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Sabry HA, Zahra MM. Icariin attenuates dopaminergic neural loss in haloperidol-induced Parkinsonism in rats via GSK-3β and tyrosine hydroxylase regulation mechanism. J Chem Neuroanat 2024; 136:102385. [PMID: 38160784 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2023.102385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's Disease (PD) is an age-dependent, incessant, dynamic neurodegenerative illness. In animal models, the administration of the dopaminergic D2 antagonist Haloperidol (HP) affects the nigrostriatal pathway, inducing catalepsy, a state of immobility like PD, bradykinesia, and akinesia. The present study investigated the neural effects of Icariin (ICA), a flavonoid derived from Herba Epimedii, against HP-induced PD in rats compared to a standard drug levodopa (L-DOPA). Twenty-four adult male rats were divided into 4 groups: the control group treated with vehicle, the 2nd group treated with HP intraperitoneally, the 3rd group treated with the same dose of HP+L-DOPA orally, and the 4th one, treated with the same dose of HP+ICA orally. All the groups were treated for fourteen consecutive days. Two days before the last dose, locomotor activity was assessed in open field and rotarod tasks. At the end of the experiment, the malondialdehyde, nitric oxide (NO), iron, glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK-3β), and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) contents, glutathione S-transferase, catalase, superoxide dismutase, activities were estimated in the midbrain. Also, cortex and midbrain monoamine contents (norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin) were determined. Moreover, the midbrain histopathology was detected in all treated groups. The results suggested that the neuroleptic effect of HP was completely improved by ICA. This improvement occurred by decreasing the neurotoxicity via lowering midbrain lipid peroxidation, NO, GSK-3β contents, increasing antioxidant biomarkers, TH, and recovering the treated groups' cortex and midbrain monoamines contents. In conclusion, this study suggests that ICA is a suitable treatment for Parkinson's induced by HP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hend A Sabry
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Women for Arts, Science and Education, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Mai M Zahra
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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Xue J, Tao K, Wang W, Wang X. What Can Inflammation Tell Us about Therapeutic Strategies for Parkinson's Disease? Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1641. [PMID: 38338925 PMCID: PMC10855787 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder with a complicated etiology and pathogenesis. α-Synuclein aggregation, dopaminergic (DA) neuron loss, mitochondrial injury, oxidative stress, and inflammation are involved in the process of PD. Neuroinflammation has been recognized as a key element in the initiation and progression of PD. In this review, we summarize the inflammatory response and pathogenic mechanisms of PD. Additionally, we describe the potential anti-inflammatory therapies, including nod-like receptor pyrin domain containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome inhibition, nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) inhibition, microglia inhibition, astrocyte inhibition, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase inhibition, the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) agonist, targeting the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, targeting the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-dependent pathway, targeting α-synuclein, targeting miRNA, acupuncture, and exercise. The review focuses on inflammation and will help in designing new prevention strategies for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsong Xue
- School of Biology, Food and Environment, Hefei University, Hefei 230601, China; (K.T.); (W.W.)
| | | | | | - Xiaofei Wang
- School of Biology, Food and Environment, Hefei University, Hefei 230601, China; (K.T.); (W.W.)
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Wang Y, Wang G, Liu Y, Yang F, Zhang H, Kong Y. Icaritin inhibits endometrial carcinoma cells by suppressing O-GlcNAcylation of FOXC1. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 120:155062. [PMID: 37683586 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.155062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Icaritin has a wide range of pharmacological activities, including significant an-titumor activity. However, the mechanism of action of icaritin in endometrial cancer (UCEC) remains unknown. FOX proteins are a highly conserved transcription factor superfamily that play important roles in epithelial cell differentiation, tumor metastasis, angiogenesis, and cell cycle regulation. FOXC1 is an important member of the FOX protein family. FOXC1 is aberrantly expressed in endometrial cancer and may play a role in the migration and invasion of endometrial cancer; however, its mechanism of action has not yet been reported. O-GlcNAc glycosylation is a common post-translational modification. In endometrial cancer, high levels of O-GlcNAcylation promote cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Cancer development is often accompanied by O-GlcNAc modification of proteins; however, O-GlcNAc modification of the transcription factor FOXC1 has not been reported to date. PURPOSE To investigate the inhibitory effects of icaritin on RL95-2 and Ishikawa endometrial cancer cells in vitro and in vivo and to elucidate the possible molecular mechanisms. METHODS/STUDY DESIGN CCK8, colony formation, migration, and invasion assays were used to determine the inhibitory effects of icaritin on endometrial cancer cells in vitro. Cell cycle regulation was assayed by flow cytometry. Protein levels were measured based on western blotting. The level of FOXC1 expression in endometrial cancer tissues was determined by immunohistochemistry. To assess whether icaritin also has activity in vivo, its effect on tumor xenografts was evaluated. RESULTS Immunohistochemical analysis of clinical samples revealed that FOXC1 expression was significantly higher in endometrial cancer tissues than in normal tissues. Downregulation of FOXC1 inhibited the proliferative, colony formation, migration, and invasive abilities of RL95-2 and Ishikawa endometrial cancer cells. Icaritin inhibited the proliferation, colony formation, migration, and invasion of endometrial cancer cells and blocked the cell cycle in S phase. Icaritin affected O-GlcNAc modification of FOXC1 and thus the stability of FOXC1, which subsequently triggered the inhibition of endometrial cancer cell proliferation. CONCLUSION The anti-endometrial cancer effect of icaritin is related to the inhibition of abnormal O-GlcNAc modification of FOXC1, which may provide an important theoretical foundation for the use of icaritin against endometrial cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Wang
- Institute of Neurology, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Command, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Dalian Medical University, Lvshun South Road #9, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, China
| | - Yingping Liu
- Dalian Medical University, Lvshun South Road #9, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, China
| | - Fangyu Yang
- Institute of Neurology, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Command, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Hongshuo Zhang
- Dalian Medical University, Lvshun South Road #9, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, China.
| | - Ying Kong
- Dalian Medical University, Lvshun South Road #9, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, China.
