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Ali L, Anwar F, Qadir R, Batool F, Mustaqeem M, Mohsin Ali R. RSM and ANN-Based Optimized Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Functional Components from Olive Fruit (cv Arbequina): Assessment of Antioxidant Attributes and GC-MS Metabolites Profiling. Chem Biodivers 2024; 21:e202400907. [PMID: 38993058 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202400907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
The current study devises an optimized ethanolic extraction for efficient recovery of high-value components from Pakistani olives (cv. Arbequina) using response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural networking (ANN). Four factors such as time, temperature, solvent concentration, and solute weight (g/100 mL) were evaluated as independent variables for determining the response (% yield). The results obtained under optimum extraction conditions such as duration (25 min), temperature (45 °C), solvent concentration (65 %; ethanol: water v/v), and solute (7.50 g/100 mL) offered bioactives extract yield of 40.96 % from Arbiquina olives. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) for the RSM model showed significant p-values and a correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.9960, confirming model's reliability. The results of ANN, which employed the multilayer perceptron design, were fairly in line with the findings of the experiments. The antioxidant characteristics and GC-MS metabolite profile of the obtained extracts were examined. Arbequina olive extract (AOE) demonstrated very good antioxidant ability in terms of total phenolic, total flavonoid contents, and DPPH radical scavenging. The GC-MS analysis of AOE confirmed the presence of several bioactives, including oleic acid (36.22 %), hydroxytyrosol (3.95 %), tyrosol (3.32 %), β-sitosterol (2.10 %), squalene (1.10 %), sinapic acid (0.67 %), α-tocopherol (0.66 %), vanillic acid (0.56 %), 3,5-di-tert-butylcatechol (0.31 %), and quercetin (0.21 %). The suggested optimized extraction method can be employed to efficiently extract a wide variety of high-value components from olives with potential for nutraceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liaqat Ali
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, 40100, Pakistan
| | - Farooq Anwar
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, 40100, Pakistan
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rahman Qadir
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Fozia Batool
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, 40100, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Mustaqeem
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, 40100, Pakistan
| | - Rana Mohsin Ali
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hohai University, China
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Bufacchi M, Famiani F, Passeri V, Domesi A, Rosati A, Paoletti A. Canopy Architectural Characteristics of Ten New Olive ( Olea europaea L.) Genotypes and Their Potential for Cultivation in Super-High-Density Orchards. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1399. [PMID: 38794469 PMCID: PMC11125062 DOI: 10.3390/plants13101399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been growing interest in olive genotypes (Olea europaea L.) suitable for super-high-density (SHD > 1200 trees/hectare) orchards. To date, only a few cultivars are considered fitting for such cultivation system. In this study, the first results on the architectural characteristics of the canopy of ten new olive genotypes are presented. Their suitability for SHD orchards was evaluated and compared with the cultivar 'Arbequina', which is considered suitable for SHD olive orchards and, for this reason, was used as the control. Several canopy measurements were taken, and some architectural parameters, such as branching frequency, branching density, and branch diameter/stem diameter ratio were calculated. The branching frequency value was greater than 0.20 in 'Arbequina' and in only four of the genotypes. The branching density in five genotypes was similar to 'Arbequina'. 'Arbequina' had the lowest value for the branch diameter/stem diameter ratio, and only three genotypes had similar values. These initial results showed that only one genotype has all canopy architectural characteristics comparable to those of the cv. 'Arbequina'. Further studies are needed to evaluate the production traits of these new genotypes and complete their characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Bufacchi
- Istituto per i Sistemi Agricoli e Forestali del Mediterraneo, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via della Madonna Alta 128, 06128 Perugia, PG, Italy; (M.B.); (V.P.); (A.D.)
| | - Franco Famiani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, 06121 Perugia, PG, Italy
| | - Valentina Passeri
- Istituto per i Sistemi Agricoli e Forestali del Mediterraneo, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via della Madonna Alta 128, 06128 Perugia, PG, Italy; (M.B.); (V.P.); (A.D.)
