1
|
郭 孟, 姚 开. [Research progress on the mechanism of -lactam resistance in group A Streptococci in vivo]. ZHONGGUO DANG DAI ER KE ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY PEDIATRICS 2024; 26:92-97. [PMID: 38269466 PMCID: PMC10817742 DOI: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2306157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
-lactams, including penicillin, have been used for over 80 years in the treatment of group A Streptococcus (GAS) infections. Although -lactam-resistant GAS strains have not been identified in vitro tests, clinical treatment failures have been reported since the 1950s. The mechanism underlying the clinical failure of -lactam treatment in GAS infections remains unclear. Previous research has suggested that -lactam resistance in GAS in vivo is associated with reduced drug susceptibility of strains, bacterial inoculation effects, biofilm formation, the effect of coexisting bacteria, bacterial persistence, and bacterial internalization into host cells. This article reviews the main reports on -lactam treatment failure in GAS infections and analyzes the possible mechanisms of -lactam resistance in vivo. The findings aim to contribute to future research and clinical approaches in the field.
Collapse
|
2
|
Vyas HK, Xia B, Alam D, Gracie NP, Rothwell JG, Rice SA, Carter D, Cullen PJ, Mai-Prochnow A. Plasma activated water as a pre-treatment strategy in the context of biofilm-infected chronic wounds. Biofilm 2023; 6:100154. [PMID: 37771391 PMCID: PMC10522953 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioflm.2023.100154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Healing and treatment of chronic wounds are often complicated due to biofilm formation by pathogens. Here, the efficacy of plasma activated water (PAW) as a pre-treatment strategy has been investigated prior to the application of topical antiseptics polyhexamethylene biguanide, povidone iodine, and MediHoney, which are routinely used to treat chronic wounds. The efficacy of this treatment strategy was determined against biofilms of Escherichia coli formed on a plastic substratum and on a human keratinocyte monolayer substratum used as an in vitro biofilm-skin epithelial cell model. PAW pre-treatment greatly increased the killing efficacy of all the three antiseptics to eradicate the E. coli biofilms formed on the plastic and keratinocyte substrates. However, the efficacy of the combined PAW-antiseptic treatment and single treatments using PAW or antiseptic alone was lower for biofilms formed in the in vitro biofilm-skin epithelial cell model compared to the plastic substratum. Scavenging assays demonstrated that reactive species present within the PAW were largely responsible for its anti-biofilm activity. PAW treatment resulted in significant intracellular reactive oxygen and nitrogen species accumulation within the E. coli biofilms, while also rapidly acting on the microbial membrane leading to outer membrane permeabilisation and depolarisation. Together, these factors contribute to significant cell death, potentiating the antibacterial effect of the assessed antiseptics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heema K.N. Vyas
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- The Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Binbin Xia
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David Alam
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nicholas P. Gracie
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Joanna G. Rothwell
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Scott A. Rice
- Agriculture and Food, Microbiomes for One Systems Health, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- The Australian Institute for Microbiology and Infection, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Dee Carter
- The Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Patrick J. Cullen
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anne Mai-Prochnow
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Vyas HKN, Xia B, Mai-Prochnow A. Clinically relevant in vitro biofilm models: A need to mimic and recapitulate the host environment. Biofilm 2022; 4:100069. [PMID: 36569981 PMCID: PMC9782257 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioflm.2022.100069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilm-associated infections are difficult to treat and eradicate because of their increased antimicrobial tolerance. In vitro biofilm models have enabled the high throughput testing of an array of differing novel antimicrobials and treatment strategies. However, biofilms formed in these oftentimes basic in vitro systems do not resemble biofilms seen in vivo. As a result, translatability from the lab to the clinic is poor or limited. To improve translatability, in vitro models must better recapitulate the host environment. This review describes and critically evaluates new and innovative in vitro models that better mimic the environments of a variety of clinically important, biofilm-associated infections of the skin, oropharynx, lungs, and infections related to indwelling implants and medical devices. This review highlights that many of these models represent considerable advances in the field of biofilm research and help to translate laboratory findings into the clinical practice.
