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Bonilla-Gameros L, Chevallier P, Delvaux X, Yáñez-Hernández LA, Houssiau L, Minne X, Houde VP, Sarkissian A, Mantovani D. Fluorocarbon Plasma-Polymerized Layer Increases the Release Time of Silver Ions and the Antibacterial Activity of Silver-Based Coatings. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:609. [PMID: 38607143 PMCID: PMC11013325 DOI: 10.3390/nano14070609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Silver-based antibacterial coatings limit the spread of hospital-acquired infections. Indeed, the use of silver and silver oxide nanoparticles (Ag and AgO NPs) incorporated in amorphous hydrogenated carbon (a-C:H) as a matrix demonstrates a promising approach to reduce microbial contamination on environmental surfaces. However, its success as an antibacterial coating hinges on the control of Ag+ release. In this sense, if a continuous release is required, an additional barrier is needed to extend the release time of Ag+. Thus, this research investigated the use of a plasma fluoropolymer (CFx) as an additional top layer to elongate Ag+ release and increase the antibacterial activity due to its high hydrophobic nature. Herein, a porous CFx film was deposited on a-C:H containing Ag and AgO NPs using pulsed afterglow low pressure plasma polymerization. The chemical composition, surface wettability and morphology, release profile, and antibacterial activity were analyzed. Overall, the combination of a-C:H:Ag (12.1 at. % of Ag) and CFx film (120.0°, F/C = 0.8) successfully inactivated 88% of E. coli and delayed biofilm formation after 12 h. Thus, using a hybrid approach composed of Ag NPs and a hydrophobic polymeric layer, it was possible to increase the overall antibacterial activity of the coating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Bonilla-Gameros
- Laboratory for Biomaterials and Bioengineering, (CRC-Tier I), Department of Min-Met-Materials Eng and Regenerative Medicine, CHU de Quebec, Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada (L.A.Y.-H.)
| | - Pascale Chevallier
- Laboratory for Biomaterials and Bioengineering, (CRC-Tier I), Department of Min-Met-Materials Eng and Regenerative Medicine, CHU de Quebec, Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada (L.A.Y.-H.)
| | - Xavier Delvaux
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire de Spectroscopie Electronique, Namur Institute of Structured Matter, University of Namur, 61 Rue de Bruxelles, 5000 Namur, Belgium; (X.D.); (L.H.)
| | - L. Astrid Yáñez-Hernández
- Laboratory for Biomaterials and Bioengineering, (CRC-Tier I), Department of Min-Met-Materials Eng and Regenerative Medicine, CHU de Quebec, Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada (L.A.Y.-H.)
| | - Laurent Houssiau
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire de Spectroscopie Electronique, Namur Institute of Structured Matter, University of Namur, 61 Rue de Bruxelles, 5000 Namur, Belgium; (X.D.); (L.H.)
| | - Xavier Minne
- Oral Ecology Research Group (GREB), Faculty of Dentistry, Université Laval, 2420 rue de la Terrasse, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Vanessa P. Houde
- Oral Ecology Research Group (GREB), Faculty of Dentistry, Université Laval, 2420 rue de la Terrasse, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Andranik Sarkissian
- Plasmionique Inc., 171-1650 Boul Lionel Boulet, Varennes, QC J3X1S2, Canada;
| | - Diego Mantovani
- Laboratory for Biomaterials and Bioengineering, (CRC-Tier I), Department of Min-Met-Materials Eng and Regenerative Medicine, CHU de Quebec, Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada (L.A.Y.-H.)
