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Shatalina E, Whitehurst TS, Onwordi EC, Gilbert BJ, Rizzo G, Whittington A, Mansur A, Tsukada H, Marques TR, Natesan S, Rabiner EA, Wall MB, Howes OD. Mitochondrial complex I density is associated with IQ and cognition in cognitively healthy adults: an in vivo [ 18F]BCPP-EF PET study. EJNMMI Res 2024; 14:41. [PMID: 38632153 PMCID: PMC11024075 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-024-01099-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitochondrial function plays a key role in regulating neurotransmission and may contribute to general intelligence. Mitochondrial complex I (MC-I) is the largest enzyme of the respiratory chain. Recently, it has become possible to measure MC-I distribution in vivo, using a novel positron emission tomography tracer [18F]BCPP-EF, thus, we set out to investigate the association between MC-I distribution and measures of cognitive function in the living healthy brain. RESULTS Analyses were performed in a voxel-wise manner and identified significant associations between [18F]BCPP-EF DVRCS-1 in the precentral gyrus and parietal lobes and WAIS-IV predicted IQ, WAIS-IV arithmetic and WAIS-IV symbol-digit substitution scores (voxel-wise Pearson's correlation coefficients transformed to Z-scores, thresholded at Z = 2.3 family-wise cluster correction at p < 0.05, n = 16). Arithmetic scores were associated with middle frontal and post-central gyri tracer uptake, symbol-digit substitution scores were associated with precentral gyrus tracer uptake. RAVLT recognition scores were associated with [18F]BCPP-EF DVRCS-1 in the middle frontal gyrus, post-central gyrus, occipital and parietal regions (n = 20). CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our findings support the theory that mitochondrial function may contribute to general intelligence and indicate that interindividual differences in MC-I should be a key consideration for research into mitochondrial dysfunction in conditions with cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Shatalina
- Psychiatric Imaging Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, UK.
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), Kings College London, London, UK.
| | - Thomas S Whitehurst
- Psychiatric Imaging Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Ellis Chika Onwordi
- Psychiatric Imaging Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), Kings College London, London, UK
- Centre for Psychiatry and Mental Health, Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Tiago Reis Marques
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), Kings College London, London, UK
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Sridhar Natesan
- Psychiatric Imaging Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Eugenii A Rabiner
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), Kings College London, London, UK
- Invicro, London, UK
| | - Matthew B Wall
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Invicro, London, UK
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College London, London, UK
| | - Oliver D Howes
- Psychiatric Imaging Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), Kings College London, London, UK
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Li R, Li Y, Zuo H, Pei G, Huang S, Hou Y. Alzheimer's Amyloid-β Accelerates Cell Senescence and Suppresses SIRT1 in Human Neural Stem Cells. Biomolecules 2024; 14:189. [PMID: 38397428 PMCID: PMC10886734 DOI: 10.3390/biom14020189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
As a lifelong source of neurons, neural stem cells (NSCs) serve multiple crucial functions in the brain. The senescence of NSCs may be associated with the onset and progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Our study reveals a noteworthy finding, indicating that the AD-associated pathogenic protein amyloid-β (Aβ) substantially enhances senescence-related characteristics of human NSCs. These characteristics encompass the enhanced expression of p16 and p21, the upregulation of genes associated with the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), increased SA-β-gal activity, and the activation of the DNA damage response. Further studies revealed that Aβ treatment significantly downregulates the SIRT1 protein which plays a crucial role in regulating the aging process and decreases downstream PGC-1α and FOXO3. Subsequently, we found that SIRT1 overexpression significantly alleviates a range of Aβ-induced senescent markers in human NSCs. Taken together, our results uncover that Aβ accelerates cellular senescence in human NSCs, making SIRT1 a highly promising therapeutic target for senescent NSCs which may contribute to age-related neurodegenerative diseases, including AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongyao Li
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; (R.L.); (Y.L.); (H.Z.)
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yi Li
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; (R.L.); (Y.L.); (H.Z.)
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, and Liangzhu Laboratory of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Haowei Zuo
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; (R.L.); (Y.L.); (H.Z.)
| | - Gang Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100100, China
| | - Shichao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yujun Hou
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; (R.L.); (Y.L.); (H.Z.)
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Semita IN, Utomo DN, Suroto H. Mechanism of spinal cord injury regeneration and the effect of human neural stem cells-secretome treatment in rat model. World J Orthop 2023; 14:64-82. [PMID: 36844381 PMCID: PMC9945248 DOI: 10.5312/wjo.v14.i2.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Globally, complete neurological recovery of spinal cord injury (SCI) is still less than 1%, and 90% experience permanent disability. The key issue is that a pharmacological neuroprotective-neuroregenerative agent and SCI regeneration mechanism have not been found. The secretomes of stem cell are an emerging neurotrophic agent, but the effect of human neural stem cells (HNSCs) secretome on SCI is still unclear.