| | - Andrea Domesi
- Istituto per i Sistemi Agricoli e Forestali del Mediterraneo, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via della Madonna Alta 128, 06128 Perugia, PG, Italy; (M.B.); (V.P.); (A.D.)
| | - Adolfo Rosati
- Centro di Ricerca Olivicoltura, Frutticoltura e Agrumicoltura, Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’Analisi dell’Economia Agraria, Via Nursina 2, 06049 Spoleto, PG, Italy; (A.R.); (A.P.)
| | - Andrea Paoletti
- Centro di Ricerca Olivicoltura, Frutticoltura e Agrumicoltura, Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’Analisi dell’Economia Agraria, Via Nursina 2, 06049 Spoleto, PG, Italy; (A.R.); (A.P.)
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Asadi A, Shariati V, Mousavi S, Mariotti R, Hosseini Mazinani M. Meta-analysis of transcriptome reveals key genes relating to oil quality in olive. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:566. [PMID: 37740234 PMCID: PMC10517554 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09673-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Olive oil contains monounsaturated oleic acid up to 83% and phenolic compounds, making it an excellent source of fat. Due to its economic importance, the quantity and quality of olive oil should be improved in parallel with international standards. In this study, we analyzed the raw RNA-seq data with a meta-analysis approach to identify important genes and their metabolic pathways involved in olive oil quality. RESULTS A deep search of RNA-seq published data shed light on thirty-nine experiments associated with the olive transcriptome, four of these proved to be ideal for meta-analysis. Meta-analysis confirmed the genes identified in previous studies and released new genes, which were not identified before. According to the IDR index, the meta-analysis had good power to identify new differentially expressed genes. The key genes were investigated in the metabolic pathways and were grouped into four classes based on the biosynthetic cycle of fatty acids and factors that affect oil quality. Galactose metabolism, glycolysis pathway, pyruvate metabolism, fatty acid biosynthesis, glycerolipid metabolism, and terpenoid backbone biosynthesis were the main pathways in olive oil quality. In galactose metabolism, raffinose is a suitable source of carbon along with other available sources for carbon in fruit development. The results showed that the biosynthesis of acetyl-CoA in glycolysis and pyruvate metabolism is a stable pathway to begin the biosynthesis of fatty acids. Key genes in oleic acid production as an indicator of oil quality and critical genes that played an important role in production of triacylglycerols were identified in different developmental stages. In the minor compound, the terpenoid backbone biosynthesis was investigated and important enzymes were identified as an interconnected network that produces important precursors for the synthesis of a monoterpene, diterpene, triterpene, tetraterpene, and sesquiterpene biosynthesis. CONCLUSIONS The results of the current investigation can produce functional data related to the quality of olive oil and would be a useful step in reducing the time of cultivar screening by developing gene specific markers in olive breeding programs, releasing also new genes that could be applied in the genome editing approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- AliAkbar Asadi
- National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Shahrak-e Pajoohesh, Km 15, Tehran - Karaj Highway, PO Box 14965161, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Shariati
- National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Shahrak-e Pajoohesh, Km 15, Tehran - Karaj Highway, PO Box 14965161, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Soraya Mousavi
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council, 06128, Perugia, Italy
| | - Roberto Mariotti
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council, 06128, Perugia, Italy
| | - Mehdi Hosseini Mazinani
- National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Shahrak-e Pajoohesh, Km 15, Tehran - Karaj Highway, PO Box 14965161, Tehran, Iran.
