N-Acetylcysteine Reverses Monocrotophos Exposure-Induced Hepatic Oxidative Damage via Mitigating Apoptosis, Inflammation and Structural Changes in Rats

N-acetylcysteine as a potentially safe adjuvant in the treatment of neurotoxicity due to pirimiphos-methyl poisoning

Exogenous, well-established antioxidant N-acetylcysteine can reduce or prevent the deleterious effects of pesticides. In this study, utilizing a mouse model of daily single dose of N-acetylcysteine administration, we investigated the impact of this adjuvant on the treatment with atropine and/or obidoxime as well as oxidative stress response in pyrimiphos-methyl-induced toxicity. We found that N-acetylcysteine significantly reduces the oxidative stress generated by pyrimiphos-methyl. The therapy consisting of atropine and/or obidoxime routinely used in organophosphorous insecticide poisonings, including pyrimiphos-methyl, had no effect on the antioxidant properties of N-acetylcysteine. Adjunctive treatment offered by N-acetylcysteine fills therapeutic gap and may provide the full potential against pyrimiphos-methyl-induced toxicity.

The use of amino acids and their derivates to mitigate against pesticide-induced toxicity

Exposure to pesticides induces oxidative stress and deleterious effects on various tissues in non-target organisms. Numerous models investigating pesticide exposure have demonstrated metabolic disturbances such as imbalances in amino acid levels within the organism. One potentially effective strategy to mitigate pesticide toxicity involves dietary intervention by supplementing exogenous amino acids and their derivates to augment the body's antioxidant capacity and mitigate pesticide-induced oxidative harm, whose mechanism including bolstering glutathione synthesis, regulating arginine-NO metabolism, mitochondria-related oxidative stress, and the open of ion channels, as well as enhancing intestinal microecology. Enhancing glutathione synthesis through supplementation of substrates N-acetylcysteine and glycine is regarded as a potent mechanism to achieve this. Selection of appropriate amino acids or their derivates for supplementation, and determining an appropriate dosage, are of the utmost importance for effective mitigation of pesticide-induced oxidative harm. More experimentation is required that involves large population samples to validate the efficacy of dietary intervention strategies, as well as to determine the effects of amino acids and their derivates on long-term and low-dose pesticide exposure. This review provides insights to guide future research aimed at preventing and alleviating pesticide toxicity through dietary intervention of amino acids and their derivates.

Neuroprotective potential of berberine against acetamiprid induced toxicity in rats: Implication of oxidative stress, mitochondrial alterations, and structural changes in brain regions

Acetamiprid (ACMP) is an extensively used neonicotinoid pesticide to control sucking and chewing insects and is known to cause nontarget toxicity. The present study aimed to evaluate the ameliorative potential of berberine (BBR)-a polyphenolic alkaloid- on ACMP-induced oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunctioning, and structural changes in different rat brain regions. The male Wistar rats were divided into four groups, that is, control, BBR-treated (150 mg/kg b.wt), ACMP-exposed (21.7 mg/kg b.wt) and BBR + ACMP co-treated; and were dosed intragastrically for 21 consecutive days. Results of the biochemical analysis showed that BBR significantly ameliorated ACMP-induced oxidative stress by decreasing lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation along with a marked increase in endogenous antioxidants and lowered AChE activity in rat brain regions. Inside mitochondria, BBR significantly attenuated the toxic effects of ACMP by increasing the activity of mitochondrial complexes. Findings of polymerase chain reaction also demonstrated the modulatory effects of BBR against ACMP-mediated downregulation of ND1, ND2, COX1, and COX4 subunits of mitochondrial complexes. The histopathological and ultrastructural examination also validated the biochemical and transcriptional alterations following toxicity of ACMP exposure and the protective potential of BBR against ACMP-induced neurotoxicity. Thus, the present study indicates the promising ameliorative potential of BBR against ACMP-induced neurotoxicity via its antioxidative and modulatory activities.

