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Ede JD, Diges AS, Zhang Y, Shatkin JA. Life-cycle risk assessment of graphene-enabled textiles in fire protection gear. NANOIMPACT 2024; 33:100488. [PMID: 37940075 DOI: 10.1016/j.impact.2023.100488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
A nanomaterial life-cycle risk assessment (Nano LCRA) of a graphene-enabled textile used in the construction of heat and fire-resistant personal protective equipment (PPE) was conducted to develop, analyze, and prioritize potential occupational, health and environmental risks. The analysis identifies potential receptors and exposure pathways at each product life-cycle stage and makes a qualitative evaluation of the potential significance of each scenario. A literature review, quality evaluation, and database were developed as part of the LCRA to identify potential hazards associated with graphene-based materials (GBMs) throughout the product life-cycle. Generally, risks identified from graphene-enabled textiles were low. Of the developed exposure scenarios, occupational inhalation exposures during raw material and product manufacturing ranked highest. The analysis identifies the key potential human and environmental hazards and exposures of the products across the product life-cycle of graphene enabled textiles. Priority research gaps to reduce uncertainty include evaluating long-term, low dose graphene exposures typical of the workplace, as well as the potential release and hazard characterization of graphene-acrylic nanocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yueyang Zhang
- Vireo Advisors LLC, Boston, MA 02205, USA; University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Pelin M, Passerino C, Rodríguez-Garraus A, Carlin M, Sosa S, Suhonen S, Vales G, Alonso B, Zurutuza A, Catalán J, Tubaro A. Role of Chemical Reduction and Formulation of Graphene Oxide on Its Cytotoxicity towards Human Epithelial Bronchial Cells. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2189. [PMID: 37570507 PMCID: PMC10420834 DOI: 10.3390/nano13152189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Graphene-based materials may pose a potential risk for human health due to occupational exposure, mainly by inhalation. This study was carried out on bronchial epithelial 16HBE14o- cells to evaluate the role of chemical reduction and formulation of graphene oxide (GO) on its cytotoxic potential. To this end, the effects of GO were compared to its chemically reduced form (rGO) and its stable water dispersion (wdGO), by means of cell viability reduction, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, pro-inflammatory mediators release and genotoxicity. These materials induced a concentration-dependent cell viability reduction with the following potency rank: rGO > GO >> wdGO. After 24 h exposure, rGO reduced cell viability with an EC50 of 4.8 μg/mL (eight-fold lower than that of GO) and was the most potent material in inducing ROS generation, in contrast to wdGO. Cytokines release and genotoxicity (DNA damage and micronucleus induction) appeared low for all the materials, with wdGO showing the lowest effect, especially for the former. These results suggest a key role for GO reduction in increasing GO cytotoxic potential, probably due to material structure alterations resulting from the reduction process. In contrast, GO formulated in a stable dispersion seems to be the lowest cytotoxic material, presumably due to its lower cellular internalization and damaging capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Pelin
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Fleming 22, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (C.P.); (M.C.); (S.S.); (A.T.)
| | - Clara Passerino
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Fleming 22, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (C.P.); (M.C.); (S.S.); (A.T.)
| | - Adriana Rodríguez-Garraus
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Box 40, Työterveyslaitos, 00032 Helsinki, Finland; (A.R.-G.); (S.S.); (G.V.); (J.C.)
| | - Michela Carlin
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Fleming 22, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (C.P.); (M.C.); (S.S.); (A.T.)
| | - Silvio Sosa
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Fleming 22, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (C.P.); (M.C.); (S.S.); (A.T.)
| | - Satu Suhonen
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Box 40, Työterveyslaitos, 00032 Helsinki, Finland; (A.R.-G.); (S.S.); (G.V.); (J.C.)
| | - Gerard Vales
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Box 40, Työterveyslaitos, 00032 Helsinki, Finland; (A.R.-G.); (S.S.); (G.V.); (J.C.)
| | - Beatriz Alonso
- Graphenea S.A., Mikeletegi 83, 20009 San Sebastián, Spain; (B.A.); (A.Z.)
| | - Amaia Zurutuza
- Graphenea S.A., Mikeletegi 83, 20009 San Sebastián, Spain; (B.A.); (A.Z.)
| | - Julia Catalán
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Box 40, Työterveyslaitos, 00032 Helsinki, Finland; (A.R.-G.); (S.S.); (G.V.); (J.C.)
- Department of Anatomy Embryology and Genetics, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Aurelia Tubaro
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Fleming 22, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (C.P.); (M.C.); (S.S.); (A.T.)