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Seong SH, Kim SH, Ryu JH, Jeong JW, Jung HA, Choi JS. Effects of Icariin and Its Metabolites on GPCR Regulation and MK-801-Induced Schizophrenia-Like Behaviors in Mice. Molecules 2023; 28:7300. [PMID: 37959720 PMCID: PMC10647531 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28217300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Icariin, a major bioactive compound found in the Epimedium genus, has been reported to exert protective effects against neurodegenerative disorders. In the current study, we aimed to investigate the regulatory effect of icariin and its active metabolites (icariside II and icaritin) against prime G-protein-coupled receptor targets, considering their association with neuronal disorders. Icariside II exhibited selective agonist activity towards the dopamine D3 receptor (D3R), with half-maximal effective concentrations of 13.29 μM. Additionally, they effectively inhibited the specific binding of radioligands to D3R. Molecular docking analysis revealed that icariside II potentially exerts its agonistic effect through hydrogen-bonding interaction with Asp110 of the D3R, accompanied by negative binding energy. Conversely, icaritin demonstrated selective antagonist effects on the muscarinic acetylcholine M2 receptor (M2R). Radioligand binding assay and molecular docking analysis identified icaritin as an orthosteric ligand for M2R. Furthermore, all three compounds, icariin and its two metabolites, successfully mitigated MK-801-induced schizophrenia-like symptoms, including deficits in prepulse inhibition and social interaction, in mice. In summary, these findings highlight the potential of icariin and its metabolites as promising lead structures for the discovery of new drugs targeting cognitive and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Hui Seong
- Division of Natural Products Research, Honam National Institute of Biological Resources, Mokpo 58762, Republic of Korea; (S.H.S.); (J.-W.J.)
| | - Seo Hyun Kim
- Division of Research Management, Honam National Institute of Biological Resources, Mokpo 58762, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jong Hoon Ryu
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jin-Woo Jeong
- Division of Natural Products Research, Honam National Institute of Biological Resources, Mokpo 58762, Republic of Korea; (S.H.S.); (J.-W.J.)
| | - Hyun Ah Jung
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Sue Choi
- Department of Food and Life Science, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
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Yang F, Wen H, Ma S, Chang Q, Pan R, Liu X, Liao Y. Icaritin Promotes Myelination by Simultaneously Enhancing the Proliferation and Differentiation of Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells. Molecules 2023; 28:5837. [PMID: 37570807 PMCID: PMC10421464 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28155837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Myelin repair, which is known as remyelination, is critical to the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, and myelination depends on not only the differentiation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells toward oligodendrocytes but also the renewal of oligodendrocyte precursor cells under pathological conditions. However, simultaneously promoting the differentiation and proliferation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells in lesions remains an unmet challenge and might affect demyelinating diseases. Kidney-tonifying herbs of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) are effective in improving the symptoms of degenerative patients. However, herbs or compounds with dual functions are unverified. The purpose of this study was to find a kidney-tonifying TCM that synchronously improved the differentiation and proliferation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells under pathological conditions. Compounds with dual functions were screened from highly frequently used kidney-tonifying TCM, and the effects of the obtained compound on remyelination were investigated in an in vitro oligodendrocyte precursor cell differentiation model under pathological conditions and in demyelinating mice in vivo. The compound icaritin, which is an active component of Yin-Yang-Huo (the leaves of Epimedium brevicornu Maxim), demonstrated multiple effects on the remyelination process, including enhancing oligodendrocyte precursor cell proliferation, facilitating the differentiation of neural progenitor cells toward oligodendrocyte precursor cells and further toward oligodendrocytes, and maturation of oligodendrocytes under corticosterone- or glutamate-induced pathological conditions. Importantly, icaritin effectively rescued behavioral functions and increased the formation of myelin in a cuprizone-induced demyelination mouse model. The multiple effects of icaritin make it a promising lead compound for remyelination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine (Ministry of Education), Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 151 Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China; (F.Y.); (H.W.); (S.M.); (Q.C.); (R.P.)
| | - Han Wen
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine (Ministry of Education), Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 151 Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China; (F.Y.); (H.W.); (S.M.); (Q.C.); (R.P.)
| | - Siqi Ma
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine (Ministry of Education), Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 151 Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China; (F.Y.); (H.W.); (S.M.); (Q.C.); (R.P.)
| | - Qi Chang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine (Ministry of Education), Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 151 Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China; (F.Y.); (H.W.); (S.M.); (Q.C.); (R.P.)
| | - Ruile Pan
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine (Ministry of Education), Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 151 Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China; (F.Y.); (H.W.); (S.M.); (Q.C.); (R.P.)
| | - Xinmin Liu
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, No. 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo 315211, China;
| | - Yonghong Liao
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine (Ministry of Education), Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 151 Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China; (F.Y.); (H.W.); (S.M.); (Q.C.); (R.P.)