AIM To investigate the regeneration mechanism of SCI and neuroprotective-neuroregenerative effects of HNSCs-secretome on subacute SCI post-laminectomy in rats.
METHODS An experimental study was conducted with 45 Rattus norvegicus, divided into 15 normal, 15 control (10 mL physiologic saline), and 15 treatment (30 μL HNSCs-secretome, intrathecal T10, three days post-traumatic). Locomotor function was evaluated weekly by blinded evaluators. Fifty-six days post-injury, specimens were collected, and spinal cord lesion, free radical oxidative stress (F2-Isoprostanes), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP9), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-10 (IL-10), transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), B cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), nestin, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) were analyzed. The SCI regeneration mechanism was analyzed using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS SEM).
RESULTS HNSCs-secretome significantly improved locomotor recovery according to Basso, Beattie, Bresnahan (BBB) scores and increased neurogenesis (nestin, BDNF, and GDNF), neuroangiogenesis (VEGF), anti-apoptotic (Bcl-2), anti-inflammatory (IL-10 and TGF-β), but decreased pro-inflammatory (NF-κB, MMP9, TNF-α), F2-Isoprostanes, and spinal cord lesion size. The SCI regeneration mechanism is valid by analyzed outer model, inner model, and hypothesis testing in PLS SEM, started with pro-inflammation followed by anti-inflammation, anti-apoptotic, neuroangiogenesis, neurogenesis, and locomotor function.
CONCLUSION HNSCs-secretome as a potential neuroprotective-neuroregenerative agent for the treatment of SCI and uncover the SCI regeneration mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Nyoman Semita
- Doctoral Program of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60132, Indonesia
- Department of Orthopedic and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Jember, Jember 68121, Indonesia
| | - Dwikora Novembri Utomo
- Department of Orthopedic and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60118, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Heri Suroto
- Department of Orthopedic and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60118, East Java, Indonesia
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Semita IN, Utomo DN, Suroto H, Sudiana IK, Gandi P. The mechanism of human neural stem cell secretomes improves neuropathic pain and locomotor function in spinal cord injury rat models: through antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-matrix degradation, and neurotrophic activities. Korean J Pain 2023; 36:72-83. [PMID: 36549874 PMCID: PMC9812698 DOI: 10.3344/kjp.22279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Globally, spinal cord injury (SCI) results in a big burden, including 90% suffering permanent disability, and 60%-69% experiencing neuropathic pain. The main causes are oxidative stress, inflammation, and degeneration. The efficacy of the stem cell secretome is promising, but the role of human neural stem cell (HNSC)-secretome in neuropathic pain is unclear. This study evaluated how the mechanism of HNSC-secretome improves neuropathic pain and locomotor function in SCI rat models through antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-matrix degradation, and neurotrophic activities. Methods A proper experimental study investigated 15 Rattus norvegicus divided into normal, control, and treatment groups (30 μL HNSC-secretome, intrathecal in the level of T10, three days post-traumatic SCI). Twenty-eight days post-injury, specimens were collected, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, F2-Isoprostanes, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, and brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were analyzed. Locomotor recovery was evaluated via Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan scores. Neuropathic pain was evaluated using the Rat Grimace Scale. Results The HNSC-secretome could improve locomotor recovery and neuropathic pain, decrease F2-Isoprostane (antioxidant), decrease MMP-9 and TNF-α (anti-inflammatory), as well as modulate TGF-β and BDNF (neurotrophic factor). Moreover, HNSC-secretomes maintain the extracellular matrix of SCI by reducing the matrix degradation effect of MMP-9 and increasing the collagen formation effect of TGF-β as a resistor of glial scar formation. Conclusions The present study demonstrated the mechanism of HNSC-secretome in improving neuropathic pain and locomotor function in SCI through antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-matrix degradation, and neurotrophic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Nyoman Semita
- Doctoral Program of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia,Department of Orthopaedic, Faculty of Medicine, University of Jember, Jember, Indonesia
| | - Dwikora Novembri Utomo
- Department of Orthopaedic, Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia,Correspondence: Dwikora Novembri Utomo Department of Orthopaedic, Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, Jl. Manyar Tirtosari IV/7, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia, Tel: +628123036236, Fax: +62315020406, E-mail:
| | - Heri Suroto
- Department of Orthopaedic, Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - I Ketut Sudiana
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Parama Gandi
- Departement of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
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Guglielmo M, Marta B. Stem Cells and the Microenvironment: Reciprocity with Asymmetry in Regenerative Medicine. Acta Biotheor 2022; 70:24. [PMID: 35962861 DOI: 10.1007/s10441-022-09448-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Much of the current research in regenerative medicine concentrates on stem-cell therapy that exploits the regenerative capacities of stem cells when injected into different types of human tissues. Although new therapeutic paths have been opened up by induced pluripotent cells and human mesenchymal cells, the rate of success is still low and mainly due to the difficulties of managing cell proliferation and differentiation, giving rise to non-controlled stem cell differentiation that ultimately leads to cancer. Despite being still far from becoming a reality, these studies highlight the role of physical and biological constraints (e.g., cues and morphogenetic fields) placed by tissue microenvironment on stem cell fate. This asks for a clarification of the coupling of stem cells and microenvironmental factors in regenerative medicine. We argue that extracellular matrix and stem cells have a causal reciprocal and asymmetric relationship in that the 3D organization and composition of the extracellular matrix establish a spatial, temporal, and mechanical control over the fate of stem cells, which enable them to interact and control (as well as be controlled by) the cellular components and soluble factors of microenvironment. Such an account clarifies the notions of stemness and stem cell regeneration consistently with that of microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Militello Guglielmo
- IAS-Research Centre, University of the Basque Country, San Sebastián, Spain.
