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Iannuzzo F, Schiano E, Pastore A, Guerra F, Tenore GC, Novellino E, Stornaiuolo M. Controlled Cultivation Confers Rhodiola rosea Synergistic Activity on Muscle Cell Homeostasis, Metabolism and Antioxidant Defense in Primary Human Myoblasts. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:1000. [PMID: 39199244 PMCID: PMC11351949 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13081000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2024] [Revised: 08/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Rhodiola rosea L. is recognized for its adaptogenic properties and ability to promote muscle health, function and recovery from exercise. The plethora of biological effects of this plant is ascribed to the synergism existing among the molecules composing its phytocomplex. In this manuscript, we analyze the activity of a bioactive fraction extracted from Rhodiola rosea L. controlled cultivation. Biological assays were performed on human skeletal myoblasts and revealed that the extract is able to modulate in vitro expression of transcription factors, namely Pax7 and myoD, involved in muscle differentiation and recovery. The extract also promotes ROS scavenging, ATP production and mitochondrial respiration. Untargeted metabolomics further reveals that the mechanism underpinning the plant involves the synergistic interconnection between antioxidant enzymes and the folic/acid polyamine pathway. Finally, by examining the phytochemical profiles of the extract, we identify the specific combination of secondary plant metabolites contributing to muscle repair, recovery from stress and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fortuna Iannuzzo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Chieti-Pescara G. D’Annunzio, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
| | - Elisabetta Schiano
- Inventia Biotech-Healthcare Food Research Center s.r.l., Strada Statale Sannitica KM 20.700, 81020 Caserta, Italy; (E.S.); (F.G.); (E.N.)
| | - Arianna Pastore
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 59, 80131 Naples, Italy; (A.P.); (G.C.T.)
| | - Fabrizia Guerra
- Inventia Biotech-Healthcare Food Research Center s.r.l., Strada Statale Sannitica KM 20.700, 81020 Caserta, Italy; (E.S.); (F.G.); (E.N.)
| | - Gian Carlo Tenore
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 59, 80131 Naples, Italy; (A.P.); (G.C.T.)
| | - Ettore Novellino
- Inventia Biotech-Healthcare Food Research Center s.r.l., Strada Statale Sannitica KM 20.700, 81020 Caserta, Italy; (E.S.); (F.G.); (E.N.)
| | - Mariano Stornaiuolo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 59, 80131 Naples, Italy; (A.P.); (G.C.T.)
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Xu W, Yang T, Zhang J, Li H, Guo M. Rhodiola rosea: a review in the context of PPPM approach. EPMA J 2024; 15:233-259. [PMID: 38841616 PMCID: PMC11147995 DOI: 10.1007/s13167-024-00367-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
A natural "medicine and food" plant, Rhodiola rosea (RR) is primarily made up of organic acids, phenolic compounds, sterols, glycosides, vitamins, lipids, proteins, amino acids, trace elements, and other physiologically active substances. In vitro, non-clinical and clinical studies confirmed that it exerts anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immune regulatory effects, balances the gut microbiota, and alleviates vascular circulatory disorders. RR can prolong life and has great application potential in preventing and treating suboptimal health, non-communicable diseases, and COVID-19. This narrative review discusses the effects of RR in preventing organ damage (such as the liver, lung, heart, brain, kidneys, intestines, and blood vessels) in non-communicable diseases from the perspective of predictive, preventive, and personalised medicine (PPPM/3PM). In conclusion, as an adaptogen, RR can provide personalised health strategies to improve the quality of life and overall health status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqian Xu
- Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | | | - Jinyuan Zhang
- The Third People’s Hospital of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Heguo Li
- Department of Spleen, Stomach, Liver and Gallbladder, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Min Guo
- Department of Spleen, Stomach, Liver and Gallbladder, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