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Alagna F, Reed J, Calderini O, Thimmappa R, Cultrera NGM, Cattivelli A, Tagliazucchi D, Mousavi S, Mariotti R, Osbourn A, Baldoni L. OeBAS and CYP716C67 catalyze the biosynthesis of health-beneficial triterpenoids in olive (Olea europaea) fruits. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 238:2047-2063. [PMID: 36880371 PMCID: PMC10952584 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The bioactive properties of olive (Olea europaea) fruits and olive oil are largely attributed to terpenoid compounds, including diverse triterpenoids such as oleanolic, maslinic and ursolic acids, erythrodiol, and uvaol. They have applications in the agri-food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries. Some key steps involved in the biosynthesis of these compounds are still unknown. Genome mining, biochemical analysis, and trait association studies have been used to identify major gene candidates controlling triterpenoid content of olive fruits. Here, we identify and functionally characterize an oxidosqualene cyclase (OeBAS) required for the production of the major triterpene scaffold β-amyrin, the precursor of erythrodiol, oleanolic and maslinic acids, and a cytochrome P450 (CYP716C67) that mediates 2α oxidation of the oleanane- and ursane-type triterpene scaffolds to produce maslinic and corosolic acids, respectively. To confirm the enzymatic functions of the entire pathway, we have reconstituted the olive biosynthetic pathway for oleanane- and ursane-type triterpenoids in the heterologous host, Nicotiana benthamiana. Finally, we have identified genetic markers associated with oleanolic and maslinic acid fruit content on the chromosomes carrying the OeBAS and CYP716C67 genes. Our results shed light on the biosynthesis of olive triterpenoids and provide new gene targets for germplasm screening and breeding for high triterpenoid content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiammetta Alagna
- Department of Energy Technologies and Renewable SourcesNational Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Trisaia Research Centre75026RotondellaItaly
| | - James Reed
- Department of Biochemistry and MetabolismJohn Innes CentreNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7UHUK
| | - Ornella Calderini
- Institute of Biosciences and BioresourcesNational Research Council (CNR)06128PerugiaItaly
| | - Ramesha Thimmappa
- Department of Biochemistry and MetabolismJohn Innes CentreNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7UHUK
- Amity Institute of Genome EngineeringAmity University Uttar PradeshNoida201313India
| | - Nicolò G. M. Cultrera
- Institute of Biosciences and BioresourcesNational Research Council (CNR)06128PerugiaItaly
| | - Alice Cattivelli
- Department of Life SciencesUniversity of Modena and Reggio Emilia42100Reggio EmiliaItaly
| | - Davide Tagliazucchi
- Department of Life SciencesUniversity of Modena and Reggio Emilia42100Reggio EmiliaItaly
| | - Soraya Mousavi
- Institute of Biosciences and BioresourcesNational Research Council (CNR)06128PerugiaItaly
| | - Roberto Mariotti
- Institute of Biosciences and BioresourcesNational Research Council (CNR)06128PerugiaItaly
| | - Anne Osbourn
- Department of Biochemistry and MetabolismJohn Innes CentreNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7UHUK
| | - Luciana Baldoni
- Institute of Biosciences and BioresourcesNational Research Council (CNR)06128PerugiaItaly
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Passeri V, Sammut C, Mifsud D, Domesi A, Stanzione V, Baldoni L, Mousavi S, Mariotti R, Pandolfi S, Cinosi N, Famiani F, Bufacchi M. The Ancient Olive Trees ( Olea europaea L.) of the Maltese Islands: A Rich and Unexplored Patrimony to Enhance Oliviculture. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1988. [PMID: 37653905 PMCID: PMC10221224 DOI: 10.3390/plants12101988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
A prospecting campaign in the Maltese Islands has ensured the survival of several ancient olive trees (Olea europaea L.), genetically distant from known cultivars. Most of these plants were abandoned or partially cultivated. A two-year evaluation of fruit characteristics and compositions was performed on samples collected from the main representatives of these indigenous genotypes. Analyses were carried out using Gas Chromatography, High-Performance Liquid Chromatography and Near Infrared Spectrometry. Among the fruit samples, a wide range of variations was observed. Some of the genotypes showed fruit traits suitable for table olive production. This is the case of samples with a pulp/pit ratio higher than four, such as 1Wardija, 1Caritas, 1Plattini, 1Bingemma Malta and 3Loretu, whilst 1Bidni, 1Mellieha, 2Qnotta, 3Loretu, 1Bingemma Malta and 1Caritas were suitable for dual purpose. The total phenol content ranged from 6.3 (1Wardija) to 117.9 (2Mtarfa) g/kg of fresh