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2
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Brandelli A. Nanocomposites and their application in antimicrobial packaging. Front Chem 2024; 12:1356304. [PMID: 38469428 PMCID: PMC10925673 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2024.1356304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The advances in nanocomposites incorporating bioactive substances have the potential to transform the food packaging sector. Different nanofillers have been incorporated into polymeric matrixes to develop nanocomposite materials with improved mechanical, thermal, optical and barrier properties. Nanoclays, nanosilica, carbon nanotubes, nanocellulose, and chitosan/chitin nanoparticles have been successfully included into polymeric films, resulting in packaging materials with advanced characteristics. Nanostructured antimicrobial films have promising applications as active packaging in the food industry. Nanocomposite films containing antimicrobial substances such as essential oils, bacteriocins, antimicrobial enzymes, or metallic nanoparticles have been developed. These active nanocomposites are useful packaging materials to enhance food safety. Nanocomposites are promising materials for use in food packaging applications as practical and safe substitutes to the traditional packaging plastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Brandelli
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Applied Microbiology, Department of Food Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Center of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Machková A, Vaňková E, Obrová K, Fürhacker P, Košutová T, Lion T, Hanuš J, Scholtz V. Silver nanoparticles with plasma-polymerized hexamethyldisiloxane coating on 3D printed substrates are non-cytotoxic and effective against respiratory pathogens. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1217617. [PMID: 37637122 PMCID: PMC10450633 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1217617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the emerging resistance of microorganisms and viruses to conventional treatments, the importance of self-disinfecting materials is highly increasing. Such materials could be silver or its nanoparticles (AgNPs), both of which have been studied for their antimicrobial effect. In this study, we compared the biological effects of AgNP coatings with and without a plasma-polymerized hexamethyldisiloxane (ppHMDSO) protective film to smooth silver or copper coatings under three ambient conditions that mimic their potential medical use (dry or wet environments and an environment simulating the human body). The coatings were deposited on 3D printed polylactic acid substrates by DC magnetron sputtering, and their surface morphology was visualized using scanning electron microscopy. Cytotoxicity of the samples was evaluated using human lung epithelial cells A549. Furthermore, antibacterial activity was determined against the Gram-negative pathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 and antiviral activity was assessed using human rhinovirus species A/type 2. The obtained results showed that overcoating of AgNPs with ppHMDSO creates the material with antibacterial and antiviral activity and at the same time without a cytotoxic effect for the surrounding tissue cells. These findings suggest that the production of 3D printed substrates coated with a layer of AgNPs-ppHMDSO could have potential applications in the medical field as functional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Machková
- Department of Physics and Measurements, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Eva Vaňková
- Department of Physics and Measurements, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Klára Obrová
- St. Anna Children’s Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
| | - Paola Fürhacker
- St. Anna Children’s Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tereza Košutová
- Department of Macromolecular Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Thomas Lion
- St. Anna Children’s Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jan Hanuš
- Department of Macromolecular Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Vladimír Scholtz
- Department of Physics and Measurements, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague, Prague, Czechia
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4
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Gallingani T, Resca E, Dominici M, Gavioli G, Laurita R, Liguori A, Mari G, Ortolani L, Pericolini E, Sala A, Laghi G, Petrachi T, Arnauld GF, Accorsi L, Rizzoli R, Colombo V, Gherardi M, Veronesi E. A new strategy to prevent biofilm and clot formation in medical devices: The use of atmospheric non-thermal plasma assisted deposition of silver-based nanostructured coatings. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0282059. [PMID: 36812218 PMCID: PMC9946233 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0282059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In industrialized countries, health care associated infections, the fourth leading cause of disease, are a major health issue. At least half of all cases of nosocomial infections are associated with medical devices. Antibacterial coatings arise as an important approach to restrict the nosocomial infection rate without side effects and the development of antibiotic resistance. Beside nosocomial infections, clot formation affects cardiovascular medical devices and central venous catheters implants. In order to reduce and prevent such infection, we develop a plasma-assisted process for the deposition of nanostructured functional coatings on flat substrates and mini catheters. Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) are synthesized exploiting in-flight plasma-droplet reactions and are embedded in an organic coating deposited through hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDSO) plasma assisted polymerization. Coating stability upon liquid immersion and ethylene oxide (EtO) sterilization is assessed through chemical and morphological analysis carried out by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In the perspective of future clinical application, an in vitro analysis of anti-biofilm effect has been done. Moreover, we employed a murine model of catheter-associated infection which further highlighted the performance of Ag nanostructured films in counteract biofilm formation. The anti-clot performances coupled by haemo- and cytocompatibility assays have also been performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Gallingani