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Senol Deniz FS, Ekhteiari Salmas R, Emerce E, Sener B, Orhan IE. Cholinesterase Inhibitory and In Silico Toxicity Assessment of Thirty-Four Isoquinoline Alkaloids - Berberine as the Lead Compound. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2024; 23:773-783. [PMID: 37073143 DOI: 10.2174/1871527322666230417083053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cholinesterase (ChE) inhibitors used currently in clinics for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are the most prescribed drug class with nitrogen-containing chemical formula. Galanthamine, the latest generation anti-ChE drug, contains an isoquinoline structure. OBJECTIVE The aim of the current study was to investigate the inhibitory potential of thirty-four isoquinoline alkaloids, e.g. (-)-adlumidine, β-allocryptopine, berberine, (+)-bicuculline, (-)-bicuculline, (+)-bulbocapnine, (-)-canadine, (±)-chelidimerine, corydaldine, (±)-corydalidzine, (-)-corydalmine, (+)-cularicine, dehydrocavidine, (+)-fumariline, (-)-fumarophycine, (+)-α-hydrastine, (+)-isoboldine, 13-methylcolumbamine, (-)-norjuziphine, norsanguinarine, (-)-ophiocarpine, (-)-ophiocarpine-Noxide, oxocularine, oxosarcocapnine, palmatine, (+)-parfumine, protopine, (+)-reticuline, sanguinarine, (+)-scoulerine, (±)-sibiricine, (±)-sibiricine acetate, (-)-sinactine, and (-)-stylopine isolated from several Fumaria (fumitory) and Corydalis species towards acetyl- (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) by microtiter plate assays. The alkaloids with strong ChE inhibition were proceeded to molecular docking simulations as well as in silico toxicity screening for their mutagenic capacity through VEGA QSAR (AMES test) consensus model and VEGA platform as statistical approaches. The inputs were evaluated in a simplified molecular input-line entry system (SMILES). METHODS ChE inhibition assays indicated that the highest AChE inhibition was caused by berberine (IC50: 0.72 ± 0.04 μg/mL), palmatine (IC50: 6.29 ± 0.61 μg/mL), β-allocryptopine (IC50: 10.62 ± 0.45 μg/mL), (-)-sinactine (IC50: 11.94 ± 0.44 μg/mL), and dehydrocavidine (IC50: 15.01 ± 1.87 μg/mL) as compared to that of galanthamine (IC50: 0.74 ± 0.01 μg/mL), the reference drug with isoquinoline skeleton. Less number of the tested alkaloids exhibited notable BChE inhibition. Among them, berberine (IC50: 7.67 ± 0.36 μg/mL) and (-)-corydalmine (IC50: 7.78 ± 0.38 μg/mL) displayed a stronger inhibition than that of galanthamine (IC50: 12.02 ± 0.25 μg/mL). The mutagenic activity was shown for β-allocryptopine, (+)- and (-)-bicuculline, (±)-corydalidzine, (-)-corydalmine, (+)-cularicine, (-)- fumarophycine, (-)-norjuziphine, (-)-ophiocarpine-N-oxide, (+)-scoulerine, (-)-sinactine, and (-)- stylopine by means of in silico experiments. RESULTS The results obtained by molecular docking simulations of berberine, palmatine, and (-)- corydalmine suggested that the estimated free ligand-binding energies of these compounds inside the binding domains of their targets are reasonable to make them capable of establishing strong polar and nonpolar bonds with the atoms of the active site amino acids. CONCLUSION Our findings revealed that berberine, palmatin, and (-)-corydalmine stand out as the most promising isoquinoline alkaloids in terms of ChE inhibition. Among them, berberine has displayed a robust dual inhibition against both ChEs and could be evaluated further as a lead compound for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Sezer Senol Deniz
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara 06330, Türkiye
| | | | - Esra Emerce
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara 06330, Türkiye
| | - Bilge Sener
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara 06330, Türkiye
| | - Ilkay Erdogan Orhan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara 06330, Türkiye
- Turkish Academy of Sciences (TÜBA), Vedat Dalokay Street, No. 112, Ankara 06670, Türkiye
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Wang S, Feng Y, Zheng L, He P, Tan J, Cai J, Wu M, Ye X. Rosavin: Research Advances in Extraction and Synthesis, Pharmacological Activities and Therapeutic Effects on Diseases of the Characteristic Active Ingredients of Rhodiola rosea L. Molecules 2023; 28:7412. [PMID: 37959831 PMCID: PMC10648587 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28217412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhodiola rosea L. (RRL) is a popular plant in traditional medicine, and Rosavin, a characteristic ingredient of RRL, is considered one of the most important active ingredients in it. In recent years, with deepening research on its pharmacological actions, the clinical application value and demand for Rosavin have been steadily increasing. Various routes for the extraction and all-chemical or biological synthesis of Rosavin have been gradually developed for the large-scale production and broad application of Rosavin. Pharmacological studies have demonstrated that Rosavin has a variety of biological activities, including antioxidant, lipid-lowering, analgesic, antiradiation, antitumor and immunomodulation effects. Rosavin showed significant therapeutic effects on a range of chronic diseases, including neurological, digestive, respiratory and bone-related disorders during in vitro and vivo experiments, demonstrating the great potential of Rosavin as a therapeutic drug for diseases. This paper gives a comprehensive and insightful overview of Rosavin, focusing on its extraction and synthesis, pharmacological activities, progress in disease-treatment research and formulation studies, providing a reference for the production and preparation, further clinical research and applications of Rosavin in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, China; (S.W.); (J.T.); (J.C.)
