Antioxidative and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Ascorbic Acid

Hepatoprotective role of ascorbic acid against fenvalerate-induced histopathological, ultrastructural, and antioxidant disruptions in Ctenopharyngodon idella

Ctenopharyngodon idella, a herbivorous fish, is widely used in aquaculture to control aquatic weeds. Owing to its significant role, the present study investigates the protective effects of ascorbic acid (AA) against fenvalerate (FEN) toxicity in the liver of Ctenopharyngodon idella. Dietary AA supplementation (1000 mg/kg diet) was tested against 1.2 and 2 µg/L of FEN and fish were dissected on the 15th, 30th, and 60th day of the experiment. The results revealed a significant (p < 0.05) increase in liver antioxidant enzyme levels (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase, and reduced glutathione) on the 15th and 30th days of FEN treatment followed by a decrease on the 60th day as compared to control group. While as, the malondialdehyde level was elevated throughout the experiment. Histopathological analysis revealed severe liver damage in FEN-treated fish, with notable infiltration of sinusoids, necrosis, and pycnotic nuclei, resulting in a mean degree of tissue change (DTC) value of 117.12 ± 1.27 at 2 µg/L of FEN on the 60th day of the experiment. Transmission electron microscopy displayed significant anomalies, including glycogen depletion, fragmented rough endoplasmic reticulum, swollen mitochondria, loss of heterochromatin, and necrotic hepatocytes with disrupted cytoplasm. However, dietary AA supplementation significantly minimized antioxidant enzyme activity and reduced liver pathology in FEN-treated fish, demonstrating its hepatoprotective efficacy. The study concludes that AA supplementation is recommended in aquaculture systems to mitigate the adverse effects of FEN.

Functional and molecular insights in topical wound healing by ascorbic acid

The skin acts as a vital barrier against external threats and regulates moisture levels. The skin's repair and rejuvenation encompass complex molecular and cellular mechanisms, constituting an essential yet intricate process to preserve skin integrity following trauma or surgical intervention. Acute wound repair unfolds through different interrelated stages, whereas chronic wounds pose significant healthcare challenges, often linked to conditions like diabetes and vascular diseases. Understanding of wound physiology is crucial for developing effective treatments. Chronic wounds require more comprehensive treatments, including surgical debridement, glycemic control, and antibiotic therapy. Ascorbic acid (AA) emerges as a promising wound-healing agent because it facilitates collagen synthesis, enhances antioxidant defense, promotes re-epithelialization and angiogenesis, regulates pH, and exhibits antimicrobial properties. Research outcomes on applying AA-based formulations on wound environment demonstrated its potential to accelerate wound closure and tissue regeneration, offering hope for improved wound management and reduced healthcare burdens associated with chronic wounds. The application of AA, which often utilizes innovative delivery methods and synergistic combinations with other actives, shows promise in preclinical studies for superior efficacy, biocompatibility, and controlled release profiles. Overall, AA-based therapies represent a significant avenue for advancing wound care and addressing the challenges of chronic wounds in healthcare systems.

Antioxidants improve the viability of diabetic bone marrow MSCs without rescuing their pro-regenerative secretome function

Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (BM-MSC) dysfunction and poor viability are prominent in diabetes and limit their therapeutic efficacy. A proteomic investigation was performed to assess disease associated alterations and the efficacy of antioxidants to rescue cellular function. BM-MSCs were isolated from obese diabetic mice (B6.Cg-Lepob/J) cultured in the presence or absence of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and ascorbic acid-2phosphate (AAP). Label free Liquid Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis detected 5079 proteins with 251 being differentially expressed between treatment groups. NAC/AAP improved cellular growth/viability post isolation by up-regulating proteins involved in redox status, ATP synthesis, Rho-GTPase signaling and modulated the immunophenotype of BM-MSCs. Despite a single application of the secretome not providing any advantage for wound bed regeneration in full thickness excisional diabetic wounds, the intracellular proteome illustrated the potential mechanisms of action by which NAC/AAP targeted the respiratory chain and modulated the immune phenotype of BM-MSCs. Given these observations, antioxidant supplementation might be more effective as prophylactic strategy to protect MSCs against functional decline instead of using it as a restorative agent and warrants further investigation.

The potentially therapeutic effects of ascorbic acid in different cell line in attempt to reduce the risk of radiation therapy

Leukemia is the most common type of serious, life-threatening cancer that requires the immediate initiation of therapy. Ascorbic acid (AsA), commonly known as Vitamin C, has been gaining attention due to its antioxidant activity as a potential treatment for human malignancies. In this study, the THP-1 monocytic cell line was treated with two doses of AsA: a low dose (L-AsA, 2.5 µg/mL) and a high dose (H-AsA, 5 µg/mL), while the K562 lymphocytic cell line was treated with two doses of AsA: a low dose (L-AsA, 4 µg/mL) and a high dose (H-AsA, 8 µg/mL). After a 24-h incubation period, all cells were exposed to different doses of X-radiation (2, 4, 8 Gy). The viability of THP-1 and K562 treated by AsA was assessed using the MTT assay. Additionally, we evaluated apoptosis, autophagy, proliferation, cell cycle progression, hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-1), malondialdehyde (MDA), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). Our study demonstrated that AsA, in combination with X-radiation, induced significant apoptosis and notably reduced Ki67 levels in human leukemia THP-1 cells. Furthermore, X-radiation caused DNA damage, leading to cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase in THP-1 cells. Moreover, AsA significantly reduced HIF-1 levels, which are essential for the survival of tumor cells in hypoxic conditions. We also found that the administration of AsA in combination with X-radiation had a synergistic and dose-dependent effect on THP-1 and K562 cells. Notably, the combination of L-AsA with 2 Gy X-radiation showed a more pronounced effect than 8 Gy X-radiation alone. These results suggest that AsA has promising anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic, and autophagic effects on leukemic cells. Furthermore, the dose of X-radiation may be reduced when combined with AsA in an effort to minimize its potential side effects.

Nrf2 and its signaling pathways in sepsis and its complications: A comprehensive review of research progress

Sepsis is a life-threatening condition characterized by organ dysfunction resulting from a dysregulated host immune response to infection. It is associated with a high incidence, intricate pathophysiological mechanisms, and rapidly progressive severity, rendering it a leading cause of mortality among patients in intensive care units. The Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2 (Nrf2) is a transcription factor pivotal for maintaining cellular redox homeostasis by regulating the expression of antioxidant and cytoprotective genes. Emerging evidence suggests that activation of the Nrf2 signaling pathway attenuates sepsis-induced inflammatory responses, oxidative stress, and organ dysfunction, thereby improving clinical outcomes. These findings underscore the potential of Nrf2 as a therapeutic target, offering a promising avenue for the development of novel interventions aimed at mitigating the complications and improving the prognosis of sepsis.