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Cheng YJ, Fan F, Zhang Z, Zhang HJ. Lipid metabolism in malignant tumor brain metastasis: reprogramming and therapeutic potential. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2023; 27:861-878. [PMID: 37668244 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2023.2255377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Brain metastasis is a highly traumatic event in the progression of malignant tumors, often symbolizing higher mortality. Metabolic alterations are hallmarks of cancer, and the mask of lipid metabolic program rearrangement in cancer progression is gradually being unraveled. AREAS COVERED In this work, we reviewed clinical and fundamental studies related to lipid expression and activity changes in brain metastases originating from lung, breast, and cutaneous melanomas, respectively. Novel roles of lipid metabolic reprogramming in the development of brain metastasis from malignant tumors were identified and its potential as a therapeutic target was evaluated. Published literature and clinical studies in databases consisting of PubMed, Embase, Scopus and www.ClinicalTrials.gov from 1990 to 2022 were searched. EXPERT OPINION Lipid metabolic reprogramming in brain metastasis is involved in de novo lipid synthesis within low lipid availability environments, regulation of lipid uptake and storage, metabolic interactions between brain tumors and the brain microenvironment, and membrane lipid remodeling, in addition to being a second messenger for signal transduction. Although some lipid metabolism modulators work efficiently in preclinical models, there is still a long way to go from laboratory to clinic. This area of research holds assurance for the organ-targeted treatment of brain metastases through drug-regulated metabolic targets and dietary interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Jie Cheng
- Department of Oncology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Fengxian District Central Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Fan Fan
- Department of Oncology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Jun Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
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Huong NT, Son NT. Icaritin: A phytomolecule with enormous pharmacological values. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2023:113772. [PMID: 37356700 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2023.113772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacological studies on flavonoids have always drawn much interest for many years. Icaritin (ICT), a representative flavone containing an 8-prenyl group, is a principal compound detected in medicinal plants of the genus Epimedum, the family Berberidaceae. Experimental results in the phytochemistry and pharmacology of this molecule are abundant now, but a deep overview has not been carried out. The goal of this review is to provide an insight into the natural observation, biosynthesis, biotransformation, synthesis, pharmacology, and pharmacokinetics of prenyl flavone ICT. The relevant data on ICT was collected from bibliographic sources, like Google Scholar, Web of Science, Sci-Finder, and various published journals. "Icaritin" alone or in combination is the main keyword to seek for references, and references have been updated till now. ICT is among the characteristic phytomolecules of Epimedum plants. Bacteria monitored its biosynthesis and biotransformation, while this agent was rapidly synthesized from phloroglucinol by microwave-assistance Claisen rearrangement. ICT is a potential agent in numerous in vitro and in vivo pharmacological records, which demonstrated its role in cancer treatments via apoptotic-related mechanisms. It also brings in various health benefits since it reduced harmful effects on the liver, lung, heart, bone, blood, and skin, and improved immune responses. Pharmacokinetic outcomes indicated that its metabolic pathway involved hydration, hydroxylation, dehydrogenation, glycosylation, and glucuronidation. Molecule mechanisms of action at a cellular level are predominant, but clinical studies are expected to get more. Structure-activity relationship records seem insufficient, and the studies on nano-combined approaches to improve its soluble property in living bodied medium are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Thi Huong
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Hanoi University of Industry, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Ninh The Son
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Caugiay, Hanoi, Viet Nam.
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He T, Lin X, Su A, Zhang Y, Xing Z, Mi L, Wei T, Li Z, Wu W. Mitochondrial dysfunction-targeting therapeutics of natural products in Parkinson's disease. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1117337. [PMID: 37234707 PMCID: PMC10206024 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1117337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD), the second most common neurodegenerative disease worldwide, often occurs in middle-aged and elderly individuals. The pathogenesis of PD is complex and includes mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress. Recently, natural products with multiple structures and their bioactive components have become one of the most important resources for small molecule PD drug research targeting mitochondrial dysfunction. Multiple lines of studies have proven that natural products display ameliorative benefits in PD treatment by regulating mitochondrial dysfunction. Therefore, a comprehensive search of recent published articles between 2012 and 2022 in PubMed, Web of Science, Elesvier, Wliey and Springer was carried out, focusing on original publications related to natural products against PD by restoring mitochondrial dysfunction. This paper presented the mechanisms of various kinds of natural products on PD-related mitochondrial dysfunction regulation and provided evidence that natural products are promising to be developed as drugs for PD therapeutics.