| | - Yanmin Feng
- The First Clinical Medical College, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, China; (Y.F.); (L.Z.); (P.H.)
| | - Lin Zheng
- The First Clinical Medical College, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, China; (Y.F.); (L.Z.); (P.H.)
| | - Panfeng He
- The First Clinical Medical College, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, China; (Y.F.); (L.Z.); (P.H.)
| | - Jingyi Tan
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, China; (S.W.); (J.T.); (J.C.)
| | - Jinhui Cai
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, China; (S.W.); (J.T.); (J.C.)
| | - Minhua Wu
- School of Basic Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, China;
| | - Xiaoxia Ye
- School of Basic Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, China;
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Bernatoniene J, Jakstas V, Kopustinskiene DM. Phenolic Compounds of Rhodiola rosea L. as the Potential Alternative Therapy in the Treatment of Chronic Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12293. [PMID: 37569669 PMCID: PMC10418374 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The roots and rhizomes of Rhodiola rosea L. (Crassulaceae), which is widely growing in Northern Europe, North America, and Siberia, have been used since ancient times to alleviate stress, fatigue, and mental and physical disorders. Phenolic compounds: phenylpropanoids rosavin, rosarin, and rosin, tyrosol glucoside salidroside, and tyrosol, are responsible for the biological action of R. rosea, exerting antioxidant, immunomodulatory, anti-aging, anti-fatigue activities. R. rosea extract formulations are used as alternative remedies to enhance mental and cognitive functions and protect the central nervous system and heart during stress. Recent studies indicate that R. rosea may be used to treat diabetes, cancer, and a variety of cardiovascular and neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. This paper reviews the beneficial effects of the extract of R. rosea, its key active components, and their possible use in the treatment of chronic diseases. R. rosea represents an excellent natural remedy to address situations involving decreased performance, such as fatigue and a sense of weakness, particularly in the context of chronic diseases. Given the significance of mitochondria in cellular energy metabolism and their vulnerability to reactive oxygen species, future research should prioritize investigating the potential effects of R. rosea main bioactive phenolic compounds on mitochondria, thus targeting cellular energy supply and countering oxidative stress-related effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jurga Bernatoniene
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technologies, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukileliu pr. 13, LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania; (J.B.); (V.J.)
- Department of Drug Technology and Social Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukileliu pr. 13, LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Valdas Jakstas
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technologies, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukileliu pr. 13, LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania; (J.B.); (V.J.)
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukileliu pr. 13, LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Dalia M. Kopustinskiene
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technologies, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukileliu pr. 13, LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania; (J.B.); (V.J.)
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Electrochemical Characterization of the Antioxidant Properties of Medicinal Plants and Products: A Review. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28052308. [PMID: 36903553 PMCID: PMC10004803 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Medicinal plants are an important source of bioactive compounds with a wide spectrum of practically useful properties. Various types of antioxidants synthesized in plants are the reasons for their application in medicine, phytotherapy, and aromatherapy. Therefore, reliable, simple, cost-effective, eco-friendly, and rapid methods for the evaluation of antioxidant properties of medicinal plants and products on their basis are required. Electrochemical methods based on electron transfer reactions are promising tools to solve this problem. Total antioxidant parameters and individual antioxidant quantification can be achieved using suitable electrochemical techniques. The analytical capabilities of constant-current coulometry, potentiometry, various types of voltammetry, and chrono methods in the evaluation of total antioxidant parameters of medicinal plants and plant-derived products are presented. The advantages and limitations of methods in comparison to each other and traditional spectroscopic methods are discussed. The possibility to use electrochemical detection of the antioxidants via reactions with oxidants or radicals (N- and O-centered) in solution, with stable radicals immobilized on the electrode surface, via oxidation of antioxidants on a suitable electrode, allows the study of various mechanisms of antioxidant actions occurring in living systems. Attention is also paid to the individual or simultaneous electrochemical determination of antioxidants in medicinal plants using chemically modified electrodes.