Pt(IV) Complexes as Anticancer Drugs and Their Relationship with Oxidative Stress

Despite continuous research, cancer is still a leading cause of death worldwide; therefore, new methods of cancer management improvement are emerging. It is well known that in the pathophysiology of cancer, oxidative stress (OS) is a significant factor. Nevertheless, there is currently no quick or easy way to identify OS in cancer patients using blood tests. Currently, in cancer treatments, Pt(IV) complexes are preferred to Pt(II) complexes in terms of adverse effects, drug resistance, and administration methods. Intracellular reductants convert Pt(IV) complexes to their Pt(II) analogs, which are Pt compounds with anti-carcinogenic effects. Our aim was to find out if Pt(IV) complexes could be used to assess blood oxidative stress indicators and, consequently, monitor the development of cancer. In this review, we analyzed previous research using the PubMed and Google Scholar public databases to verify the potential use of Pt(IV) complexes in cancer management. We found that two main serum antioxidants, glutathione and ascorbic acid, which are easily measured using conventional methods, react favorably with Pt(IV) complexes. Our research results suggest Pt(IV) complexes as therapeutic anticancer drugs and potential diagnosis agents. However, further research must be conducted to verify this hypothesis.

Prodigiosin pigment-producing Streptomyces diastaticus on Semi-solid media and anticancer activity against colorectal (COLO-205) cell line

The present study insights into the copious application of Prodigiosin as a bio-colorant produced by Actinomycetes using semisolid low-cost substrate media. Reddish pink pigment-producing Actinomycetes were isolated from the rhizosphere soil of the peanut plant and characterized by morphological, biochemical, and molecular analysis. Molecular analysis unveiled that the pigment-producing isolate was identified as Streptomyces diastaticus. Prodigiosin was produced in oatmeal media and characterized by UV-Spectrophotometer, Thin layer chromatography, FTIR, GC-MS, and NMR studies to investigate the structure of the pigment. Anti-cancer activity and toxicity of the pigment were studied. The results demonstrated dose-dependent anti-cancer activity against COLO-205 with an IC-50 value 171.36 μg/ml and the toxicity test on the HaCaT cell line showed cytotoxicity at higher concentrations at 1000 μg/ml respectively. The efficiency of anti-cancer activity on COLO-205 was further investigated by colony-forming assay, sphere-forming assay, ROS assay, simple staining, and dual staining. Anti-oxidant activity has increased with the increasing concentration of the pigment. Furtherly, it inhibits the growth of bacterial pathogens Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas sp., Salmonella sp., E. coli and Klebsiella sp. and fungal pathogens Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium sp., and Rhizopus sp. Overall results showed that the Prodigiosin produced from Actinomycetes is found to be toxic to cancer cells. Thus, it could find application as a bio-colorant in the dyeing, cosmetics, and food sectors.

Unlocking the Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Sourdough: Phytochemical Profile, Functional Investigation, and Molecular Docking Insights into Key Bioactive Compounds

Sourdough, a fermented food product, has garnered increasing interest for its potential health benefits. This study comprehensively evaluated the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potential of sourdough extract in vitro. Phytochemical analysis revealed a significant presence of phenolic compounds (0.276 ± 0.0196 mg GAE/g), and GC/MS analysis identified key bioactive compounds, including glycerin, lactic acid, thymol, phthalic acid, linoleic acid, and caprylic acid. The sourdough extract demonstrated potent anti-inflammatory activity, evidenced by its ability to inhibit protein denaturation (92.27 ± 0.66%), protease activity (26.70 ± 1.36%), and red blood cell hemolysis (22.93 ± 0.73%), suggesting a protective effect against cellular damage and inflammation. Furthermore, the extract exhibited considerable antioxidant capacity, as demonstrated by DPPH (14.29 ± 0.04%), H2O2 (81.61 ± 2.98%), and FRAP (96.26 ± 0.03%) assays. Molecular docking studies provided mechanistic insights into the anti-inflammatory effects, revealing that thymol and phthalic acid, identified in the extract, exhibited strong binding affinities with the IL-1β signaling complex (PDB ID: 4DEP), with binding energies of -6.6 kcal/mol and - 5.5 kcal/mol, respectively. These findings suggest that these compounds may contribute to the modulation of inflammatory pathways. This research highlights the significant anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potential of sourdough, suggesting its potential as a functional food for promoting human health. Moreover, it underscores the contribution of specific bioactive compounds to the observed effects, paving the way for further investigation into the therapeutic applications of sourdough.

In Vitro, Ex Vivo, Instrumental, and Clinical Assessment of a Novel Anti-aging Serum Targeting Oxidative Stress

BACKGROUND

Primarily driven by oxidative stress, aging results from the attrition of cells, aggravated by environmental stressors. Therefore, protection from oxidative stress is the main target of antiaging cosmetics.

AIMS

To evaluate the efficacy of a unique cosmetic serum combining five antioxidants and hyaluronic acid.

METHODS

The inactivation of reactive oxygen species by the serum was evaluated in-tubo. IL-1α release was evaluated using EpiDermTM skin models, while gene expression analysis and elastin fiber length were evaluated on human skin explants. Finally, the effect of twice daily serum application for 28 days was compared to those induced by a control serum, focusing on instrumental and assessor evaluations.

RESULTS

In-tubo, the serum reduces reactive oxygen species by 45.2%. A single topical application on EpiDermTM skin models limits UV-induced ROS-mediated IL-1α release. Compared to untreated explants, HB-EGF (heparin-binding epidermal growth factor) skin homeostasis marker expression increases by 22-fold with treatment. Additionally, the serum increases elastin fiber length by 40.2%. Clinically, twice daily application of the serum over a period of 7 days revealed significant improvements in clinical scoring of skin's wrinkle (-12.8%), smoothness (+12.5%), and radiance (+22.2%). The serum also leads to a rapid and long-lasting increase in skin hydration (30 min: +50.5%, 28 days: +19.9%) and reduced transepidermal water loss (30 min: -7.7%, 28 days: -8.7%). The serum is highly efficacious and well tolerated by the subjects.

CONCLUSION

The serum has antioxidant, soothing, photoprotective, and moisturizing properties that can be explained by the individual properties of its unique blend of actives.