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Sun C, Cao N, Wang Q, Liu N, Yang T, Li S, Pan L, Yao J, Zhang L, Liu M, Zhang G, Xiao X, Liu C. Icaritin induces resolution of inflammation by targeting cathepsin B to prevents mice from ischemia-reperfusion injury. Int Immunopharmacol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.109850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
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Li J, Shen S, Liu Z, Zhao H, Liu S, Liu Q, Yao GD, Song SJ. Synthesis and Structure-Activity Analysis of Icaritin Derivatives as Potential Tumor Growth Inhibitors of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2023; 86:290-306. [PMID: 36745506 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.2c00908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The prenylated flavonoid icaritin (ICT, 1), a new drug for treating advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), was selected as a template to develop more potent inhibitors. An initial semisynthetic modification of ICT was performed to obtain a structure-activity relationship (SAR), which indicated that the cytotoxicity is enhanced by OH-3 rhamnosylation and that OH-7 is an important modification site. Based on the results of the SAR study, 46 N-containing ICT derivatives were synthesized and evaluated as the anti-HCC inhibitors. The results showed that most of the derivatives produced inhibited three HCC cell lines used (Hep3B, HepG2 and SMMC-7721). The modification strategy was validated by 3D-QSAR, which provided information for the further design and optimization of ICT. The most potent compound, 11c, exhibited IC50 values of 7.6 and 3.1 μM against HepG2 and SMMC-7721 cells, respectively, which were more potent than those of ICT and sorafenib, respectively. Further mechanistic studies indicated that 11c caused arrest at the G0/G1 phase in the cell cycle and induced cell apoptosis in HepG2 and SMMC-7721 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jichong Li
- Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development, Liaoning Province, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Shen
- Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development, Liaoning Province, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Zijian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development, Liaoning Province, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongwei Zhao
- Jilin Yizheng Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Siping, Jilin Province136001, People's Republic of China
| | - Siyang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development, Liaoning Province, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingbo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development, Liaoning Province, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
- Jilin Yizheng Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Siping, Jilin Province136001, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-Dong Yao
- Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development, Liaoning Province, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Shao-Jiang Song
- Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development, Liaoning Province, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
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Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Flavonoids in Common Neurological Disorders Associated with Aging. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054297. [PMID: 36901731 PMCID: PMC10001833 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging reduces homeostasis and contributes to increasing the risk of brain diseases and death. Some of the principal characteristics are chronic and low-grade inflammation, a general increase in the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, and inflammatory markers. Aging-related diseases include focal ischemic stroke and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Flavonoids are the most common class of polyphenols and are abundantly found in plant-based foods and beverages. A small group of individual flavonoid molecules (e.g., quercetin, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, and myricetin) has been used to explore the anti-inflammatory effect in vitro studies and in animal models of focal ischemic stroke and AD and PD, and the results show that these molecules reduce the activated neuroglia and several proinflammatory cytokines, and also, inactivate inflammation and inflammasome-related transcription factors. However, the evidence from human studies has been limited. In this review article, we highlight the evidence that individual natural molecules can modulate neuroinflammation in diverse studies from in vitro to animal models to clinical studies of focal ischemic stroke and AD and PD, and we discuss future areas of research that can help researchers to develop new therapeutic agents.
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Tang Y, Sun L, Zhao Y, Yao J, Feng Z, Liu Z, Zhang G, Sun C. UHPLC-ESI-QE-Orbitrap-MS based metabolomics reveals the antioxidant mechanism of icaritin on mice with cerebral ischemic reperfusion. PeerJ 2023; 11:e14483. [PMID: 36643627 PMCID: PMC9838208 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Icaritin (ICT) has been previously demonstrated to display protective effects against cerebral ischemic reperfusion (I/R) by inhibiting oxidative stress, but the mechanism remains unclear. This study aimed to explore the mechanism from the perspective of metabolomics. Methods A mice cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) model was explored to mimic cerebral ischemic reperfusion and protective effect of ICT was assessed by neurologic deficit scoring, infarct volume and brain water content. Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization orbitrap tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI-QE-Orbitrap-MS) based metabolomic was performed to explore potential biomarkers. Brain tissue metabolic profiles were analyzed and metabolic biomarkers were identified through multivariate data analysis. The protein levels of Nrf2, HO-1 and HQO1 were assayed by western blot. The release of malondialdehyde (MDA) and the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and catalase (CAT) were detected using corresponding assay kits. Results The results showed that after ICT treatment, the neurological deficit, cerebral infarction area, brain edema and the level of MDA in brain tissue of MCAO/R mice were significantly reduced. Meanwhile, ICT enhanced the activity of SOD, CAT and GSH-Px. Western blot results confirmed that ICT up-regulated the protein levels of antioxidant-related protein including Nrf2, HO-1 and NQO1. According to the metabolomic profiling of brain tissues, clear separations were observed among the Sham, Model and ICT groups. A total of 44 biomarkers were identified, and the identified biomarkers were mainly related to linoleic acid metabolism, arachidonic acid metabolism, alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism, arginine biosynthesis, arginine and proline metabolism, D-glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism, taurine and hypotaurine metabolism and purine metabolism, respectively. At the same time, the inhibitory effect of ICT on arachidonic acid and linoleic acid in brain tissue, as well as the promoting effect on taurine, GABA, NAAG, may be the key factors for the anti-neurooxidative function of mice after MCAO/R injury. Conclusion Our results demonstrate that ICT has benefits for MCAO/R injury, which are partially related to the suppression of oxidative stress via stimulating the Nrf2 signaling and regulating the production of arachidonic acid, linoleic acid, taurine, GABA, NAAG in brain tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfeng Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Generic Manufacture Technology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co. Ltd., Linyi, Shandong Province, China
| | - Lixin Sun
- Linyi Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Linyi, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Generic Manufacture Technology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co. Ltd., Linyi, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jingchun Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Generic Manufacture Technology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co. Ltd., Linyi, Shandong Province, China
| | - Zhong Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Generic Manufacture Technology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co. Ltd., Linyi, Shandong Province, China,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Generic Manufacture Technology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co. Ltd., Linyi, Shandong Province, China
| | - Guimin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Generic Manufacture Technology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co. Ltd., Linyi, Shandong Province, China
| | - Chenghong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Generic Manufacture Technology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co. Ltd., Linyi, Shandong Province, China
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13
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Lu Y, Luo Q, Jia X, Tam JP, Yang H, Shen Y, Li X. Multidisciplinary strategies to enhance therapeutic effects of flavonoids from Epimedii Folium: Integration of herbal medicine, enzyme engineering, and nanotechnology. J Pharm Anal 2022; 13:239-254. [PMID: 37102112 PMCID: PMC10123947 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2022.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids such as baohuoside I and icaritin are the major active compounds in Epimedii Folium (EF) and possess excellent therapeutic effects on various diseases. Encouragingly, in 2022, icaritin soft capsules were approved to reach the market for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) by National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) of China. Moreover, recent studies demonstrate that icaritin can serve as immune-modulating agent to exert anti-tumor effects. Nonetheless, both production efficiency and clinical applications of epimedium flavonoids have been restrained because of their low content, poor bioavailability, and unfavorable in vivo delivery efficiency. Recently, various strategies, including enzyme engineering and nanotechnology, have been developed to increase productivity and activity, improve delivery efficiency, and enhance therapeutic effects of epimedium flavonoids. In this review, the structure-activity relationship of epimedium flavonoids is described. Then, enzymatic engineering strategies for increasing the productivity of highly active baohuoside I and icaritin are discussed. The nanomedicines for overcoming in vivo delivery barriers and improving therapeutic effects of various diseases are summarized. Finally, the challenges and an outlook on clinical translation of epimedium flavonoids are proposed.