Berberine mitigates acetamiprid-induced hepatotoxicity and inflammation via regulating endogenous antioxidants and NF-κB/TNF-α signaling in rats

Acetamiprid is a neonicotinoid insecticide used on a large scale and has been reported for oxidative stress-mediated toxicity and physiological alterations in mammals. The plant-derived natural antioxidant berberine (BBR) possesses protective potential against inflammation, structural changes, and cellular toxicity. The current study aimed to investigate the toxic effects of acetamiprid exposure and the antioxidative and anti-inflammatory efficacy of BBR in rat liver tissue. The results showed that intragastric exposure of acetamiprid (21.7 mg/kg b.wt, i.e., 1/10 of LD50) for 21 days significantly elicited oxidative stress as evidenced by lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, and depletion of endogenous antioxidants. Furthermore, acetamiprid exposure elevated NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-12 expression and caused structural alterations in liver tissue. Biochemical results showed that 2-h pre-treatment of BBR (150 mg/kg b.wt; 21 days) reduced damage to lipids and proteins, replenished GSH, enhanced SOD and catalase activities, and offered antioxidative effects against acetamiprid toxicity. Also, BBR suppressed inflammation by regulating NF-κB/TNF-α signaling in hepatic tissue of acetamiprid-intoxicated rats. Histopathological examination confirmed the hepatoprotective effects of BBR. Our findings indicate that BBR might be a potential ameliorative agent against oxidative stress-mediated hepatotoxicity.

Smartphone-assisted detection of monocrotophos pesticide using a portable nano-enabled chromagrid-lightbox system towards point-of-care application

With the aim of monocrotophos pesticides detection in environmental and food samples at point-of-care (PoC) application, this research, for the first time, explores silica alcogel as an immobilization matrix to support the development of in-house customized nano-enabled "chromagrid-lighbox" as a sensing system. This system is fabricated using laboratory waste materials and demonstrates the detection of highly hazardous monocrotophos pesticide using a smartphone. Nano-enabled chromagrid is a chip-like assembly filled with silica alcogel -a nanomaterial (hence the name "nano-enabled" chromagrid), and "chromogenic reagents" which is required for the enzymatic detection of monocrotophos. Lightbox is the imaging station fabricated to provide constant lighting conditions to the chromagrid to capture accurate colorimetric data. The silica alcogel used in this system was synthesized from Tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) via a sol-gel method and characterized using advanced analytical techniques. Further, three chromagrid assays were developed for the optical detection of monocrotophos with a low detection limit (LOD) at 0.421 ng ml^-1 (by α-NAc chromagrid assay), 0.493 ng ml^-1 (by DTNB chromagrid assay) and 0.811 ng ml^-1 (by IDA chromagrid assay). The developed novel PoC chromagrid-lightbox system is capable of on-site detection of monocrotophos in environmental as well as food samples. This system is able to be manufacture prudently using recyclable waste plastic. Overall, such developed eco-friendly PoC testing system will surely manage rapid detection of monocrotophos pesticide needed for environmental and sustainable agricultural management.

N-Acetylcysteine Mediated Regulation of MnSOD, UCP-2 and Cytochrome C Associated with Amelioration of Monocrotophos-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats

Pesticides are now a risk to the environment and public health. Monocrotophos (MCP) is known to cause organ toxicity and impart degenerative effects at cellular levels. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is a natural antioxidant having various prophylactic properties. Male Wistar rats were given NAC (200 mg/kg b.wt), MCP (0.9 mg/kg b.wt) and NAC followed by MCP; intragastrically for 28 consecutive days. Regulation of MnSOD, UCP-2 and cytochrome c was analyzed by western blotting and polymerase chain reaction. Histology, electron microscopy and weight parameters were evaluated in the liver. MCP exposure significantly decreased body weight gain, relative liver weight, and structural changes. Altered MnSOD protein expression, decreased transcription of UCP-2 and MnSOD, and released cytochrome c indicated that oxidative stress is involved in MCP exposure. Treatment of NAC to MCP-exposed rats normalized the weight and structural changes, restored MnSOD and UCP-2 levels and prevented the release of cytochrome c. The present study suggests that the regulation of UCP-2, MnSOD and cytochrome c is involved in NAC efficacy against MCP toxicity. These findings illustrate that NAC can serve as a potential therapeutic agent for toxicity and oxidative stress in mammals. 