The potential role of ascorbic acid in attenuating infertility induced by emamectin benzoate via suppressing oxidative stress and ameliorating sperm count in male rats

Pesticides are chemical compounds with toxicological properties. Emamectin benzoate (EMB) is a macrolytic lactone belonging to the avermectin class, produced naturally by the actinomycetes Streptomyces avermitilis. Ascorbic acid (AA) is used in many therapeutic areas, in particular for its antioxidant properties. The objective of this study is to evaluate the potential role of ascorbic acid (AA) against the reproductive toxicity induced by emamectin benzoate (EMB). In this experimental study, 24 adult male rats were used. The animals were divided into 4 groups (n = 6). Control group (C) treated with distilled water, an EMB group received 20 mg EMB/kg body weight (bw) by gavage, AA group received ascorbic acid intraperitoneally (200 mg/kg bw) and an EMB + AA group received 20 mg EMB/kg bw and ascorbic acid intraperitoneally (200 mg/kg bw). The duration of the treatment was 15 days. Our results showed that the administration of EMB increased (MDA, proteins carbonyl), decreased antioxidant (SOD, CAT, GSH). Microscopic analysis revealed histological damage in the EMB group, which were represented by alteration of normal architecture, inflammatory cell infiltration, multifocal vacuolation of Sertoli cell cytoplasm, congested blood vessels, a large area of low spermatozoa density in epididymal lumen and increased collagen fibers in the muscle layer, which implicated fibrosis. However, co-treatment with ascorbic acid reduced EMB-related testis, epididymis toxicity, corrected the imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants, ameliorated sperm production, moderated amount of collagen fiber. We note that treatment with ascorbic acid (AA) only did not result in any significant change compared to controls. In conclusion, ascorbic acid has beneficial effects by attenuating the toxicity of Emamectin benzoate.

Comprehensive LC-MS Profiling and Evaluation of Antimicrobial, Antibiofilm, Antioxidant, and Anti-inflammatory Properties of Alcoholic Extracts of Brassica fruticulosa subsp. numidica (Coss.) Maire

Brassica fruticulosa subsp. numidica, an underutilized species in the Brassicaceae family, offers significant potential for discovering bioactive compounds. This study analyzed its ethanolic (EE) and methanolic (ME) extracts for phytochemical composition and bioactivity, identifying key compounds via liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). EE was rich in phenolic acids, notably cinnamic acid (59.33%) and coumaric acid (24.39%), while ME contained a high concentration of riboflavin (99.25%). EE exhibited potent antimicrobial activity, particularly against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (IZD: 17.5 mm; MIC: 62.5 µg/mL), and reduced biofilm formation by up to 72%, whereas ME demonstrated superior antioxidant (IC50: 67.46 ± 0.03 µg/mL) and anti-inflammatory effects (maximum inhibition: 78.10% at 2500 µg/mL). Neither extract showed efficacy against Staphylococcus aureus or fungal strains. These results underscore the therapeutic potential of B. fruticulosa subsp. numidica and highlight its promise for natural product-based drug discovery, warranting further research on compound isolation, mechanistic studies, and in vivo validation.

Nutritional Support of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Background: COPD is a heterogenous disease of the respiratory tract caused by diverse genetic factors along with environmental and lifestyle-related effects such as industrial dust inhalation and, most frequently, cigarette smoking. These factors lead to airflow obstruction and chronic respiratory symptoms. Additionally, the increased risk of infections exacerbates airway inflammation in COPD patients. As a consequence of the complex pathomechanisms and difficulty in treatment, COPD is among the leading causes of mortality both in the western countries and in the developing world. Results: The management of COPD is still a challenge for the clinicians; however, alternative interventions such as smoking cessation and lifestyle changes from a sedentary life to moderate physical activity with special attention to the diet may ameliorate patients' health. Here, we reviewed the effects of different dietary components and supplements on the conditions of COPD. Conclusions: COPD patients are continuously exposed to heavy metals, which are commonly present in cigarette smoke and polluted air. Meanwhile, they often experience significant nutrient deficiencies, which affect the detoxification of these toxic metals. This in turn can further disrupt nutritional balance by interfering with the absorption, metabolism, and utilization of essential micronutrients. Therefore, awareness and deliberate efforts should be made to check levels of micronutrients, with special attention to ensuring adequate levels of antioxidants, vitamin D, vitamin K2, magnesium, and iron, as these may be particularly important in reducing the risk of COPD development and limiting disease severity.

Ultrasonication and ozone processing of Syzygium malaccense juice for retention of bioactive components

Freshly extracted juice from two different varieties of an under-utilized fruit (Syzygium malaccense) was subjected to various non-thermal treatments, such as ultrasonication (5 and 10 min at 50% amplitude with 30 s pulse lap time) and ozonation (0.1 ppm for 20 min), along with the standard heat treatment (85 °C/10 min). Various treatment's effect on the microbiological, physicochemical, and bioactive constituents of the juice were studied throughout storage (28 days at 4 °C). Ultrasonication treatment enhanced the bioactive components retention, and higher vitamin C, TPC, DPPH, and ABTS radical scavenging activities were observed in ultrasonicated (5 min) juices compared to others. The ozone treatment showed deleterious effects on wax apple juice, reducing TPC, vitamin C, and flavonoids. Organic acid profiling revealed ascorbic, malic, fumaric, and tartaric acids; major phenolic compounds included catechin, rutin, syringic, vanillic, protocatechuic, gallic, and rosmarinic acids in the fruit juice. Pearson correlation coefficient highlighted positive correlations between these compounds and antioxidant activity in both juices. The present study addresses the scarcity of information on wax apple juice constituents, highlighting its rich organic acids and phenolics content. The results showed that ultrasonication (5 min) treatment emerged as an alternative to thermal treatment, preserving bioactive compounds in wax apple juice.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13197-024-06042-9.

Green Tea: Current Knowledge and Issues

Green tea possesses antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antimicrobial activities, reduces body weight, and slows down aging. These effects are primarily attributed to catechins contained in green tea leaves, particularly epigallocatechin-3-gallate. However, in humans, the realization of green tea's beneficial effects is limited. In order to summarize and critically analyze the available scientific information about green tea's health benefits and issues related to its use, we conducted an in-depth literature review in scientific databases. A number of in vitro studies reported that green tea catechins modulate various signaling pathways in cells, which is thought to underlie their beneficial effects. However, data on the effects of catechins in humans are scarce, which is partly due to their low stability and oral bioavailability. Furthermore, catechins may also participate in pharmacokinetic interactions when co-administered with certain drugs such as anticancer agents, drugs for cardiovascular diseases, immunosuppressors, etc. As a result, adverse drug reactions or therapy failure may occur. In conclusion, over the years, various approaches have been investigated to optimize catechin intake and to achieve beneficial effects in humans, but to date, the use of catechins for prophylaxis or disease treatment remains limited. Therefore, future studies regarding the possibilities of catechins administration are needed.