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14
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Chen Y, Peng F, Xing Z, Chen J, Peng C, Li D. Beneficial effects of natural flavonoids on neuroinflammation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1006434. [PMID: 36353622 PMCID: PMC9638012 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1006434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is the fundamental immune response against multiple factors in the central nervous system and is characterized by the production of inflammatory mediators, activated microglia and astrocytes, and the recruitment of innate and adaptive immune cells to inflammatory sites, that contributes to the pathological process of related brain diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, depression, and stroke. Flavonoids, as a species of important natural compounds, have been widely revealed to alleviate neuroinflammation by inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory mediators, elevating the secretion of anti-inflammatory factors, and modulating the polarization of microglia and astrocyte, mainly via suppressing the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome, as well as NF-κB, MAPK, and JAK/STAT pathways, promoting Nrf2, AMPK, BDNF/CREB, Wnt/β-Catenin, PI3k/Akt signals and SIRT1-mediated HMGB1 deacetylation. This review will provide the latest and comprehensive knowledge on the therapeutic benefits and mechanisms of natural flavonoids in neuroinflammation, and the natural flavonoids might be developed into food supplements or lead compounds for neuroinflammation-associated brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Fu Peng
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ziwei Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Junren Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Cheng Peng, ; Dan Li,
| | - Dan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Cheng Peng, ; Dan Li,
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15
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Chen W, Liu H, Liu S, Kang Y, Nie Z, Lei H. Altered prefrontal neurochemistry in the DJ-1 knockout mouse model of Parkinson's disease: complementary semi-quantitative analyses with in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy and MALDI-MSI. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:7977-7987. [PMID: 36208327 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04341-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) are two semi-quantitative analytical methods commonly used in neurochemical research. In this study, the two methods were used complementarily, in parallel, to investigate neurochemical perturbations in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) of 9-month-old DJ-1 knockout mice, a well-established transgenic model for Parkinson's diseases. Convergingly, the results obtained with the two methods demonstrated that, compared with the wild-type (WT) mice, the DJ-1 knockout mice had significantly increased glutathione (GSH) level and GSH/glutamate (Glu) ratio in the mPFC, which likely presented an astrocytic compensatory mechanism in response to elevated regional oxidative stress induced by the loss of DJ-1 function. The results from this study also highlighted (1) the need to be cautious when interpreting the in vivo 1H-MRS results obtained from aged transgenic animals, in which the concentration of internal reference, being whether water or total creatine, could no longer be assumed to be the same as that in the age-matched WT animals, and (2) the necessity and importance of complementary analyses with more than one method under such circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 30# Xiaohongshan West, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Huihui Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongguancun North First, Street 2, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Sijie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 30# Xiaohongshan West, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 30# Xiaohongshan West, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Zongxiu Nie
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China. .,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongguancun North First, Street 2, Beijing, 100190, China.
| | - Hao Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 30# Xiaohongshan West, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, People's Republic of China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China.
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16
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Wu CT, Yang TH, Chen MC, Guan SS, Chen CM, Liu SH. Therapeutic Effect of Icaritin on Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion-Induced Senescence and Apoptosis in an Acute Ischemic Stroke Mouse Model. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27185783. [PMID: 36144517 PMCID: PMC9500895 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27185783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
An ischemic stroke is brain damage caused by interruption of blood supply to the brain that can cause death and long-term disability. New medical strategies or therapies are urgently needed for ischemic stroke. Icaritin (ICT) is a metabolite of icariin (ICA), which are two active flavonoid components extracted from Herba epimedii and considered neuroprotective agents in animal models of Alzheimer’s disease and ischemic stroke. The therapeutic effect of ICT on ischemic still remains to be clarified. The aim of this study was to investigate the therapeutic effect of ICT on cerebral ischemia-reperfusion-associated senescence and apoptosis in a middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) mouse model (ischemia for 50 min and reperfusion for 24 h). Administration of ICT after ischemia significantly reduced MCAO-induced neurological damage, infarct volume, and histopathological changes in the brain of acute ischemic stroke mice. ICT treatment could also reduce neuronal apoptosis and senescence and reversed the expression of apoptosis- and senescence-related signaling proteins. These findings suggest that ICT may have therapeutic potential to ameliorate acute ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Tien Wu
- Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan
- Master Program for Food and Drug Safety, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Hua Yang
- Department of Otolaryngology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10051, Taiwan
| | - Man-Chih Chen
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10051, Taiwan
| | - Siao-Syun Guan
- Institute of Nuclear Energy Research, Atomic Energy Council, Taoyuan 32546, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Mu Chen
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine and Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10051, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-M.C.); (S.-H.L.)
| | - Shing-Hwa Liu
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10051, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine and Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10051, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-M.C.); (S.-H.L.)
