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Sun X, Jia X, Tan Z, Fan D, Chen M, Cui N, Liu A, Liu D. Oral Nanoformulations in Cardiovascular Medicine: Advances in Atherosclerosis Treatment. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:919. [PMID: 39065770 PMCID: PMC11279631 DOI: 10.3390/ph17070919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS) is the formation of atherosclerotic plaques on the walls of the arteries, causing them to narrow. If this occurs in the coronary arteries, the blood vessels may be completely blocked, resulting in myocardial infarction; if it occurs in the blood vessels of the brain, the blood vessels may be blocked, resulting in cerebral infarction, i.e., stroke. Studies have shown that the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis involves the processes of inflammation, lipid infiltration, oxidative stress, and endothelial damage, etc. SIRT, as a key factor regulating the molecular mechanisms of oxidative stress, inflammation, and aging, has an important impact on the pathogenesis of plaque formation, progression, and vulnerability. Statistics show that AS accounts for about 50 per cent of deaths in Western countries. Currently, oral medication is the mainstay of AS treatment, but its development is limited by side effects, low bioavailability and other unfavourable factors. In recent years, with the rapid development of nano-preparations, researchers have combined statins and natural product drugs within nanopreparations to improve their bioavailability. Based on this, this paper summarises the main pathogenesis of AS and also proposes new oral nanoformulations such as liposomes, nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, and nanocapsules to improve their application in the treatment of AS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Aidong Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China; (X.S.); (X.J.); (Z.T.); (D.F.); (M.C.); (N.C.)
| | - Da Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China; (X.S.); (X.J.); (Z.T.); (D.F.); (M.C.); (N.C.)
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Mu X, Liu SJ, Zheng LY, Ouyang C, Abdalla AME, Wang XX, Chen K, Yang FF, Meng N. The long coiled-coil protein NECC2 regulates oxLDL-induced endothelial oxidative damage and exacerbates atherosclerosis development in apolipoprotein E -/- mice. Free Radic Biol Med 2024; 216:106-117. [PMID: 38461872 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2024.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Oxidized low density lipoprotein (oxLDL)-induced endothelial oxidative damage promotes the development of atherosclerosis. Caveolae play an essential role in maintaining the survival and function of vascular endothelial cell (VEC). It is reported that the long coiled-coil protein NECC2 is localized in caveolae and is associated with neural cell differentiation and adipocyte formation, but its role in VECs needs to be clarified. Our results showed NECC2 expression increased in the endothelium of plaque-loaded aortas and oxLDL-treated HUVECs. Down-regulation of NECC2 by NECC2 siRNA or compound YF-307 significantly inhibited oxLDL-induced VEC apoptosis and the adhesion factors expression. Remarkably, inhibition of NECC2 expression in the endothelium of apoE-/- mice by adeno-associated virus (AAV)-carrying NECC2 shRNA or compound YF-307 alleviated endothelium injury and restricted atherosclerosis development. The immunoprecipitation results confirmed that NECC2 interacted with Tyk2 and caveolin-1(Cav-1) in VECs, and NECC2 further promoted the phosphorylation of Cav-1 at Tyr14 b y activating Tyk2 phosphorylation. On the other hand, inhibiting NECC2 levels suppressed oxLDL-induced phosphorylation of Cav-1, uptake of oxLDL by VECs, accumulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species and activation of NF-κB. Our findings suggest that NECC2 may contribute to oxLDL-induced VEC injury and atherosclerosis via modulating Cav-1 phosphorylation through Tyk2. This work provides a new concept and drug target for treating atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Mu
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China; The Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Liaocheng University/Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, Shangdong, 252000, China
| | - Shu-Jun Liu
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Lei-Yin Zheng
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Chenxi Ouyang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ahmed M E Abdalla
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Xin-Xin Wang
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Kai Chen
- New Drug Evaluation Center, Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinan, 250101, China; Shandong Innovation Center of Engineered Bacteriophage Therapeutics, Jinan, China.
| | - Fei-Fei Yang
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China.
| | - Ning Meng
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China.
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Rosenfeld MA, Yurina LV, Gavrilina ES, Vasilyeva AD. Post-Translational Oxidative Modifications of Hemostasis Proteins: Structure, Function, and Regulation. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2024; 89:S14-S33. [PMID: 38621742 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297924140025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are constantly generated in a living organism. An imbalance between the amount of generated reactive species in the body and their destruction leads to the development of oxidative stress. Proteins are extremely vulnerable targets for ROS molecules, which can cause oxidative modifications of amino acid residues, thus altering structure and function of intra- and extracellular proteins. The current review considers the effect of oxidation on the structural rearrangements and functional activity of hemostasis proteins: coagulation system proteins such as fibrinogen, prothrombin/thrombin, factor VII/VIIa; anticoagulant proteins - thrombomodulin and protein C; proteins of the fibrinolytic system such as plasminogen, tissue plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. Structure and function of the proteins, oxidative modifications, and their detrimental consequences resulting from the induced oxidation or oxidative stress in vivo are described. Possible effects of oxidative modifications of proteins in vitro and in vivo leading to disruption of the coagulation and fibrinolysis processes are summarized and systematized, and the possibility of a compensatory mechanism in maintaining hemostasis under oxidative stress is analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Rosenfeld
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119334, Russia.