pulp. The average percentage of MUFA was quite low for most of the varieties. These genotypes, which presumably originated in the Maltese Islands and are well adapted to the local pedo-climatic conditions, are being propagated for the following evaluation of their bio-agronomical performance (production, suitability to intensive cultivation, environmental sustainability, product quality, etc.). The purpose is to select, among these local genotypes, the most outstanding varieties, in terms of phenolic and FA profile and agronomical potential, to spread into cultivation, thereby contributing to an increase in the quality of the local table and olive oil production, strongly linked to the territory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Passeri
- Institute for Agricultural and Forest Systems in the Mediterranean, National Research Council, 06128 Perugia, Italy
| | - Clayton Sammut
- Institute of Earth Systems, Division of Rural Sciences and Food Systems, University of Malta, 2080 Msida, MSD, Malta
| | - David Mifsud
- Institute of Earth Systems, Division of Rural Sciences and Food Systems, University of Malta, 2080 Msida, MSD, Malta
| | - Andrea Domesi
- Institute for Agricultural and Forest Systems in the Mediterranean, National Research Council, 06128 Perugia, Italy
| | - Vitale Stanzione
- Institute for Agricultural and Forest Systems in the Mediterranean, National Research Council, 06128 Perugia, Italy
| | - Luciana Baldoni
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council, 06128 Perugia, Italy
| | - Soraya Mousavi
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council, 06128 Perugia, Italy
| | - Roberto Mariotti
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council, 06128 Perugia, Italy
| | - Saverio Pandolfi
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council, 06128 Perugia, Italy
| | - Nicola Cinosi
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno, 06121 Perugia, Italy (F.F.)
| | - Franco Famiani
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno, 06121 Perugia, Italy (F.F.)
| | - Marina Bufacchi
- Institute for Agricultural and Forest Systems in the Mediterranean, National Research Council, 06128 Perugia, Italy
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Farcas IA, Dippong T, Petean I, Moldovan M, Filip MR, Ciotlaus I, Tudoran LB, Borodi G, Paltinean GA, Pripon E, Bunea CI. Material Evidence of Sediments Recovered from Ancient Amphorae Found at the Potaissa Roman Fortress. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:2628. [PMID: 37048922 PMCID: PMC10095784 DOI: 10.3390/ma16072628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Methods for material investigation are powerful tools that allow specialists to elucidate important aspects regarding ancient artifacts such as the Roman amphorae deposits discovered at Potaissa Fortress in Turda, Romania. Archeological debate states that the deposit contained olive oil and wine amphorae, but no material evidence has been presented until now. The current research is focused on the most representative large amphora fragments found in the Potaissa deposit, with a significant amount of sediment on their walls, to give archeologists the material proof to elucidate their debate. Sediment was collected from each fragment and subjected to complex analysis. XRD investigation combined with cross-polarized light microscopy demonstrated mineral particles such as quartz, clay (muscovite and traces of biotite), and calcite. Quartz and calcite particles have a rounded shape and diameters in a range of 20-200 µm, and clay particles have a lamellar shape and dimensions from 1 to 20 µm, a fact confirmed by SEM microscopy. Sample 2 presented a large amount of amorphous phase followed by Samples 1 and 3, with a low amount of organic phase. FTIR investigation confirms organic phase presence owing to strong absorption bands regarding C-H, C=O, and O-H chemical bonds related to aliphatic compounds in Sample 2, and to some decayed wine residue in Samples 1 and 3. EDS elemental analysis was used for organic particle identification in the amphora sediments and to obtain a correlation with their microstructure. GC-MS investigation showed volatile compounds related to wine residue for Samples 1 and 3 and decomposed fats for Sample 2. Tartaric and malic acid were identified by HPLC in Samples 1 and 3, which are wine biomarkers. The correlation of all experimental results concludes with no doubt that Amphora 2 contained olive oil and Amphorae 1 and 3 contained wine in ancient times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iulia Alexandra Farcas
- Faculty of Horticulture and Rural Business Development, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 3-5Manastur Str., 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Thomas Dippong
- Faculty of Science, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 76 Victoriei Street, 430122 Baia Mare, Romania