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17
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Oh KK, Choi YR, Gupta H, Ganesan R, Sharma SP, Won SM, Jeong JJ, Lee SB, Cha MG, Kwon GH, Kim DJ, Suk KT. Identification of Gut Microbiome Metabolites via Network Pharmacology Analysis in Treating Alcoholic Liver Disease. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:3253-3266. [PMID: 35877448 PMCID: PMC9316215 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44070224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is linked to a broad spectrum of diseases, including diabetes, hypertension, atherosclerosis, and even liver carcinoma. The ALD spectrum includes alcoholic fatty liver disease (AFLD), alcoholic hepatitis, and cirrhosis. Most recently, some reports demonstrated that the pathogenesis of ALD is strongly associated with metabolites of human microbiota. AFLD was the onset of disease among ALDs, the initial cause of which is alcohol consumption. Thus, we analyzed the significant metabolites of microbiota against AFLD via the network pharmacology concept. The metabolites from microbiota were retrieved by the gutMGene database; sequentially, AFLD targets were identified by public databases (DisGeNET, OMIM). The final targets were utilized for protein–protein interaction (PPI) networks and signaling pathway analyses. Then, we performed a molecular docking test (MDT) to verify the affinity between metabolite(s) and target(s) utilizing the Autodock 1.5.6 tool. From a holistic viewpoint, we integrated the relationships of microbiota-signaling pathways-targets-metabolites (MSTM) using the R Package. We identified the uppermost six key targets (TLR4, RELA, IL6, PPARG, COX-2, and CYP1A2) against AFLD. The PPI network analysis revealed that TLR4, RELA, IL6, PPARG, and COX-2 had equivalent degrees of value (4); however, CYP1A2 had no associations with the other targets. The bubble chart showed that the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway in nine signaling pathways might be the most significant mechanism with antagonistic functions in the treatment of AFLD. The MDT confirmed that Icaritin is a promising agent to bind stably to RELA (known as NF-Κb). In parallel, Bacterium MRG-PMF-1, the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, RELA, and Icaritin were the most significant components against AFLD in MSTM networks. In conclusion, we showed that the Icaritin–RELA complex on the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway by bacterial MRG-PMF-1 might have promising therapeutic effects against AFLD, providing crucial evidence for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ki-Tae Suk
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-10-5365-5700; Fax: +82-033-248-3481
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18
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Chemical Composition and Potential Properties in Mental Illness (Anxiety, Depression and Insomnia) of Agarwood Essential Oil: A Review. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27144528. [PMID: 35889407 PMCID: PMC9319747 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
As a valuable medicinal herb and spice, agarwood is widely used in the fields of daily chemistry, traditional medicine, religion and literary collection. It mainly contains sesquiterpenes and 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromones, which are often used to soothe the body and mind, relieve anxiety, act as an antidepressant and treat insomnia and other mental disorders, presenting a good calming effect. This paper reviews the chemical composition of the essential oils of different sources of agarwood, as well as the progress of research on the sedative and tranquilizing pharmacological activity and mechanism of action of agarwood essential oil (AEO), and then analyzes the current problems of AEO research and its application prospects in the treatment of mental diseases.
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19
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Bi Z, Zhang W, Yan X. Anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory effects of icariin and icaritin. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 151:113180. [PMID: 35676785 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation and immunity dysregulation have received widespread attention in recent years due to their occurrence in the pathophysiology of many conditions. In this regard, several pharmacological studies have been conducted aiming to evaluate the potential anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of phytochemicals. Epimedium, a traditional Chinese medicine, is often used as a tonic, aphrodisiac, and anti-rheumatic agent. Icariin (ICA) is the main active ingredient of Epimedium and is, once ingested, mainly metabolized into Icaritin (ICT). Data from in vitro and in vivo studies suggested that ICA and its metabolite (ICT) regulated the functions and activation of immune cells, modulated the release of inflammatory factors, and restored aberrant signaling pathways. ICA and ICT were also involved in anti-inflammatory and immune responses in several diseases, including multiple sclerosis, asthma, atherosclerosis, lupus nephritis, inflammatory bowel diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, and cancer. Yet, data showed that ICA and ICT exhibited similar but not identical pharmacokinetic properties. Therefore, based on their higher solubility and bioavailability, as well as trends indicating that single-ingredient compounds offer broader and safer therapeutic capabilities, ICA and ICT delivery systems and treatment represent interesting avenues with promising clinical applications. In this study, we reviewed the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory mechanisms, as well as the pharmacokinetic properties of ICA and its metabolite ICT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangyang Bi
- Traditional Chinese Medicine College of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Pneumology, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaoyan Yan
- Department of Health Care, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China.