- Department of Industrial Engineering (DIN), Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elisa Resca
- Technopole “Mario Veronesi” (TPM), Mirandola, MO, Italy
| | - Massimo Dominici
- Technopole “Mario Veronesi” (TPM), Mirandola, MO, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University-Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | | | - Romolo Laurita
- Department of Industrial Engineering (DIN), Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Anna Liguori
- Department of Chemistry, Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giorgio Mari
- Technopole “Mario Veronesi” (TPM), Mirandola, MO, Italy
| | - Luca Ortolani
- IMM-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Bologna, Italy
| | - Eva Pericolini
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Dental and Morphological Sciences with interest in Transplant, Oncological and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Arianna Sala
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Dental and Morphological Sciences with interest in Transplant, Oncological and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Giulia Laghi
- Department of Industrial Engineering (DIN), Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Advanced Mechanics and Materials, Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (AMMICIR), Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | - Luca Accorsi
- Technopole “Mario Veronesi” (TPM), Mirandola, MO, Italy
| | - Rita Rizzoli
- IMM-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Bologna, Italy
| | - Vittorio Colombo
- Department of Industrial Engineering (DIN), Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Advanced Mechanics and Materials, Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (AMMICIR), Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Matteo Gherardi
- Department of Industrial Engineering (DIN), Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Advanced Mechanics and Materials, Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (AMMICIR), Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elena Veronesi
- Technopole “Mario Veronesi” (TPM), Mirandola, MO, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Gupta S, Datt R, Mishra A, Tsoi WC, Patra A, Bober P. Poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):Poly(styrene sulfonate) in antibacterial, tissue engineering and biosensors applications: Progress, challenges and perspectives. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sonal Gupta
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry Czech Academy of Sciences Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Ram Datt
- SPECIFIC, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University Swansea United Kingdom
| | - Anamika Mishra
- Advanced Materials and Devices Metrology Division CSIR‐National Physical Laboratory New Delhi India
| | - Wing Chung Tsoi
- SPECIFIC, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University Swansea United Kingdom
| | - Asit Patra
- Advanced Materials and Devices Metrology Division CSIR‐National Physical Laboratory New Delhi India
| | - Patrycja Bober
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry Czech Academy of Sciences Prague 6 Czech Republic
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6
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Low-Temperature Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Processes for the Deposition of Nanocomposite Coatings. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9112069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-temperature atmospheric pressure (AP) plasma technologies have recently proven to offer a range of interesting opportunities for the preparation of a variety of nanocomposite (NC) coatings with different chemical compositions, structures, and morphologies. Since the late 2000s, numerous strategies have been implemented for the deposition of this intriguing class of coatings by using both direct and remote AP plasma sources. Interestingly, considerable progress has been made in the development of aerosol-assisted deposition processes in which the use of either precursor solutions or nanoparticle dispersions in aerosol form allows greatly widening the range of constituents that can be combined in the plasma-deposited NC films. This review summarizes the research published on this topic so far and, specifically, aims to present a concise survey of the developed plasma processes, with particular focus on their optimization as well as on the structural and functional properties of the NC coatings to which they provide access. Current challenges and opportunities are also briefly discussed to give an outlook on possible future research directions.
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7
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Hybrid approaches coupling sol–gel and plasma for the deposition of oxide-based nanocomposite thin films: a review. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-021-04642-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractIn view of developing new materials with enhanced properties, such as nanocomposite (NC) thin films, special interest has been given in optimizing the deposition processes themselves. The latter, if well selected, could give the freedom to control the NCs synthesis and final properties. Attempting to overcome severe challenges observed when creating NC or oxide-based NC film, hybrid approaches combining injection of colloidal solutions and plasma processes have been proposed. This review focuses on oxide-based NCs, using as an example the TiO2 NPs and SiO2 matrix as NCs, while investigating their optical and dielectric properties. Additionally, this review presents the state-of-the-art in processes for the preparation of the NCs. The major categories of hybrid approaches coupling sol–gel and plasma processes are given. Finally, a comparative study among the published works is provided, aiming in highlighting the impact that each approach has on the physical and chemical characteristics of the produced NCs.