| | - Lyubov V Yurina
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119334, Russia
| | - Elizaveta S Gavrilina
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119334, Russia
| | - Alexandra D Vasilyeva
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119334, Russia
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Lankin VZ, Sharapov MG, Tikhaze AK, Goncharov RG, Antonova OA, Konovalova GG, Novoselov VI. Dicarbonyl-Modified Low-Density Lipoproteins Are Key Inducers of LOX-1 and NOX1 Gene Expression in the Cultured Human Umbilical Vein Endotheliocytes. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2023; 88:2125-2136. [PMID: 38462455 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297923120143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Expression of LOX-1 and NOX1 genes in the human umbilical vein endotheliocytes (HUVECs) cultured in the presence of low-density lipoproteins (LDL) modified with various natural dicarbonyls was investigated for the first time. It was found that among the investigated dicarbonyl-modified LDLs (malondialdehyde (MDA)-modified LDLs, glyoxal-modified LDLs, and methylglyoxal-modified LDLs), the MDA-modified LDLs caused the greatest induction of the LOX-1 and NOX1 genes, as well as of the genes of antioxidant enzymes and genes of proapoptotic factors in HUVECs. Key role of the dicarbonyl-modified LDLs in the molecular mechanisms of vascular wall damage and endothelial dysfunction is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim Z Lankin
- Chazov National Medical Research Center for Cardiology, Moscow, 121552, Russia
| | - Mars G Sharapov
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia.
| | - Alla K Tikhaze
- Chazov National Medical Research Center for Cardiology, Moscow, 121552, Russia
| | - Ruslan G Goncharov
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
| | - Olga A Antonova
- Chazov National Medical Research Center for Cardiology, Moscow, 121552, Russia
| | - Galina G Konovalova
- Chazov National Medical Research Center for Cardiology, Moscow, 121552, Russia
| | - Vladimir I Novoselov
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
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Lankin VZ, Tikhaze AK, Konovalova GG. Differences in Structural Changes and Pathophysiological Effects of Low-Density Lipoprotein Particles upon Accumulation of Acylhydroperoxy Derivatives in Their Outer Phospholipid Monolayer or upon Modification of Apoprotein B-100 by Natural Dicarbonyls. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2023; 88:1910-1919. [PMID: 38105208 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297923110196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles of the lipid-transporting system of the organism, low-density lipoproteins (LDL) of blood plasma, are prone to free radical peroxidation with formation of their main modified forms - oxidized LDL itself (containing hydroperoxy-acyls in phospholipids of the outer layer of particles) and dicarbonyl-modified LDL (apoprotein B-100 in which chemically modified via the Maillard reaction). Based on the study of free radical oxidation kinetics of LDLs, it was found that the existing in the literature designation of "oxidized lipoproteins" is incorrect because it does not reveal the nature of oxidative modification of LDLs. It was shown in this study that the "atherogenic" LDLs (particles of which are actively captured by the cultured macrophages) are not the oxidized LDL (in which LOOH-derivatives of phospholipids are formed by enzymatic oxidation by C-15 lipoxygenase of rabbit reticulocytes), but dicarbonyl-modified LDLs. Important role of the dicarbonyl-modified LDLs in the molecular mechanisms of atherogenesis and endothelial dysfunction is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim Z Lankin
- Chazov National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 121552, Russia.