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Fernández-Pampín N, González Plaza JJ, García-Gómez A, Peña E, Garroni S, Poddighe M, Rumbo C, Barros R, Martel-Martín S, Aparicio S, Tamayo-Ramos JA. Toxicological assessment of pristine and degraded forms of graphene functionalized with MnOx nanoparticles using human in vitro models representing different exposure routes. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11846. [PMID: 37481626 PMCID: PMC10363126 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38993-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of novel advanced nanomaterials (NMs) with outstanding characteristics for their use in distinct applications needs to be accompanied by the generation of knowledge on their potential toxicological impact, in particular, that derived from different occupational risk exposure routes, such as inhalation, ingestion, and skin contact. The harmful effects of novel graphene-metal oxide composites on human health are not well understood, many toxicological properties have not been investigated yet. The present study has evaluated several toxicological effects associated with graphene decorated with manganese oxide nanoparticles (GNA15), in a comparative assessment with those induced by simple graphene (G2), on human models representing inhalation (A549 cell line), ingestion (HT29 cell line) and dermal routes (3D reconstructed skin). Pristine and degraded forms of these NMs were included in the study, showing to have different physicochemical and toxicological properties. The degraded version of GNA15 (GNA15d) and G2 (G2d) exhibited clear structural differences with their pristine counterparts, as well as a higher release of metal ions. The viability of respiratory and gastrointestinal models was reduced in a dose-dependent manner in the presence of both GNA15 and G2 pristine and degraded forms. Besides this, all NMs induced the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in both models. However, the degraded forms showed to induce a higher cytotoxicity effect. In addition, we found that none of the materials produced irritant effects on 3D reconstructed skin when present in aqueous suspensions. These results provide novel insights into the potentially harmful effects of novel multicomponent NMs in a comprehensive manner. Furthermore, the integrity of the NMs can play a role in their toxicity, which can vary depending on their composition and the exposure route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Fernández-Pampín
- International Research Centre in Critical Raw Materials-ICCRAM, University of Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001, Burgos, Spain
| | - Juan José González Plaza
- International Research Centre in Critical Raw Materials-ICCRAM, University of Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001, Burgos, Spain
| | | | - Elisa Peña
- Gnanomat, C/Faraday 7, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sebastiano Garroni
- Department of Chemical, Physics, Mathematics and Natural Science, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Matteo Poddighe
- Laboratory of Materials Science and Nanotechnology (LMNT), Department of Chemical, Physics, Mathematics and Natural Science, CR-INSTM, University of Sassari, Via Vienna, 2, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Carlos Rumbo
- International Research Centre in Critical Raw Materials-ICCRAM, University of Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001, Burgos, Spain
| | - Rocío Barros
- International Research Centre in Critical Raw Materials-ICCRAM, University of Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001, Burgos, Spain
| | - Sonia Martel-Martín
- International Research Centre in Critical Raw Materials-ICCRAM, University of Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001, Burgos, Spain
| | - Santiago Aparicio
- International Research Centre in Critical Raw Materials-ICCRAM, University of Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001, Burgos, Spain
| | - Juan Antonio Tamayo-Ramos
- International Research Centre in Critical Raw Materials-ICCRAM, University of Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001, Burgos, Spain.
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Jurgelėnė Ž, Montvydienė D, Šemčuk S, Stankevičiūtė M, Sauliutė G, Pažusienė J, Morkvėnas A, Butrimienė R, Jokšas K, Pakštas V, Kazlauskienė N, Karabanovas V. The impact of co-treatment with graphene oxide and metal mixture on Salmo trutta at early development stages: The sorption capacity and potential toxicity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 838:156525. [PMID: 35679940 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Graphene oxide (GO) are novel nanomaterials with a wide range of applications due to their high absorption capacity. This study was undertaken with a view to assess the bioaccumulation and acute toxicity of GO used in combination with the heavy metal mixture (Cr, Cu, Ni and Zn) to fish embryos and larvae. For this purpose, Salmo trutta embryos and larvae were subjected to the 4-day long treatment with three different concentrations of GO, the metal mixture, which was prepared of four metals at the concentrations corresponding to the maximum-permissible-concentrations for EU inland waters (Cr-0.01, Cu-0.01, Ni-0.034, and Zn-0.1 mg/L), and with GO in combination with MIX (GO+MIX). When used in combination with the metal mixture, GO exhibited a high metal sorption capacity. The obtained confocal fluorescence microscopy results showed that GO located in the embryo chorion causing its damage; in larvae, however, GO were found only in the gill region. Results of these experiments confirmed the hypothesis that GO affects the accumulation of metals and mitigates their toxic effects on organism. In embryos, the acute toxicity of exposure to GO and co-exposure to MIX+GO was found to manifest itself through the decreased heart rate (HR) and malondialdehyde (MDA) level and through the increased metallothionein (MT) concentration. Meanwhile, in larvae, GO and MIX+GO were found to induce genotoxicity effects. However, changes in HR, MDA, MT, gill ventilation frequency, yolk sack absorption and cytotoxicity compared with those of the control group were not recorded in larvae. The obtained results confirmed our hypothesis: the combined effect of MIX and GO was less toxic to larvae (especially survival) than individual effects of MIX components. However, our results emphasize that fish exposure to GO alone and in combination with heavy metal contaminants (MIX+GO) even at environmentally relevant concentrations causes health risks that cannot be ignored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Živilė Jurgelėnė
- Nature Research Centre, Akademijos St. 2, LT-08412 Vilnius-21, Lithuania; Laboratory of Biomedical Physics, National Cancer Institute, Baublio St. 3b, LT-08660 Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | | | - Sergej Šemčuk
- SRI Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Savanorių ave. 231, LT-02300 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | | | - Gintarė Sauliutė
- Nature Research Centre, Akademijos St. 2, LT-08412 Vilnius-21, Lithuania
| | - Janina Pažusienė
- Nature Research Centre, Akademijos St. 2, LT-08412 Vilnius-21, Lithuania
| | - Augustas Morkvėnas
- Laboratory of Biomedical Physics, National Cancer Institute, Baublio St. 3b, LT-08660 Vilnius, Lithuania; Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Sauletekio Ave. 11, LT-10223 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Renata Butrimienė
- Nature Research Centre, Akademijos St. 2, LT-08412 Vilnius-21, Lithuania
| | - Kęstutis Jokšas
- Nature Research Centre, Akademijos St. 2, LT-08412 Vilnius-21, Lithuania; Vilnius University, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Naugarduko St. 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Vidas Pakštas
- SRI Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Savanorių ave. 231, LT-02300 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | | | - Vitalijus Karabanovas
- Laboratory of Biomedical Physics, National Cancer Institute, Baublio St. 3b, LT-08660 Vilnius, Lithuania; Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Sauletekio Ave. 11, LT-10223 Vilnius, Lithuania.
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