Liposomal formulation of a vitamin C derivative: a promising strategy to increase skin permeability

This study describes the development of a novel liposomal formulation incorporating 3-O-ethyl-L-ascorbic acid (EAA), a derivative of vitamin C. The EAA-loaded liposomes were fully characterized, particle size and zeta potential values suitable for drug delivery. The skin penetration studies revealed that liposomal formulation enhanced EAA retention in the skin compared to free EAA. Additionally, the impact of topical treatments with liposomal EAA on photo-aging markers in skin explants was investigated. EAA charged liposomes display a protective or stimulatory effect on cellular metabolism. Finally, liposomal EAA have a significant effect on the inflamatory markers, reducing the extracellular matrix degradation associated with UV-induced damage of skin. These findings provide valuable insights into the potential of liposomal formulations for the development of advanced cosmetic products.

Genetic mapping of serum metabolome to chronic diseases among Han Chinese

Serum metabolites are potential regulators for chronic diseases. To explore the genetic regulation of metabolites and their roles in chronic diseases, we quantified 2,759 serum metabolites and performed genome-wide association studies (GWASs) among Han Chinese individuals. We identified 184 study-wide significant (p < 1.81 × 10-11) metabolite quantitative trait loci (metaboQTLs), 88.59% (163) of which were novel. Notably, we identified Asian-ancestry-specific metaboQTLs, including the SNP rs2296651 for taurocholic acid and taurochenodesoxycholic acid. Leveraging the GWAS for 37 clinical traits from East Asians, Mendelian randomization analyses identified 906 potential causal relationships between metabolites and clinical traits, including 27 for type 2 diabetes and 38 for coronary artery disease. Integrating genetic regulation of the transcriptome and proteome revealed putative regulators of several metabolites. In summary, we depict a landscape of the genetic architecture of the serum metabolome among Han Chinese and provide insights into the role of serum metabolites in chronic diseases.

Towards Highly Stable Sn2+ Electrolyte for Aqueous Tin Batteries Using Hydroquinone Antioxidant

Sn redox chemistry in aqueous acidic electrolyte was characterized with high reversibility and kinetics, which is considered as competitive anode material for aqueous batteries. Unfortunately, divalent Sn2+ is unstable in aqueous electrolyte. It was revealed that Sn2+ is easy to be oxidized to tetravalent Sn4+ by dissolved oxygen and then forms precipitate through hydrolysis process, leading to serious performance decay. Here, hydroquinone (HQ) was employed as antioxidant to prevent Sn2+ oxidation. With addition of HQ, Sn2+ electrolyte can maintain transparent and colorless after long-time exposure under air atmosphere, while large amounts of sediment were observed in the electrolyte without HQ. Moreover, HQ can adsorb on electrode surface to regulate Sn deposition and suppress Sn dendrite formation. With the difunctional HQ additive, Sn anode shows a stable cycling performance more than 1500 cycles with a high average coulombic efficiency (CE) of 99.9 %. And the organic||Sn cell shows high cycling stability for 10,000 cycles with 71 % capacity retention. The hydroquinone antioxidant strategy provides a facile and cost-effective way to develop highly stable Sn2+-based electrolyte.

Vitamin C: A Comprehensive Review of Its Role in Health, Disease Prevention, and Therapeutic Potential

Since Albert Szent-Györgyi discovered it and it became used in treating scurvy, vitamin C has attracted interest in many studies due to its unique properties. It is an important cofactor in the synthesis of collagen and hormones, and it is involved in immunity, iron absorption, and processes requiring antioxidants. Thus, this review aims to emphasize the importance and usefulness of vitamin C in improving quality of life and preventing various diseases (e.g., chronic diseases, cardiovascular diseases, cancer) but also for its use in treatments against infections, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer. Although the studies presented provide essential information about the properties of VIC and its beneficial effect on health, some studies contradict these theories. In this respect, further studies on larger samples and over a longer period are needed to demonstrate the therapeutic potential of this nutrient. However, VIC remains a necessary vitamin that should be consumed daily to maintain optimal health and prevent deficiencies that can lead to scurvy and its associated complications.

Vitamin C: From Self-Sufficiency to Dietary Dependence in the Framework of Its Biological Functions and Medical Implications

Vitamin C is an organic compound biosynthesized in plants and most vertebrates. Since its discovery, the benefits of vitamin C use in the cure and prevention of various pathologies have been frequently reported, including its anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticoagulant, and immune modulatory properties. Vitamin C plays an important role in collagen synthesis and subsequent scurvy prevention. It is also required in vivo as a cofactor for enzymes involved in carnitine and catecholamine norepinephrine biosynthesis, peptide amidation, and tyrosine catabolism. Moreover, as an enzymatic cofactor, vitamin C is involved in processes of gene transcription and epigenetic regulation. The absence of the synthesis of L-gulono-1,4-lactone oxidase, a key enzyme in the pathway of vitamin C synthesis, is an inborn metabolism error in some fishes and several bird and mammalian species, including humans and non-human primates; it is caused by various changes in the structure of the original GULO gene, making these affected species dependent on external sources of vitamin C. The evolutionary cause of GULO gene pseudogenization remains controversial, as either dietary supplementation or neutral selection is evoked. An evolutionary improvement in the control of redox homeostasis was also considered, as potentially toxic H2O2 is generated as a byproduct in the vitamin C biosynthesis pathway. The inactivation of the GULO gene and the subsequent reliance on dietary vitamin C may have broader implications for aging and age-related diseases, as one of the most important actions of vitamin C is as an anti-oxidant. Therefore, an important aim for medical professionals regarding human and animal health should be establishing vitamin C homeostasis in species that are unable to synthesize it themselves, preventing pathologies such as cardiovascular diseases, cognitive decline, and even cancer.