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20
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Yang C, Jin YY, Mei J, Hu D, Jiao X, Che HL, Tang CL, Zhang Y, Wu GS. Identification of icaritin derivative IC2 as an SCD-1 inhibitor with anti-breast cancer properties through induction of cell apoptosis. Cancer Cell Int 2022; 22:202. [PMID: 35642041 PMCID: PMC9153146 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-022-02621-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Breast cancer is the most common malignancy affecting women, yet effective targets and related candidate compounds for breast cancer treatment are still lacking. The lipogenic enzyme, stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD1), has been considered a potential target for breast cancer treatment. Icaritin (ICT), a prenylflavonoid derivative from the Traditional Chinese Medicine Epimedii Herba, has been reported to exert anticancer effects in various types of cancer. The purpose of the present study was to explore the effect of the new ICT derivative, IC2, targeting SCD1 on breast cancer cells and to explore the specific mechanism. Methods Immunohistochemistry and semiquantitative evaluation were performed to detect the expression level of SCD1 in normal and tumor samples. Computer-aided drug design (CADD) technology was used to target SCD1 by molecular docking simulation, and several new ICT derivatives were prepared by conventional chemical synthesis. Cell viability was evaluated by an MTT assay and dead cell staining. SCD1 expression in cancer cells was determined by Western blot and qRT-PCR analyses. The enzymatic activity of SCD1 was evaluated by detecting the conversion rate of [d31] palmitic acid (PA) using Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS). DAPI staining, flow cytometry and Western blot were used to detect cell apoptosis. Mitochondrial membrane potential and reactive oxygen species (ROS) assays were used to determine cell mitochondrial function. Lentiviral transduction was utilized to generate SCD1-overexpressing cell lines. Results We found that SCD1 was overexpressed and correlated with poor prognosis in breast cancer patients. Among a series of ICT derivatives, in vitro data showed that IC2 potentially inhibited the viability of breast cancer cells, and the mechanistic study revealed that IC2 treatment resulted in ROS activation and cellular apoptosis. We demonstrated that IC2 inhibited SCD1 activity and expression in breast cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, SCD1 overexpression alleviated IC2-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis in breast cancer cells. Conclusions The new ICT derivative, IC2, was developed to induce breast cancer cell apoptosis by inhibiting SCD1, which provides a basis for the development of IC2 as a potential clinical compound for breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yang
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yi-Yuan Jin
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214000, Jiangsu, China.,Taizhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Taizhou, 318000, China
| | - Jie Mei
- Department of Oncology, Wuxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214000, China.,Wuxi Clinical Medical College, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214000, China
| | - Die Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou, 213164, China
| | - Xiaoyu Jiao
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214000, China
| | - Hui-Lian Che
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chun-Lei Tang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214000, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Wuxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214000, China
| | - Guo-Sheng Wu
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214000, Jiangsu, China.
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21
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Tu S, Mao D, Shi M, Zhang H, Liu C, Li X, Zhao Y, Chen Y, Liu Y. Icaritin ameliorates extracellular microparticles‐induced inflammatory pre‐metastatic niche via modulating the
cGAS‐STING
signaling. Phytother Res 2022; 36:2127-2142. [PMID: 35257426 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shumei Tu
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing China
- Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine Nanjing China
| | - Dengxuan Mao
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing China
- Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine Nanjing China
| | - Mengxin Shi
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing China
- Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine Nanjing China
| | - Huangqin Zhang
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing China
- Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine Nanjing China
| | - Congyan Liu
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing China
- Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine Nanjing China
| | - Xiaoqi Li
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing China
- Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine Nanjing China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing China
| | - Yan Chen
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing China
- Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine Nanjing China
| | - Yuping Liu
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing China
- Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine Nanjing China
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22
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Theofanous T, Kourti M. Abrogating Oxidative Stress as a Therapeutic Strategy against Parkinson’s Disease: A Mini Review of the Recent Advances on Natural Therapeutic Antioxidant and Neuroprotective Agents. Med Chem 2022; 18:772-783. [DOI: 10.2174/1573406418666220304222401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a vital role in cell signaling when maintained at low concentrations. However, when ROS production exceeds the neutralizing capacity of endogenous antioxidants, oxidative stress is observed, which has been shown to contribute to neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease (PD). PD is a progressive disorder characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons from the striatum, which leads to motor and nonmotor symptoms. Although the complex interplay of mechanisms responsible are yet to be fully understood, oxidative stress was found to be positively associated with PD. Despite active research, currently proposed regimens mainly focus on regulating dopamine metabolism within the brain, even though these treatments have shown limited long-term efficacy and several side effects. Due to the implication of oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of PD, natural antioxidant compounds have attracted interest as potential therapeutics over the last years, with a more favorable anticipated safety profile due to their natural origin. Therefore, natural antioxidants are currently being explored as promising anti-PD agents.
Objective:
In this mini review, emphasis was given to presently studied natural antioxidant and neuroprotective agents that have shown positive results in PD animal models.
Methods:
For this purpose, recent scientific articles were reviewed and discussed, with the aim to highlight the most up-to-date advances on PD treatment strategies related to oxidative stress.
Results:
A plethora of natural compounds are actively being explored against PD, including kaemferol, icaritin, artemisinin, and α-bisabolol, with promising results. Most of these compounds have shown adequate neuroprotective ability along with redox balance restoration, normalized mitochondrial function and limitation of the oxidative damage.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, natural antioxidants may be the way forward to novel treatments against PD, when the limitations of correct dosing and appropriate combinations are resolved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Malamati Kourti
- Angiogenesis and Cancer Drug discovery group, Basic and Translational Cancer Research Centre, Department of Life Sciences, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, 2404, Cyprus
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23