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Polumackanycz M, Petropoulos SA, Śledziński T, Goyke E, Konopacka A, Plenis A, Viapiana A. Withania somnifera L.: Phenolic Compounds Composition and Biological Activity of Commercial Samples and Its Aqueous and Hydromethanolic Extracts. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12030550. [PMID: 36978798 PMCID: PMC10045402 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12030550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, the chemical composition and bioactive properties of commercially available Withania somnifera samples were evaluated. The hydromethanolic and aqueous extracts of the tested samples were analyzed in terms of phenolic compound composition, ascorbic acid content, antioxidant and antibacterial activity, and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitory activities. Polyphenols and ascorbic acid content, as well as the antioxidant activity, were higher in the aqueous extracts than in the hydromethanolic extracts. Generally, aqueous extracts presented higher antioxidant activity than the hydromethanolic ones, especially in the case of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) assay. Moreover, higher amounts of phenolic acids and flavonoids were found in the hydromethanolic extracts compared to the aqueous ones. Regarding the antibacterial properties, samples 4, 6, and 10 showed the best overall performance with growth-inhibitory activities against all the examined bacteria strains. Finally, the aqueous and hydromethanolic extracts were the most efficient extracts in terms of AChE and BChE inhibitory activities, respectively. In conclusion, our results indicate that W. somnifera possesses important bioactive properties which could be attributed to the high amounts of phenolic compounds. However, a great variability was recorded in commercially available products, suggesting significant differences in the origin of product and the processing method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Polumackanycz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Spyridon A. Petropoulos
- Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Fytokou Street, 38446 Volos, Greece
- Correspondence: (S.A.P.); (A.V.)
| | - Tomasz Śledziński
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Goyke
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Konopacka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Alina Plenis
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Viapiana
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland
- Correspondence: (S.A.P.); (A.V.)
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Masi F, Chianese G, Hofstetter RK, Cavallaro AL, Riva A, Werz O, Taglialatela-Scafati O. Phytochemical profile and anti-inflammatory activity of a commercially available Rhodiola rosea root extract. Fitoterapia 2023; 166:105439. [PMID: 36716798 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2023.105439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Rhodiola rosea roots and rhizomes hold an important place in the folk medicines of Russia, Scandinavia, Mongolia, and China as a health supplement for stimulating the nervous system, enhancing physical and mental performances, and nowadays they constitute the active ingredient in many popular commercial preparations sold worldwide as food additives, pharmaceutical remedies, and drinks. This study was aimed at providing a detailed phytochemical characterization of the Rhodiola 5%, a commercially available extract of R. rosea roots, and resulted in the characterization of 18 secondary metabolites, including 13 polyphenols and 6 terpenoids, and in the discovery of the new rhodiosidin (5), the first R. rosea metabolite to show both terpenoid and cinnamoyl moieties. The 5-lipoxygenase inhibiting activity of the main components was characterized and disclosed that rosiridin (6), kenposide A and rosavins are mainly responsible for this activity of the extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Masi
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Chianese
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Robert K Hofstetter
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Arianna Lucia Cavallaro
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Antonella Riva
- Indena SpA, Product Innovation and Development & LCM, Viale Ortles, 12, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Oliver Werz
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Orazio Taglialatela-Scafati
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy.
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X-ray crystalographic data, absolute configuration, and anticholinesterase effect of dihydromyricitrin 3-O-rhamnoside. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18351. [PMID: 36319690 PMCID: PMC9626498 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23240-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on our continuous effort to investigate chemistry and biology of the plant secondary metabolites, we were able to isolate a glycosidal flavonoid 1 from the Wild Egyptian Artichoke. The activity of dihydromyricetin 3-O-rhamnoside (sin. dihydromyricitrin, ampelopsin 3-O-rhamnoside) (1) against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE); its absolute configuration using X-ray crystallography were determined for the first time. Inhibitory activity of 1 against AChE and BChE enzymes were determined using a slightly modified version of Ellman's method. Compound 1 was revealed to have a potent inhibition against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) with IC50 values of 0.070 ± 0.008 and 0.071 ± 0.004 mM, respectively, where IC50 values of the reference drug (galanthamine) were 0.023 ± 0.15 and 0.047 ± 0.91 mM. Compound 1 could be a promising molecule against Alzheimer's disease.
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