Collapse
|
4
|
Buckley SJ, Harvey RJ. Lessons Learnt From Using the Machine Learning Random Forest Algorithm to Predict Virulence in Streptococcus pyogenes. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 11:809560. [PMID: 35004362 PMCID: PMC8739889 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.809560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Group A Streptococcus is a globally significant human pathogen. The extensive variability of the GAS genome, virulence phenotypes and clinical outcomes, render it an excellent candidate for the application of genotype-phenotype association studies in the era of whole-genome sequencing. We have catalogued the distribution and diversity of the transcription regulators of GAS, and employed phylogenetics, concordance metrics and machine learning (ML) to test for associations. In this review, we communicate the lessons learnt in the context of the recent bacteria genotype-phenotype association studies of others that have utilised both genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and ML. We envisage a promising future for the application GWAS in bacteria genotype-phenotype association studies and foresee the increasing use of ML. However, progress in this field is hindered by several outstanding bottlenecks. These include the shortcomings that are observed when GWAS techniques that have been fine-tuned on human genomes, are applied to bacterial genomes. Furthermore, there is a deficit of easy-to-use end-to-end workflows, and a lag in the collection of detailed phenotype and clinical genomic metadata. We propose a novel quality control protocol for the collection of high-quality GAS virulence phenotype coupled to clinical outcome data. Finally, we incorporate this protocol into a workflow for testing genotype-phenotype associations using ML and ‘linked’ patient-microbe genome sets that better represent the infection event.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sean J Buckley
- School of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, QLD, Australia
| | - Robert J Harvey
- School of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, QLD, Australia.,Sunshine Coast Health Institute, Birtinya, QLD, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Indraratna AD, Everest-Dass A, Skropeta D, Sanderson-Smith M. OUP accepted manuscript. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2022; 46:6519265. [PMID: 35104861 PMCID: PMC9075583 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuac001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Host carbohydrates, or glycans, have been implicated in the pathogenesis of many bacterial infections. Group A Streptococcus (GAS) is a Gram-positive bacterium that readily colonises the skin and oropharynx, and is a significant cause of mortality in humans. While the glycointeractions orchestrated by many other pathogens are increasingly well-described, the understanding of the role of human glycans in GAS disease remains incomplete. Although basic investigation into the mechanisms of GAS disease is ongoing, several glycointeractions have been identified and are examined herein. The majority of research in this context has focussed on bacterial adherence, however, glycointeractions have also been implicated in carbohydrate metabolism; evasion of host immunity; biofilm adaptations; and toxin-mediated haemolysis. The involvement of human glycans in these diverse avenues of pathogenesis highlights the clinical value of understanding glycointeractions in combatting GAS disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anuk D Indraratna
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Northfields Ave, Keiraville New South Wales 2522, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Keiraville, New South Wales, 2522, Australia
| | - Arun Everest-Dass
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Parklands Drive, Southport, Queensland, 4215, Australia
| | - Danielle Skropeta
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Northfields Ave, Keiraville New South Wales 2522, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Keiraville, New South Wales, 2522, Australia
| | - Martina Sanderson-Smith
- Corresponding author: Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Bld 32, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Keiraville, New South Wales, 2522, Australia. Tel: +61 2 42981935; E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Johnson AF, LaRock CN. Antibiotic Treatment, Mechanisms for Failure, and Adjunctive Therapies for Infections by Group A Streptococcus. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:760255. [PMID: 34803985 PMCID: PMC8601407 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.760255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Group A Streptococcus (GAS; Streptococcus pyogenes) is a nearly ubiquitous human pathogen responsible for a significant global disease burden. No vaccine exists, so antibiotics are essential for effective treatment. Despite a lower incidence of antimicrobial resistance than many pathogens, GAS is still a top 10 cause of death due to infections worldwide. The morbidity and mortality are primarily a consequence of the immune sequelae and invasive infections that are difficult to treat with antibiotics. GAS has remained susceptible to penicillin and other β-lactams, despite their widespread use for 80 years. However, the failure of treatment for invasive infections with penicillin has been consistently reported since the introduction of antibiotics, and strains with reduced susceptibility to β-lactams have emerged. Furthermore, isolates responsible for outbreaks of severe infections are increasingly resistant to other antibiotics of choice, such as clindamycin and macrolides. This review focuses on the challenges in the treatment of GAS infection, the mechanisms that contribute to antibiotic failure, and adjunctive therapeutics. Further understanding of these processes will be necessary for improving the treatment of high-risk GAS infections and surveillance for non-susceptible or resistant isolates. These insights will also help guide treatments against other leading pathogens for which conventional antibiotic strategies are increasingly failing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anders F Johnson
- Microbiology and Molecular Genetics Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Christopher N LaRock
- Microbiology and Molecular Genetics Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Emory Antibiotic Resistance Center, Atlanta, GA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Vyas HKN, McArthur JD, Sanderson-Smith ML. An optimised GAS-pharyngeal cell biofilm model. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8200. [PMID: 33859234 PMCID: PMC8050266 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87377-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Group A Streptococcus (GAS) causes 700 million infections and accounts for half a million deaths per year. Biofilm formation has been implicated in both pharyngeal and dermal GAS infections. In vitro, plate-based assays have shown that several GAS M-types form biofilms, and multiple GAS virulence factors have been linked to biofilm formation. Although the contributions of these plate-based studies have been valuable, most have failed to mimic the host environment, with many studies utilising abiotic surfaces. GAS is a human specific pathogen, and colonisation and subsequent biofilm formation is likely facilitated by distinct interactions with host tissue surfaces. As such, a host cell-GAS model has been optimised to support and grow GAS biofilms of a variety of GAS M-types. Improvements and adjustments to the crystal violet biofilm biomass assay have also been tailored to reproducibly detect delicate GAS biofilms. We propose 72 h as an optimal growth period for yielding detectable biofilm biomass. GAS biofilms formed are robust and durable, and can be reproducibly assessed via staining/washing intensive assays such as crystal violet with the aid of methanol fixation prior to staining. Lastly, SEM imaging of GAS biofilms formed by this model revealed GAS cocci chains arranged into three-dimensional aggregated structures with EPS matrix material. Taken together, we outline an efficacious GAS biofilm pharyngeal cell model that can support long-term GAS biofilm formation, with biofilms formed closely resembling those seen in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heema K N Vyas
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.,School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Jason D McArthur
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Martina L Sanderson-Smith
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia. .,School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|