Growth Performance of and Liver Function in Heat-Stressed Magang Geese Fed the Antioxidant Zinc Ascorbate and Its Potential Mechanism of Action

The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro antioxidant activity of zinc ascorbate (AsA-Zn), its effects on the growth performance of and liver function in Magang geese under heat stress, and its potential mechanism. At AsA-Zn concentrations of 7.5, 15, 30, and 60 µmol/L, the 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS·+) radical scavenging rate increased significantly by 120.85%, 53.43%, 36.12%, and 0.99%, respectively, compared with that of ascorbic acid (AsA), indicating that AsA-Zn had better antioxidant performance in vitro. In this study, Magang geese were divided into a control group (basal diet, CON) and experimental groups, who received the basal diet supplemented with 400 mg/kg AsA or 30 (AsA-Zn30), 60 (AsA-Zn60), or 90 (AsA-Zn90) mg/kg AsA-Zn. AsA-Zn supplementation considerably reduced the feed-to-gain ratio, whereas both AsA and AsA-Zn significantly increased the thymus index. Moreover, AsA-Zn supplementation improved serum protein levels, lipid metabolism, liver function, and antioxidant capacity while reducing hepatocyte vacuolar degeneration. Furthermore, supplementation with AsA-Zn60 significantly increased the total antioxidant capacity, glutathione peroxidase activity, and superoxide dismutase activity and decreased the malondialdehyde content in the serum, liver, and hepatic mitochondria (P < 0.05), with more pronounced effects in the AsA-Zn60 group. Moreover, supplementation with ASA-Zn regulated the Nrf 2 signaling pathway and significantly increased the expression of genes encoding antioxidant-related factors in the liver. In conclusion, AsA-Zn has good antioxidant activity, and AsA-Zn supplementation may improve the antioxidant capacity of heat-stressed geese and promote their growth. Supplementation with 30 mg/kg AsA-Zn is recommended.

Cadmium-induced pancreatic toxicity in rats: comparing vitamin C and Nigella sativa as protective agents: a histomorphometric and ultrastructural study

The study aimed to assess the toxic effect of cadmium (Cd) on the exocrine and endocrine functions of pancreas, the changes in pancreatic tissue after Cd withdrawal, and the protective effects of vitamin C (VC) and Nigella sativa (NS) against Cd-induced damage. Rats were assigned to: control, Cd-treated (0.5 mg/kg/d intraperitoneal [IP] injection), VC and Cd-treated (receiving 100 mg/kg/d VC orally and Cd concomitantly), NS and Cd-treated (receiving 20 mg/kg/d NS and Cd, simultaneously), and Cd withdrawal (receiving Cd for 30 d then living free for recovery for other 30 d). Blood samples were collected and post-sacrifice pancreatic specimens were processed for light and electron microscope study. Quantitative analyses of pancreatic collagen area%, pancreatic islet parameters, β cell density, and insulin immunoexpression were done. Fasting blood glucose was significantly increased in Cd-treated and Cd-withdrawal groups, while co-treatment with VC and NS caused significant reductions (p < 0.05). Cd-induced extensive degenerative changes in pancreatic acini and islets at light and ultrastructure levels. Obvious fibrosis and congestion of blood vessels were noticed. Significant reductions in pancreatic islet number, volume, and surface area and diminished beta cell count and insulin immunoexpression were observed. After withdrawal of Cd, the whole pancreatic tissue still showed a serious impact. Concomitant treatment with VC or NS obviously reduced these degenerative changes and significantly improved pancreatic islet parameters and insulin immunoexpression. VC showed a better amendment than NS, but this difference was statistically insignificant. Therefore, VC and NS could be used as prophylactic agents that lessen Cd consequences on the pancreas.

Associations between ultra-processed foods intake and preserved ratio impaired spirometry in U.S. adults

Background

Preserved Ratio Impaired Spirometry (PRISm) is increasingly recognized as a precursor to Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). The impact of Ultra-Processed Foods (UPFs) intake on PRISm and lung function remains underexplored, and we aimed to explore their associations.

Methods

This study included 8,336 U.S. adults. Weighted logistic and linear regression models were employed for main analysis. Dose-response relationship was examined through restricted cubic spline (RCS) analysis, and subgroup analyses explored interactions with selected covariates.

Results

Participants in the PRISm group were older and exhibited various adverse health characteristics. The percentage of total daily energy intake from UPFs (%Kcal) intake was associated with a non-significant increase in PRISm risk (OR 1.67, 95% CI: 0.96-2.92, p = 0.07). However, the highest quartile of UPFs (%Kcal) intake was significantly linked to increased PRISm risk (OR 1.36, 95% CI: 0.99-1.86, P for trend = 0.043). Furthermore, higher UPFs (%Kcal) intake negatively affected lung function, with participants in the highest quartile showing a significant reduction in forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) of -45.5 mL (95% CI: -87.6 to -3.4, P for trend = 0.045) and a decrease in forced vital capacity (FVC) of -139.4 mL (95% CI: -223.5 to -55.4, p < 0.001) compared to those in the lowest quartile. RCS analysis demonstrated linear relationships for both PRISm and lung function. Subgroup analysis revealed increased susceptibility primarily among individuals with occupational exposure. Additionally, sensitivity analysis indicated that a higher percentage of total daily intake from UPFs (%Grams) intake was significantly associated with an increased risk of PRISm (OR 1.86, 95% CI: 1.07-3.25, p = 0.03).

Conclusion

Higher intake of UPFs is linked to an increased risk of PRISm and negatively affects lung function, particularly in individuals with occupational exposure.

Exploring the promising potential of alcohol extract from the aerial part of dill in ameliorating DSS-induced ulcerative colitis in mice

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Dill (Anethum graveolens L.) is a typical Uyghur medicine. It is traditionally used to treat sticky and stagnant dampness, hiccups and food stagnation, intestinal obstruction, and anorectal diseases.

STUDY OBJECTIVE

Our study is designed to investigate the potential of alcohol extract from the aerial part of dill in ameliorating ulcerative colitis induced by Dextran Sulfate Sodium Salt (DSS) in mice.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In this paper, the chemical composition of the aerial part of dill was speculated from the data obtained by LC-MS and determined by comparing with 10 standards through HPLC. The aerial part of fresh dill was dried, crushed, sieved, and then extracted with 70% ethanol to obtain DE. The lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 cells were used to test the anti-inflammatory activity of DE in vitro. The impact of DE on UC was also studied in vivo. UC was induced by drinking 2.5% DSS to C57BL/6 mice for 6 days. The positive control group received 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) by gavage, and the low and high-dose treatment groups were respectively given 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg of DE by gavage daily for 7 days from the first day.

RESULTS

DE significantly reduces the disease activity index (DAI) and colon histopathological damage. DE can also alleviate oxidative stress and inflammation in UC mice by reducing IL-6, IL-1β, MDA, and MPO levels and increasing CAT and GSH levels in colonic tissues. DE can protect the integrity of the colonic mucosal barrier by reducing damage to goblet cells, increasing the levels of mucin MUC2, and regulating the expression of tight junction proteins such as ZO-1, Occludin, Claudin-1, and Claudin-2. In addition, DE improves the ratio of beneficial and harmful bacteria, thus further alleviating the imbalance of intestinal flora.