Vitamins A, C, and E Exert Anti-apoptotic Function in the Testis of Rats After Exposure to Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles

Some reports emphasize that zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are detrimental to the reproductive organs of animals. As such, this research aimed at exploring the apoptotic potential of ZnO NPs on testis along with the beneficial role of Vitamins (V) A, C, and E against ZnO NP-induced damage. To this aim, a population of 54 healthy, male Wistar rats were used in this work and then assigned into nine groups of 6 rats as G1: Control 1 (Water); G2: Control 2 (Olive oil); G3: VA (1000 IU/kg), G4: VC (200 mg/kg), G5: VE (100 IU/kg), G6: ZnO NPs exposed animals (200 mg/kg); and G7, 8 and 9: ZnO NPs-exposed animals that were pre-treated with either VA, C, or E. Apoptosis rates were estimated by measuring the level of apoptotic regulatory markers including Bcl-2-associated X (Bax) and B-cell lymphoma protein 2 (Bcl-2) using western blotting and qRT-PCR assays. The data indicated that ZnO NPs exposure elevates the level of Bax protein and gene expression, whereas the protein and gene expression of Bcl-2 was reduced. Further, the activation of caspase-3,7 occurred after exposure to ZnO NPs, while the above alterations were significantly alleviated in the rats that were co-treated with VA, C, or E and ZnO NPs relative to the rats in the ZnO NPs group. In summary, VA, C, and E exerted anti-apoptotic functions in the testis of rats following administration of ZnO NPs.

Crocin averts functional and structural rat hepatic disturbances induced by copper oxide nanoparticles

Background

Exposure to nanoparticles became inevitable in our daily life due to their huge industrial uses. Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) are one of the most frequently utilized metal nanoparticles in numerous applications. Crocin (CRO) is a major active constituent in saffron having anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potentials.

Objectives

We designed this study to explore the probable defensive role of CRO against CuONPs-induced rat hepatic damage.

Materials and methods

Therefore, 24 adult rats were randomly distributed into 4 equal groups as negative control, CRO, CuONPs, and co-treated CuONPs with CRO groups. All treatments were administered for 14 days. The hepatotoxic effect of CuONPs was evaluated by estimation of hepatic alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase enzymes, hepatic oxidative malondialdehyde and antioxidant glutathione reduced, serum levels of inflammatory biomarkers (tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1-beta, and nuclear factor kappa B), and expression of the apoptotic BAX in hepatic tissues; in addition, histopathological examination of the hepatic tissues was conducted.

Results

We found that concurrent CRO supplement to CuONPs-treated rats significantly averted functional and structural rat hepatic damage as documented by decreased hepatic enzymes activities, restored hepatic oxidant/antioxidant balance, decreased serum levels of inflammatory biomarkers, reversed BAX-mediated apoptotic cell death in hepatic tissues along with repair of CuONPs-induced massive hepatic structural and ultrastructural alterations.

Conclusions

It is concluded that combined CRO supplement to CuONPs-treated rats improved hepatic function and structure by, at least in part, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic mechanisms.

Neuroprotective Effect of N-acetylcysteine Against Monocrotophos-Induced Oxidative Stress in Different Brain Regions of Rats

Monocrotophos (MCP) is systemic organophosphate insecticide used against crop pests. It is reported to cause mammalian toxicity through both acute and chronic exposure. In the present study, we have shown the protective role of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) against MCP-induced oxidative stress in frontal cortex, corpus striatum and hippocampus brain regions of rats. Male Albino Wistar rats were divided into control, NAC-treated, MCP and NAC + MCP-treated groups. An oral dose of MCP (0.9 mg/kg b.wt) and NAC (200 mg/kg b.wt) was administered for 28 days. Results showed an increase in lipid peroxidation (LPO) and protein oxidation followed by decreased antioxidant enzymes after 28 days of MCP exposure. Histopathological analysis showed that monocrotophos exposure caused neurodegenerative changes as evident by neurons with dystrophic changes in the form of shrunken hyperchromatic nuclei in all the regions of the rat brain. N-acetylcysteine supplementation to MCP-treated rats showed a reduction in oxidative stress and ameliorated cellular alterations in all of the three regions. The results of the study indicate that N-acetylcysteine offers neuroprotection by improving antioxidant response and decreasing oxidative stress in different regions of the rat brain.