1,5-Benzodiazepin-2(3H)-ones: In Vitro Evaluation as Antiparkinsonian Agents

Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 as targets for neuroprotection : from ferroptosis to Parkinson's disease

BACKGROUND

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by motor paralysis, tremor,and cognitive impairment. Risk factors such as brain hypoxia caused by aging and abnormal expression of HIF-1α areconsidered to be key to the development of PD, including α-synuclein accumulation and ferroptosis. However, therelationship between HIF-1α signaling and ferroptosis in PD has not been elucidated. The stable expression of HIF-1αinhibits the pathological development of PD. Aging aggravates PD pathology by promoting α-synuclein accumulationand oxidative stress.

METHODS

The literature on lipid peroxidation, oxidative stress, iron metabolism and other key factors in Parkinson'sdisease in recent years was reviewed through a variety of literature search channels, such as PubMed and Elsevier.

RESULTS

HIF-1α mediated ferroptosis through oxidative stress and GPX4-GSH system. HIF-1α mediates ferroptosisthrough Keap1-Nrf2-ARE, Grx3 and Grx4. HIF-1α mediates ferroptosis through iron metabolism.

CONCLUSION

This article reviews the oxygen-dependent regulatory mechanism of HIF-1α and its role in cerebralhypoxia homeostasis. Studies in the past decade have shown that Hif-1α mediated ferroptosis is important in PD.HIF-1α has a dual role, depending on the degree of cellular hypoxia and the environment. The equilibrium complexityneeds to be explained, and the role of ferroptosis needs to be investigated. The literature shows that the stabilizationof HIF-1α with PHD inhibitors and the combination of antioxidants and iron chelators are potential therapeuticdirections. In the future, the optimal use time and dose of inhibitors should be studied to improve the efficacy.

Neuroprotective Effects of Bifidobacterium breve CCFM1067 in MPTP-Induced Mouse Models of Parkinson's Disease

There is mounting evidence that the microbiota-gut-brain axis (MGBA) is critical in the pathogenesis and progression of Parkinson's disease (PD), suggesting that probiotic therapy restoring gut microecology may slow down disease progression. In this study, we examined the disease-alleviating effects of Bifidobacterium breve CCFM1067, orally administered for 5 weeks in a PD mouse model. Our study shows that supplementation with the probiotic B. breve CCFM1067 protected dopaminergic neurons and suppressed glial cell hyperactivation and neuroinflammation in PD mice. In addition, the antioxidant capacity of the central nervous system was enhanced and oxidative stress was alleviated. Moreover, B. breve CCFM1067 protected the blood-brain and intestinal barriers from damage in the MPTP-induced mouse model. The results of fecal microbiota analysis showed that B. breve CCFM1067 intervention could act on the MPTP-induced microecological imbalance in the intestinal microbiota, suppressing the number of pathogenic bacteria (Escherichia-Shigella) while increasing the number of beneficial bacteria (Bifidobacterium and Akkermansia) in PD mice. In addition, the increase in short chain fatty acids (acetic and butyric acids) may explain the anti-inflammatory action of B. breve CCFM1067 in the gut or brain of the MPTP-induced PD mouse model. In conclusion, we demonstrated that the probiotic B. breve CCFM1067, which can prevent or treat PD by modulating the gut-brain axis, can be utilized as a possible new oral supplement for PD therapy.