CONCLUSION

DE has anti-inflammatory activity in vitro and an ameliorative effect on DSS-induced UC in mice by alleviating oxidative stress and inflammation, protecting the integrity of the intestinal barrier, and regulating intestinal flora.

Exploring Anti-Inflammatory Treatment as Upstream Therapy in the Management of Atrial Fibrillation

Inflammation has been widely recognized as one of the major pathophysiological drivers of the development of atrial fibrillation (AF), which works in tandem with other risk factors of AF including obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and heart failure (HF). Our current understanding of the role of inflammation in the natural history of AF remains elusive; however, several key players, including the NLRP3 (NLR family pyrin domain containing 3) inflammasome, have been acknowledged to be heavily influential on chronic inflammation in the atrial myocardium, which leads to fibrosis and eventual degradation of its electrical function. Nevertheless, our current methods of pharmacological modalities with reported immunomodulatory properties, including well-established classes of drugs e.g., drugs targeting the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), statins, and vitamin D, have proven effective in reducing the overall risk of developing AF, the onset of postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF), and reducing overall mortality among patients with AF. This might bring hope for further progress in developing new treatment modalities targeting cellular checkpoints of the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway, or revisiting other well-known anti-inflammatory drugs e.g., colchicine, vitamin C, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), glucocorticosteroids, and antimalarial drugs. In our review, we aim to find relevant upstream anti-inflammatory treatment methods for the management of AF and present the most current real-world evidence of their clinical utility.

Mitigating lead acetate-induced histopathologic and physiologic disorders in rats receiving vitamin C and glutathione supplement

The present work examines the extreme impact of lead acetate and the preventive function of co-supplementation with vitamin C and glutathione. It hypothesizes that these supplements can alleviate the poisonous effects of lead exposure. Eighty male albino rats, weighing 100 ± 15 g, were categorized into four groups: the control group, the second group receiving daily supplements of 100 mg/kg of body weight glutathione and 1 mg/100 g of body weight vitamin C orally, the third group receiving 100 mg/kg body weight of lead acetate orally daily, and the fourth group receiving similar oral dosages of lead acetate along with glutathione and vitamin C. Lead exposure significantly decreased body weight and relative testis weight, while relative organ weights for the liver, kidney, and spleen increased significantly. Additionally, lead acetate increased plasma glutamic pyruvic transaminase and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase activities and plasma creatinine concentration (p < 0.05). Lead concentration rose significantly in blood, urine, liver, and kidney (p < 0.05). Examinations revealed that lead acetate exposure induced apoptotic DNA fragmentation in hepatocytes, significantly increasing caspase-3 activity (91 %) and annexin V indicators. Moreover, lead exposure induced a decrease in sperm count and motility, along with an increase in abnormal sperm morphology. However, vitamin C and glutathione supplementation significantly improved these adverse impacts, suggesting their protective function in counteracting the harmful impacts of lead acetate in different organs.

A novel edible biocomposite coating based on alginate from the brown seaweed Dictyota mertensii loaded with beeswax nanoparticles extends the shelf life of yellow passion fruit

In this study, an edible biocomposite coating of alginate extracted from the brown seaweed Dictyota mertensii was loaded with beeswax nanoparticles (BDMAB) to extend the shelf life of yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa). The films were characterized by morphology, moisture content, contact angle, water vapor permeability, solubility, and optical and mechanical properties. Using a 4 × 6 factorial design, coated fruit was evaluated during six storage intervals (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 days) at 22.5 ± 0.5 °C and 65 ± 5 % RH, focusing on respiration rate, weight loss, peel thickness and color, pulp yield and color, soluble solids, titratable acidity, ascorbic acid, phenolics, antioxidant capacity, and sensory acceptance. The BDMAB coating, composed of 67.9 % (w/w) ADM (bleached), 5 % (w/w) glycerol, 8.5 % (w/w) beeswax, and 18.6 % (w/w) Tween 80, significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the respiration rate, minimized weight loss, and preserved quality attributes, such as acidity, ascorbic acid, phenols, and antioxidant capacity. A 3-day extension in shelf life was inferred based on the climacteric peak delay of BDMAB-coated fruits compared with the control. Sensory analysis confirmed the acceptance of BDMAB coating. Therefore, BDMAB biocomposite coatings have great potential for preserving yellow passion fruit and promoting sustainability and conservation.

Sepsis subtypes and differential treatment response to vitamin C: biological sub-study of the LOVIT trial

PURPOSE

We hypothesised that the biological heterogeneity of sepsis may highlight sepsis subtypes with differences in response to intravenous vitamin C treatment in the Lessening Organ Dysfunction with VITamin C (LOVIT) trial. Our aims were to identify sepsis subtypes and to test whether sepsis subtypes have differences in treatment effect to vitamin C and describe putative biological effects of vitamin C treatment.

METHODS

We measured biomarkers of inflammation, at baseline and at 7 days post-randomisation, in 457/863 (53.0%) of participants with plasma samples in the LOVIT trial. We used agglomerative hierarchical clustering on log10-transformed baseline data of 26 biomarkers to identify sepsis subtypes. We analysed differences in vitamin C treatment effect with regression models incorporating robust standard errors to report odds ratio and 95% confidence intervals (OR(95% CI)). All analyses were completed blinded to treatment allocation.

RESULTS

Our cohort included 233/429 (54.3%) allocated to vitamin C and 224/434 (51.6%) allocated to placebo. A three-subtype model best explained the variance in our data. Subtype-2 had the highest, and subtype-3 had the lowest levels of inflammatory response. In paired longitudinal samples, vitamin C did not have discernible anti-inflammatory effects, with anti-inflammatory effects related to time since randomisation and concomitant hydrocortisone treatment. The treatment effect estimates (OR (95% CI)) for subtype-1, subtype-2 and subtype-3 were 1.04 (0.63-1.73), 1.33 (0.53-3.36) and 1.95 (0.85-4.49), respectively (test of heterogeneity p = 0.002).

CONCLUSION

We report three sepsis subtypes based on inflammatory response profile. No subtype benefitted from vitamin C treatment in the LOVIT trial, with heterogeneity of treatment effect in the magnitude of harm.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

Funded by the Lotte and John Hecht Memorial Foundation; LOVIT ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT03680274.