| | - Bertolaso Marta
- University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Institute of Scientific and Technological Practice, Rome, Italy
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Wang J, Xia Z, Sheng P, Rui Y, Cao J, Zhang J, Gao M, Wang L, Yu D, Yan BC. Targeting MicroRNA-144/451-AKT-GSK3β Axis Affects the Proliferation and Differentiation of Radial Glial Cells in the Mouse Hippocampal Dentate Gyrus. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 13:897-909. [PMID: 35261236 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that aging induces a progressive decline in the proliferation and neural differentiation of radial glial cells (RGCs) in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG). The function of miR-144/451 is to activate stress-regulated molecular gene expression switches for cell proliferation and differentiation. We found that the miR-144/451 expression in the hippocampus was significantly reduced in aged mice compared to adult mice. Furthermore, the proliferation and neural differentiation of RGCs in the mouse hippocampal DG was decreased by miR-144/451 knockout (miR-144/451-/-). Antioxidant agents, superoxide dismutases (SODs) and catalase, and the expression of melatonin's receptor in the hippocampus were decreased in the miR-144/451-/- mice. In addition, the (protein kinase B) AKT/(glycogen synthase kinase 3β) GSK3β/(catenin beta-1) β-catenin signaling pathway was weakly activated in the hippocampus of miR-144/451-/- mice, which was related to brain neurogenesis. Melatonin treatment improved the expression of miR-144/451 and antioxidant enzymes and activated the AKT/GSK3β/β-catenin pathway in the hippocampus of miR-144/451-/- mice. When the AKT pathway was inhibited by LY294002, the neurogenerative and antioxidant effects of melatonin were significantly limited in the hippocampus of miR-144/451-/- mice. In brief, our results indicated that miR-144/451 plays crucial roles in the proliferation and neural differentiation of RGCs via the regulation of the antioxidant and AKT/GSK3β/β-catenin pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- Medical College, Institute of Translational Medicine, Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, The Key Laboratory of Syndrome Differentiation and Treatment of Gastric Cancer of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, PR China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zihao Xia
- Medical College, Institute of Translational Medicine, Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, The Key Laboratory of Syndrome Differentiation and Treatment of Gastric Cancer of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, PR China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
| | - Peng Sheng
- Medical College, Institute of Translational Medicine, Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, The Key Laboratory of Syndrome Differentiation and Treatment of Gastric Cancer of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, PR China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
| | - Yanggang Rui
- Medical College, Institute of Translational Medicine, Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, The Key Laboratory of Syndrome Differentiation and Treatment of Gastric Cancer of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, PR China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
| | - Jianwen Cao
- Medical College, Institute of Translational Medicine, Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, The Key Laboratory of Syndrome Differentiation and Treatment of Gastric Cancer of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, PR China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Medical College, Institute of Translational Medicine, Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, The Key Laboratory of Syndrome Differentiation and Treatment of Gastric Cancer of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, PR China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
| | - Manman Gao
- Medical College, Institute of Translational Medicine, Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, The Key Laboratory of Syndrome Differentiation and Treatment of Gastric Cancer of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, PR China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
| | - Li Wang
- Medical College, Institute of Translational Medicine, Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, The Key Laboratory of Syndrome Differentiation and Treatment of Gastric Cancer of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, PR China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
| | - Duonan Yu
- Medical College, Institute of Translational Medicine, Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, The Key Laboratory of Syndrome Differentiation and Treatment of Gastric Cancer of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, PR China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental & Translational Non-coding RNA Research, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Bing Chun Yan
- Medical College, Institute of Translational Medicine, Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, The Key Laboratory of Syndrome Differentiation and Treatment of Gastric Cancer of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, PR China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
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