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Que R, Zheng J, Chang Z, Zhang W, Li H, Xie Z, Huang Z, Wang HT, Xu J, Jin D, Yang W, Tan EK, Wang Q. Dl-3-n-Butylphthalide Rescues Dopaminergic Neurons in Parkinson's Disease Models by Inhibiting the NLRP3 Inflammasome and Ameliorating Mitochondrial Impairment. Front Immunol 2021; 12:794770. [PMID: 34925379 PMCID: PMC8671881 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.794770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neuroinflammation and mitochondrial impairment play important roles in the neuropathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease (PD). The activation of NLRP3 inflammasome and the accumulation of α-synuclein (α-Syn) are strictly correlated to neuroinflammation. Therefore, the regulation of NLRP3 inflammasome activation and α-Syn aggregation might have therapeutic potential. It has been indicated that Dl-3-n-butylphthalide (NBP) produces neuroprotection against some neurological diseases such as ischemic stroke. We here intended to explore whether NBP suppressed NLRP3 inflammasome activation and reduced α-Syn aggregation, thus protecting dopaminergic neurons against neuroinflammation. Methods In our study, we established a MPTP-induced mouse model and 6-OHDA-induced SH-SY5Y cell model to examine the neuroprotective actions of NBP. We then performed behavioral tests to examine motor dysfunction in MPTP-exposed mice after NBP treatment. Western blotting, immunofluorescence staining, flow cytometry and RT-qPCR were conducted to investigate the expression of NLRP3 inflammasomes, neuroinflammatory cytokines, PARP1, p-α-Syn, and markers of microgliosis and astrogliosis. Results The results showed that NBP exerts a neuroprotective effect on experimental PD models. In vivo, NBP ameliorated behavioral impairments and reduced dopaminergic neuron loss in MPTP-induced mice. In vitro, treatment of SH-SY5Y cells with 6-OHDA (100uM,24 h) significantly decreased cell viability, increased intracellular ROS production, and induced apoptosis, while pretreatment with 5uM NBP could alleviated 6-OHDA-induced cytotoxicity, ROS production and cell apoptosis to some extent. Importantly, both in vivo and in vitro, NBP suppressed the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and the aggregation of α-Syn, thus inhibited neuroinflammation ameliorated mitochondrial impairments. Conclusions In summary, NBP rescued dopaminergic neurons by reducing NLRP3 inflammasome activation and ameliorating mitochondrial impairments and increases in p-α-Syn levels. This current study may provide novel neuroprotective mechanisms of NBP as a potential therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongfang Que
- Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jialing Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zihan Chang
- Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenjie Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hualing Li
- Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenchao Xie
- Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zifeng Huang
- Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hai-Tao Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiangping Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dana Jin
- College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Wanlin Yang
- Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Eng-King Tan
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Neurology, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Wyse RK, Stott SRW, Mursaleen L, Matthews H, Dawson VL, Dawson TM. Waiting for PARIS-A Biological Target in Search of a Drug. JOURNAL OF PARKINSONS DISEASE 2021; 12:95-103. [PMID: 34744054 PMCID: PMC8842778 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-212945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A recent breakthrough paper published in Science Translational Medicine has provided compelling evidence that inhibition of Parkin Interacting Substrate (PARIS) may offer clinical researchers an important new therapeutic approach since it shows considerable promise as an important biological target potentially capable of pharmaceutical intervention to slow long term neurodegeneration in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). We present several PD-relevant perspectives on this paper that were not discussed in that otherwise entirely scientific narrative. We also outline the some of the work leading up to it, including the massive drug screen that proved necessary to discover a clinically suitable inhibitor of PARIS (Farnesol), as well as relevant PD research within the wider drug class, issues surrounding its future formulation, and next steps in translating this new knowledge into the clinic to evaluate possible long-term PD patient benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Valina L Dawson
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ted M Dawson
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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25
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Identification of Potential Core Genes in Parkinson's Disease Using Bioinformatics Analysis. PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2021; 2021:1690341. [PMID: 34580608 PMCID: PMC8464436 DOI: 10.1155/2021/1690341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Purpose This study aimed to explore new core genes related to the occurrence of Parkinson's disease (PD) and core genes that can lead to the progression of PD. Methods The expression profile data of GSE42966, which contained six substantia nigra tissues isolated from normal individuals and nine substantia nigra tissues isolated from patients with PD, were obtained from Gene Expression Omnibus. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, followed by functional enrichment analysis and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network construction. We then identified 10 hub genes and analyzed their expression in different Braak stages. Results A total of 773 DEGs were identified that were significantly enriched in metabolic pathways. Ten hub genes were identified through the PPI network, namely, GNG3, MAPK1, FPR1, ATP5B, GNG2, PRKACA, HRAS, HSPA8, PSAP, and GABBR2. The expression of HRAS was different in patients with PD with Braak stages 3 and 4. Conclusion These 10 hub genes and the metabolic pathways they are enriched in may be involved in the pathogenesis of PD. HRAS may have potential value in predicting the progression of PD.
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26
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Zhou Y, Huang N, Li Y, Ba Z, Zhou Y, Luo Y. Icaritin protects SH-SY5Y cells transfected with TDP-43 by alleviating mitochondrial damage and oxidative stress. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11978. [PMID: 34434670 PMCID: PMC8362678 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of icaritin (ICT) on TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43)-induced neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) cell damage and to further explore its underlying mechanisms. Methods To investigate the possible mechanism, TDP-43 was used to induce SH-SY5Y cell injury. Cell viability was evaluated by the CCK-8 assay. The mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) was determined with JC-1. The expression levels of TDP-43 and cytochrome C (CytC) were measuring by Western blotting. Changes in adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) content, total antioxidative capacity (T-AOC), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) content were detected with specific kits. Results The results showed that ICT reduced the cell damage induced by TDP-43. ICT reduced the expression level of TDP-43; increased ATP content and the MMP; decreased CytC expression; increased T-AOC and GSH-Px, total SOD (T-SOD), copper/zinc SOD (CuZn-SOD), and manganese SOD (Mn-SOD) activity; and decreased MDA content. Conclusions The results suggest that ICT has a protective effect on TDP-43-transfected SH-SY5Y cells that is related to reductions in TDP-43 expression and mitochondrial damage and alleviation of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjian Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Xiangtan Central Hospital, Xiangtan, Hunan, China.,Department of Neurology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Zunyi), Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Nanqu Huang
- National Drug Clinical Trial Institution, Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Zunyi), Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- National Drug Clinical Trial Institution, Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Zunyi), Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Zhisheng Ba
- National Drug Clinical Trial Institution, Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Zunyi), Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Yanjun Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Zunyi), Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Yong Luo
- Department of Neurology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Zunyi), Zunyi, Guizhou, China
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