Lead toxicity in plants: mechanistic insights into toxicity, physiological responses of plants and mitigation strategies

Soil toxicity is a major environmental issue that leads to numerous harmful effects on plants and human beings. Every year a huge amount of Pb is dumped into the environment either from natural sources or anthropogenically. Being a heavy metal it is highly toxic and non-biodegradable but remains in the environment for a long time. It is considered a neurotoxic and exerts harmful effects on living beings. In the present review article, investigators have emphasized the side effects of Pb on the plants. Further, the authors have focused on the various sources of Pb in the environment. Investigators have emphasized the various responses including molecular, biochemical, and morphological of plants to the toxic levels of Pb. Further emphasis was given to the effect of elevated levels of Pb on the microbial population in the rhizospheres. Further, emphasized the various remediation strategies for the Pb removal from the soil and water sources.

Antioxidant, Phytochemical, and Pharmacological Properties of Algerian Mentha aquatica Extracts

Water mint (Mentha aquatica) is used in many formulations worldwide as a functional food and natural remedy to treat gastrointestinal disorders, lung diseases, and certain mental disorders such as epilepsy and depression. This study assessed the bioactivity of its infusion extract (INF) and hydroethanolic extract (HE) to highlight its health benefits. These extracts were analyzed for their chemical composition by HPLC-DAD-ESI-MSn, their antioxidant and antidiabetic properties, and their capacities to protect human erythrocytes against induced hemoglobin oxidation and lipid peroxidation. The effect on normal human dermal fibroblast (NHDF) cells and on the N27 rat dopaminergic neuron cell line was also assessed. The chromatographic analysis identified 57 compounds belonging to hydroxycinnamic acids, flavanones, flavone, and isoflavonoids. In respect to the biological potential, the Mentha aquatica extracts revealed a notable capacity for 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, nitric oxide, and superoxide radicals, as well as for the inhibition of α-glucosidase action and the protection of human erythrocytes against oxidative damage. Quantification revealed noteworthy phenolic content in both extracts. Additionally, the extracts demonstrated less cytotoxic effects regarding the NHDF and N27 cell lines. Overall, Mentha aquatica presents promising antioxidant activity and a spectrum of potential biological activities, underscoring its significance as a novel antioxidant candidate for applications in animal nutrition, human medicine, and natural product research in the pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries.

High-pressure carbon dioxide (HPCD): Impact on the quality of fruit juices and inactivation of spores and enzymes

Ensuring microbiological safety in fruit juices while maintaining their nutritional and sensory qualities remains a significant challenge in food processing. Traditional thermal methods, although effective against vegetative pathogens, can degrade important nutrients and are less effective at inactivating bacterial spores. High-pressure carbon dioxide (HPCD) technology has emerged as a promising non-thermal alternative, using CO2 under high pressure to inactivate spores and enzymes. More importantly, HPCD has shown great potential in preserving the quality of fruit juices. This review assesses recent studies on the use of HPCD in fruit juices, focusing on its effectiveness in reducing spore counts and inactivating enzymes like polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and pectin methylesterase (PME). The impact of HPCD on the physicochemical, nutritional, and sensory attributes of fruit juices, such as vitamin retention, color, and cloudiness, is also examined. Despite HPCD's advantages, challenges remain in optimizing process parameters for consistent microbial inactivation, with variations depending on juice composition and microbial strain. Additionally, while initial costs are high, the long-term economic viability of HPCD is favorable due to lower energy consumption and CO2 recyclability. Future research should focus on optimizing equipment design and scaling HPCD technology for industrial applications.

Skin cells protection against UVA radiation - The comparison of various antioxidants and viability tests

This study compares the effects of vitamins - including ascorbic acid, its derivative 3-O-ethyl-ascorbic acid (EAA), and tocopherol - as well as the main non-psychoactive phytocannabinoids on the viability of various skin cells, including healthy (keratinocytes/melanocytes/fibroblasts) and cancer cells (melanoma/SCC), under standard culture conditions and after the exposure to UVA radiation. All the conducted tests (MTT, SRB, and LDH) consistently indicate that the regenerative effect of EAA is stronger than that of ascorbic acid, while tocopherol acts selectively on healthy/cancer cells, inducing or inhibiting their proliferation, respectively. In the case of phytocannabinoids, only cannabidiol shows protective/regenerative properties for healthy cells. Moreover, the response of melanocytes to cannabigerol is divergent; however, only the LDH test indicates that cannabigerol strongly increases the membrane permeability of those cells. In summary it should be emphasized that various tests may give partially divergent results due to a variety of measured parameters. Nevertheless, despite the positive viability test results for the potential protective compound, caution should be taken as it may promote healthy skin cells but also protect cancer cells.

Dual oxidative stress biomarkers co-recognition in periodontal microenvironment: A flexible and low-power consumption nanozyme sensing platform

Sensing platforms with high interference immunity and low power consumption are crucial for the co-detection of dual oxidative stress biomarkers and clinical diagnosis of periodontitis. Herein, we constructed a bifunctional nanozyme to identify hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and ascorbic acid (AA) with low crosstalk at zero or low bias voltage. To target H2O2 and AA, Fe(III) meso-tetra(4-carboxyphenyl) porphine (TCPP(Fe)) and Pt nanoclusters were selected as active sites respectively, and titanium carbide nanosheets were additionally introduced as a sensitizer. Due to their highly efficient catalytic properties, self-powered detection of H2O2 without bias voltage and distinguishable AA detection at 0.45 V were successfully achieved. Density functional theory calculations further confirmed the binding sites for target molecules and elucidated the sensing mechanism. On this basis, a dual-channel screen-printed electrode was fabricated to further ensure the discriminative detection of dual biomarkers at the device level. The constructed flexible, low-power consumption sensing platform was successfully applied to raw clinical samples, effectively distinguishing between healthy individuals and patients with varying degrees of periodontitis. This work is expected to provide new insights into the design of highly specific nanozymes and low-power consumption electrochemical sensing systems, which will contribute to the accurate and convenient diagnosis of periodontitis.