| | - Alla K Tikhaze
- Chazov National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 121552, Russia
| | - Galina G Konovalova
- Chazov National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 121552, Russia
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Lankin VZ, Konovalova GG, Domogatsky SP, Tikhaze AK, Klots IN, Ezhov MV. Clearance and Utilization of Dicarbonyl-Modified LDL in Monkeys and Humans. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10471. [PMID: 37445648 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The kinetics of elimination of various dicarbonyl-modified low-density lipoproteins from the bloodstream of Macaca mulatta monkeys were investigated. The low-density lipoproteins (LDL) in the monkey blood plasma were isolated by density gradient ultracentrifugation and labeled in vitro with the fluorescent dye FITC; thereupon, they were modified with different natural low molecular-weight dicarbonyls: malondialdehyde (MDA), glyoxal, or methylglyoxal. The control native FITC-labeled LDL and dicarbonyl-modified FITC-labeled LDL were injected into the monkey's ulnar vein; thereafter, blood samples were taken at fixed time intervals during 24 h. The plasma level of FITC-labeled LDL was determined with spectrofluorimetry. The study established that glyoxal- and monkeysglyoxal-labeled LDL circulated in monkey virtually at the same time as native (non-modified) LDL. In contrast, MDA-modified LDL disappeared from the blood extremely rapidly. Administration of the PCSK9 inhibitor involocumab (which increases LDL utilization) to patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) was found to significantly reduce levels of MDA-modified LDL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim Z Lankin
- Department for Free Radical Biochemistry, E.I. Chazov' National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Russian Ministry of Health, Moscow 121552, Russia
| | - Galina G Konovalova
- Department for Free Radical Biochemistry, E.I. Chazov' National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Russian Ministry of Health, Moscow 121552, Russia
| | - Sergey P Domogatsky
- Department for Free Radical Biochemistry, E.I. Chazov' National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Russian Ministry of Health, Moscow 121552, Russia
| | - Alla K Tikhaze
- Department for Free Radical Biochemistry, E.I. Chazov' National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Russian Ministry of Health, Moscow 121552, Russia
| | - Igor N Klots
- Research Institute of Medical Primatology, National Research Center "Kurchatov' Institute", Sochi 354376, Russia
| | - Marat V Ezhov
- Laboratory of Lipid Disorders, E.I. Chazov' National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Russian Ministry of Health, Moscow 121552, Russia
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Lankin VZ, Tikhaze AK, Kosach VY, Konovalova GG. Adsorption of Acylhydroperoxy-Derivatives of Phospholipids from Biomembranes by Blood Plasma Lipoproteins. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2023; 88:698-703. [PMID: 37331715 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297923050127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
It has been established that acylhydroperoxy derivatives of phospholipids from oxidized rat liver mitochondria are captured predominantly by LDL particles but not by HDL during co-incubation with blood plasma lipoproteins, which refutes the previously suggested hypothesis about the involvement of HDL in the reverse transport of oxidized phospholipids and confirms the possibility of different mechanisms of lipohydroperoxide accumulation in LDL during oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim Z Lankin
- National Medical Research Center of Cardiology named after Academician E. I. Chazov, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 121552, Russia.
| | - Alla K Tikhaze
- National Medical Research Center of Cardiology named after Academician E. I. Chazov, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 121552, Russia
| | - Valeria Y Kosach
- National Medical Research Center of Cardiology named after Academician E. I. Chazov, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 121552, Russia
| | - Galina G Konovalova
- National Medical Research Center of Cardiology named after Academician E. I. Chazov, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 121552, Russia
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Lankin VZ, Tikhaze AK, Melkumyants AM. Malondialdehyde as an Important Key Factor of Molecular Mechanisms of Vascular Wall Damage under Heart Diseases Development. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010128. [PMID: 36613568 PMCID: PMC9820205 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This mini review is devoted to a specific issue: the role of malondialdehyde (MDA)-a secondary product of free radical lipid peroxidation-in the molecular mechanisms of the formation of primary atherosclerotic vascular wall lesions. The principal difference between this review and the available literature is that it discusses in detail the important role in atherogenesis not of "oxidized" LDL (i.e., LDL particles containing lipohydroperoxides), but of LDL particles chemically modified by the natural low-molecular weight dicarbonyl MDA. To confirm this, we consider the data obtained by us earlier, indicating that "atherogenic" are not LDL oxidized as a result of free radical lipoperoxidation and containing lipohydroperoxy derivatives of phospholipids in the outer layer of particles, but LDL whose apoprotein B-100 has been modified due to the chemical reaction of terminal lysine residue amino groups of the apoB-100 with the aldehyde groups of the MDA (Maillard reaction). In addition, we present our original data proving that MDA injures endothelial glycocalyx that suppress the ability of the endothelium to control arterial tone according to changes in wall shear stress. In summary, this mini review for the first time exhaustively discloses the key role of MDA in atherogenesis.
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Lankin VZ, Tikhaze AK, Kosach VY. Comparative Susceptibility to Oxidation of Different Classes of Blood Plasma Lipoproteins. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2022; 87:1335-1341. [PMID: 36509725 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297922110128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The kinetics of free radical peroxidation of different classes of blood plasma lipoproteins (nanoparticles involved in lipid transport in the body) was studied. The susceptibility of atherogenic low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) to the Cu2+-initiated free radical peroxidation in vitro was found to be more than ten times higher than that of antiatherogenic high density lipoproteins (HDLs). The baseline content of acyl hydroperoxy derivatives of phospholipids (primary products of free radical peroxidation) in the outer layer of LDL particles in vivo measured per particle exceeded the baseline content of these compounds in HDL particles by more than an order of magnitude. The susceptibility to oxidation of the HDL2 subfraction of HDLs was higher than the susceptibility of total HDL fraction and HDL3 subfraction. The data obtained confirm an important role of free radical peroxidation of LDLs in the molecular mechanisms of vascular wall damage in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim Z Lankin
- National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 121552, Russia.
| | - Alla K Tikhaze
- National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 121552, Russia
| | - Valeria Ya Kosach
- National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 121552, Russia
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