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8
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Wang L, Porto CL, Palumbo F, Modic M, Cvelbar U, Ghobeira R, De Geyter N, De Vrieze M, Kos Š, Serša G, Leys C, Nikiforov A. Synthesis of antibacterial composite coating containing nanocapsules in an atmospheric pressure plasma. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 119:111496. [PMID: 33321597 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Antibacterial coating is an important strategy preventing bacterial colonization and biofilm formation. One-step synthesis of nanocapsule-containing antibacterial coatings with controlled release of Ag+ ions was achieved in the current work by aerosol-assisted atmospheric pressure plasma deposition. The experimental parameters of deposition including the discharge power, silver nitrate concentration, aerosol flow rate, continuous and pulsed mode of operation were studied in order to analyze their effects on surface morphology and chemical composition of the coating. Formation of nanocapsules embedded in the polymeric coating was observed. A core-shell structure was found for nanocapsule with silver in the core and polymer in the shell. Antibacterial coatings on polyethylene terephthalate film were studied in terms of Ag+ ion release, antibacterial properties against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, and cytotoxicity with murine fibroblasts. Two-phase release kinetics of Ag+ ions was observed as initially a short-term burst release followed by a long-term slow release. It was revealed that high antibacterial efficiency of the coatings deposited on polyethylene terephthalate films can be coupled with low cytotoxicity. These biocompatible antibacterial coatings are very promising in different fields including biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Department of Applied Physics, Ghent University, Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat 41 B4, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Chiara Lo Porto
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Fabio Palumbo
- Institute of Nanotechnology, National Research Council of Italy, Department of Chemistry, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - Martina Modic
- Laboratory for Gaseous Electronics, Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Uroš Cvelbar
- Laboratory for Gaseous Electronics, Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Rouba Ghobeira
- Department of Applied Physics, Ghent University, Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat 41 B4, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nathalie De Geyter
- Department of Applied Physics, Ghent University, Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat 41 B4, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Špela Kos
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Zaloška cesta 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Serša
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Zaloška cesta 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Christophe Leys
- Department of Applied Physics, Ghent University, Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat 41 B4, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Anton Nikiforov
- Department of Applied Physics, Ghent University, Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat 41 B4, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Thukkaram M, Vaidulych M, Kylián O, Hanuš J, Rigole P, Aliakbarshirazi S, Asadian M, Nikiforov A, Van Tongel A, Biederman H, Coenye T, Du Laing G, Morent R, De Wilde L, Verbeken K, De Geyter N. Investigation of Ag/a-C:H Nanocomposite Coatings on Titanium for Orthopedic Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:23655-23666. [PMID: 32374146 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b23237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
One of the leading causes of failure for any bone implant is implant-associated infections. The implant-bone interface is in fact the crucial site of infection where both the microorganisms and cells compete to populate the newly introduced implant surface. Most of the work dealing with this issue has focused on the design of implant coatings capable of preventing infection while ignoring cell proliferation or vice versa. The present study is therefore focused on investigating the antibacterial and biological properties of nanocomposite coatings based on an amorphous hydrocarbon (a-C:H) matrix containing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). a-C:H coatings with varying silver concentrations were generated directly on medical grade titanium substrates using a combination of a gas aggregation source (GAS) and a plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PE-CVD) process. The obtained results revealed that the surface silver content increased from 1.3 at % to 5.3 at % by increasing the used DC magnetron current in the GAS from 200 to 500 mA. The in vitro antibacterial assays revealed that the nanocomposites with the highest number of silver content exhibited excellent antibacterial activities resulting in a 6-log reduction of Escherichia coli and a 4-log reduction of Staphylococcus aureus after 24 h of incubation. An MTT assay, fluorescence live/dead staining, and SEM microscopy observations of MC3T3 cells seeded on the uncoated and coated Ti substrates also showed that increasing the amount of AgNPs in the nanocomposites had no notable impact on their cytocompatibility, while improved cell proliferation was especially observed for the nanocomposites possessing a low amount of AgNPs. These controllable Ag/a-C:H nanocomposites on Ti substrates, which simultaneously provide an excellent antibacterial performance and good biocompatibility, could thus have promising applications in orthopedics and other biomedical implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Thukkaram
- Research Unit Plasma Technology (RUPT), Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Engineering & Architecture, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Mykhailo Vaidulych
- Department of Macromolecular Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Prague 116 36, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Kylián
- Department of Macromolecular Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Prague 116 36, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Hanuš
- Department of Macromolecular Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Prague 116 36, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Rigole
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Sheida Aliakbarshirazi
- Research Unit Plasma Technology (RUPT), Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Engineering & Architecture, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Mahtab Asadian
- Research Unit Plasma Technology (RUPT), Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Engineering & Architecture, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Anton Nikiforov
- Research Unit Plasma Technology (RUPT), Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Engineering & Architecture, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Alexander Van Tongel
- Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Hynek Biederman
- Department of Macromolecular Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Prague 116 36, Czech Republic
| | - Tom Coenye
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Gijs Du Laing
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Rino Morent
- Research Unit Plasma Technology (RUPT), Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Engineering & Architecture, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Lieven De Wilde
- Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Kim Verbeken
- Department of Materials, Textiles, and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Architecture, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Nathalie De Geyter
- Research Unit Plasma Technology (RUPT), Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Engineering & Architecture, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
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