty of Science, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany.
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Evi Stegmann
- Department of Microbiology/Biotechnology, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Faculty of Science, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany.
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Antibiotic resistance genes in the Actinobacteria phylum. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 38:1599-1624. [PMID: 31250336 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-019-03580-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The Actinobacteria phylum is one of the oldest bacterial phyla that have a significant role in medicine and biotechnology. There are a lot of genera in this phylum that are causing various types of infections in humans, animals, and plants. As well as antimicrobial agents that are used in medicine for infections treatment or prevention of infections, they have been discovered of various genera in this phylum. To date, resistance to antibiotics is rising in different regions of the world and this is a global health threat. The main purpose of this review is the molecular evolution of antibiotic resistance in the Actinobacteria phylum.
Collapse
|
11
|
Regulation of teicoplanin biosynthesis: refining the roles of tei cluster-situated regulatory genes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:4089-4102. [PMID: 30937499 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09789-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Teicoplanin is a frontline glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Actinoplanes teichomyceticus. It is used to treat complicated cases of infection, including pediatric ones, caused by Gram-positive pathogens. There is a steady interest in elucidating the genetic mechanisms determining teicoplanin production, as they would help overproduce known teicoplanins and discover novel glycopeptides. Herein, we investigate the transcriptional organization of the tei biosynthetic gene cluster and the roles of the cluster-situated regulatory genes in controlling teicoplanin production and self-resistance in A. teichomyceticus. We demonstrate that the tei cluster is organized into nine polygenic and nine monogenic transcriptional units. Most of tei biosynthetic genes are subjected to StrR-like Tei15* control, which, in turn, appears to be regulated by LuxR-type Tei16*. Expression of the genes conferring teicoplanin self-resistance in A. teichomyceticus is not co-regulated with antibiotic production. The gene tei31*, coding for a putative DNA binding protein, is not expressed under teicoplanin producing conditions and is dispensable for antibiotic production. Finally, phylogenesis reconstruction of the glycopeptide cluster-encoded regulators reveals two main clades of StrR-like regulators. Tei15* and close orthologues form one of these clades; the second clade is composed by orthologues of Bbr and Dbv4, governing the biosynthesis of balhimycin and teicoplanin-like A40926, respectively. In addition, the LuxR-type Tei16* appears unrelated to the LuxR-like Dbv3, which is controlling A40926 biosynthesis. Our results shed new light on teicoplanin biosynthesis regulation and on the evolution of novel and old glycopeptide biosynthetic gene clusters.
Collapse
|
12
|
Armenia I, Marcone GL, Berini F, Orlandi VT, Pirrone C, Martegani E, Gornati R, Bernardini G, Marinelli F. Magnetic Nanoconjugated Teicoplanin: A Novel Tool for Bacterial Infection Site Targeting. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2270. [PMID: 30386305 PMCID: PMC6199386 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoconjugated antibiotics can be regarded as next-generation drugs as they possess remarkable potential to overcome multidrug resistance in pathogenic bacteria. Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) have been extensively used in the biomedical field because of their biocompatibility and magnetic properties. More recently, IONPs have been investigated as potential nanocarriers for antibiotics to be magnetically directed to/recovered from infection sites. Here, we conjugated the “last-resort” glycopeptide antibiotic teicoplanin to IONPs after surface functionalization with (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (APTES). Classical microbiological methods and fluorescence and electron microscopy analysis were used to compare antimicrobial activity and surface interactions of naked IONPs, amino-functionalized NPs (NP-APTES), and nanoconjugated teicoplanin (NP-TEICO) with non-conjugated teicoplanin. As bacterial models, differently resistant strains of three Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, and Bacillus subtilis) and a Gram-negative representative (Escherichia coli) were used. The results indicated that teicoplanin conjugation conferred a valuable and prolonged antimicrobial activity to IONPs toward Gram-positive bacteria. No antimicrobial activity was detected using NP-TEICO toward the Gram-negative E. coli. Although IONPs and NP-APTES showed only insignificant antimicrobial activity in comparison to NP-TEICO, our data indicate that they might establish diverse interaction patterns at bacterial surfaces. Sensitivity of bacteria to NPs varied according to the surface provided by the bacteria and it was species specific. In addition, conjugation of teicoplanin improved the cytocompatibility of IONPs toward two human cell lines. Finally, NP-TEICO inhibited the formation of S. aureus biofilm, conserving the activity of non-conjugated teicoplanin versus planktonic cells and improving it toward adherent cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Armenia
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | | | - Francesca Berini
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | | | - Cristina Pirrone
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Eleonora Martegani
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Rosalba Gornati
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Giovanni Bernardini
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Flavia Marinelli
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| |
Collapse
|