| | - Ioan Petean
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babes-Bolyai University, 11 Arany Janos Street, 400028 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Marioara Moldovan
- Department of Polymer Composites, Institute of Chemistry “Raluca Ripan”, Babes-Bolyai University, 30 Fantanele Street, 400294 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Miuta Rafila Filip
- Department of Polymer Composites, Institute of Chemistry “Raluca Ripan”, Babes-Bolyai University, 30 Fantanele Street, 400294 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Irina Ciotlaus
- Department of Organic Compounds and Natural Products, Institute of Chemistry “Raluca Ripan”, Babes-Bolyai University, 30 Fantanele Street, 400294 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Lucian Barbu Tudoran
- Faculty of Biology and Geology, Babes-Bolyai University, 44 Gheorghe Bilaşcu Street, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 65-103 Donath Street, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Gheorghe Borodi
- National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 65-103 Donath Street, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Gertrud Alexandra Paltinean
- Department of Polymer Composites, Institute of Chemistry “Raluca Ripan”, Babes-Bolyai University, 30 Fantanele Street, 400294 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Emanoil Pripon
- Zalau County Museum of History and Art, 9 Unirii Str., 450042 Zalau, Romania
| | - Claudiu Ioan Bunea
- Faculty of Horticulture and Rural Business Development, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 3-5Manastur Str., 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Mariotti R, Núñez-Carmona E, Genzardi D, Pandolfi S, Sberveglieri V, Mousavi S. Volatile Olfactory Profiles of Umbrian Extra Virgin Olive Oils and Their Discrimination through MOX Chemical Sensors. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:7164. [PMID: 36236259 PMCID: PMC9572317 DOI: 10.3390/s22197164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) is the best vegetable oil worldwide but, at the same time, is one of the product victims of fraud in the agri-food sector, and the differences about quality within the extra-virgin olive oil category are often missed. Several scientific techniques were applied in order to guarantee the authenticity and quality of this EVOO. In the present study, the volatile compounds (VOCs) by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with solid-phase micro-extraction detection (GC-MS SPME), organoleptic analysis by the official Slow Food panel and the detection by a Small Sensor System (S3) were applied. Ten EVOOs from Umbria, a central Italian region, were selected from the 2021 Slow Food Italian extra virgin olive oil official guide, which includes hundreds of high-quality olive oils. The results demonstrated the possibility to discriminate the ten EVOOs, even if they belong to the same Italian region, by all three techniques. The result of GC-MS SPME detection was comparable at the discrimination level to the organoleptic test with few exceptions, while the S3 was able to better separate some EVOOs, which were not discriminated perfectly by the other two methods. The correlation analysis performed among and between the three methodologies allowed us to identify 388 strong associations with a p value less than 0.05. This study has highlighted how much the mix of VOCs was different even among few and localized EVOOs. The correlation with the sensor detection, which is faster and chipper compared to the other two techniques, elucidated the similarities and discrepancies between the applied methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Mariotti
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council, 06128 Perugia, Italy
| | - Estefanía Núñez-Carmona
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council, URT-Reggio Emilia, Via J. F. Kennedy 17/I, 42124 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Dario Genzardi
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council, URT-Reggio Emilia, Via J. F. Kennedy 17/I, 42124 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Saverio Pandolfi
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council, 06128 Perugia, Italy
| | - Veronica Sberveglieri
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council, URT-Reggio Emilia, Via J. F. Kennedy 17/I, 42124 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Soraya Mousavi
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council, 06128 Perugia, Italy
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Olive Oil Antioxidants. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11050996. [PMID: 35624859 PMCID: PMC9137961 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11050996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
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