The effect of vitamin C on the recovery of activity and survival of autografted ovaries through inhibition of oxidation and inflammation

Ovarian tissue autografting is a valuable clinical option to help restore fertility in women with cancer. However, many follicles are lost due to ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury, which depletes follicles after grafting. We aimed to investigate the effect of vitamin C, an antioxidant with anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory properties, on improving the structure and function of autografted ovaries in mice. Thirty-six female NMRI mice (4-5 weeks old) were divided into three groups of 12: control (no grafting), autograft + vitamin C (50 mg/kg/day intraperitoneally), and autograft + saline (100 µl/day/animal, intraperitoneally). After the ovarian autografting and before the start of the experiment, each group was further divided into 7-day and 28-day subgroups. Seven days after ovary autografting, serum levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and inflammatory factors were measured. On day 28, ovarian histology, DNA fragmentation, and estradiol and progesterone levels were assessed. Results were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's test, with significance set at p<0.05. In the autograft + vitamin C group, there were significant increases in the mean total volume of the ovary, cortex (p<0.05), medulla, number of follicles, and levels of IL-10, progesterone, estradiol, and TAC (p<0.001), compared to the autograft group. Conversely, the rate of apoptosis and serum levels of MDA, IL-6, and TNF-α were notably reduced in the autograft + vitamin C group (p<0.001). These results suggest that vitamin C can significantly enhance the recovery of autografted ovaries through its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic effects.

Oxidative/Nitrosative Stress and Brain Involvement in Sepsis: A Relationship Supported by Immunohistochemistry

Background and Objectives: A large amount of recent evidence suggests that cellular inability to consume oxygen could play a notable part in promoting sepsis as a consequence of mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress. The latter could, in fact, represent a fundamental stage in the evolution of the "natural history" of sepsis. Following a study previously conducted by the same working group on heart samples, the present research project aims to evaluate, through an immunohistochemical study, the existence and/or extent of oxidative stress in the brains of subjects who died due to sepsis and define, after reviewing the literature, its contribution to the septic process to support the use of medications aimed at correcting redox anomalies in the management of septic patients. Materials and Methods: 10 cases of subjects who died in healthcare facilities with ante-mortem clinical-laboratory signs that allowed the diagnosis of septic shock were selected as case studies, and 1 case of a subject who died immediately following a road traffic accident was used as a negative control. Samples of the cerebral cortex were then taken, fixed in formalin, and subjected to sections on which an immunohistochemical study was performed using anti-NOX-2, NT, iNOS, and 8-OHdG antibodies. Results: The results emerging from the present study demonstrate that despite a variable expressivity for the NT, iNOS, and NOX2 markers, the brain samples demonstrated univocal and high positivity for the 8-OHdG marker. Conclusions: This would allow us to hypothesize how, regardless of the mechanism of production of ROS and NOS (iNOS or NOX2 mediated) and the pathophysiological mechanisms that are triggered during sepsis, oxidative damage to DNA represents the event to which this whole process leads and, in fact, in the literature, is directly correlated to sepsis-dependent mortality. Neurons, conversely, appear to be more sensitive to oxidative stress because of a low number of protective or scavenger molecules (catalase, glutathione peroxidase, GSH, or vitamin E). Therefore, despite reduced production, the manifestation of the damage remains high. This evidence, together with that of the previous study, can only support the introduction of substances with an antioxidant function in the guidelines for the treatment of sepsis.

Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Aptamin C in Pulmonary Fibrosis Induced by Bleomycin

Background/Objectives: Vitamin C is a well-known antioxidant with antiviral, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory properties. However, its therapeutic applications are limited by rapid oxidation due to heat and light sensitivity. Aptamin C, which employs aptamers to bind vitamin C, has demonstrated enhanced stability and efficacy. This study investigates the potential of Aptamin C to inhibit the progression of pulmonary fibrosis, a prominent inflammatory lung disease with no effective treatment. Methods: Mice bearing bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis were administered vitamin C or Aptamin C, and their weight changes and survival rates were monitored. Inflammatory cell infiltration was assessed in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and the degree of alveolar fibrosis was measured by H&E and Masson's trichrome staining. To elucidate the mechanism of action of Aptamin C, Western blot analysis was performed in HaCaT and lung tissues from bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis mice. Results: The Aptamin C-treated group showed a notably higher survival rate at 50%, whereas all subjects in the vitamin C-treated group died. Histological examination of lung tissue showed that inflammation was significantly suppressed in the Aptamin C-supplemented group compared to the vitamin C-supplemented group, with a 10% greater reduction in cell infiltrations, along with noticeably less tissue damage. Additionally, it was observed that Aptamin C increased SVCT-1 expression in the HaCaT cells and the lung tissues. Conclusions: Taken together, Aptamin C not only increases the stability of vitamin C but also induces an increase in SVCT-1 expression, facilitating greater vitamin C absorption into cells and tissues, thereby inhibiting the progression of symptoms and associated inflammatory responses in pulmonary fibrosis.

The Potential of Natural Compounds in UV Protection Products

Overexposure to ultraviolet radiation mainly leads to skin disorders (erythema, burns, immunosuppression), skin aging, and skin cancer as the most serious side effect. It has been widely accepted that using sunscreen products is an important way to protect against the harmful effects of UV rays. Although commercial sunscreens have constantly changed and improved over time, there are emerging concerns about the safety of conventional, organic, UV filters due to adverse effects on humans (such as photoallergic dermatitis, contact sensitivity, endocrine-disrupting effects, etc.) as well as accumulation in the environment and aquatic organisms. This is why natural compounds are increasingly being investigated and used in cosmetic and pharmaceutical sunscreens. Some of these compounds are widely available, non-toxic, safer for use, and have considerable UV protective properties and less side effects. Plant-based compounds such as flavonoids can absorb UVA and UVB rays and possess antioxidant, anticarcinogenic, and anti-inflammatory effects that contribute to photoprotection. Apart from flavonoids, other natural products such as certain vegetable oils, carotenoids, stilbenes, and ferulic acid also have UV-absorbing properties. Some vitamins might also be beneficial for skin protection due to their antioxidant activity. Therefore, the aim of this research was to gain insight into the potential of natural compounds to replace or reduce the amount of conventional UV filters, based on recent research.

Effect of vitamin C injections on exercise muscular performance and biochemical parameters in Trichinella spiralis-infected mice

Background

Trichinella spiralis is a worldwide intestinal nematode that can parasitize the striated muscles of its hosts at the larval stage. This study aims to evaluate potential of vitamin C for treating trichinellosis-related pathological problems in the infected muscles of mice.

Materials and Methods

Thirty CD1 male Albino mice were divided into three groups (10 mice per group). Negative and positive control groups (0.9% NaCl) and the infected vitamin C group (10 mg/kg body weight). Two weeks post-infection, each group was intraperitoneally injected daily for two weeks with Vitamin C or saline. The performance of the muscles was assessed both before and after the treatment. After dissection, constant parts of striated muscles were removed for further assays. The scoring of the histological changes of infected muscles was carried out. In addition to muscle malondialdehyde levels, superoxide dismutase and catalase activities were measured for the oxidative and antioxidant states. Creatine kinase and aspartate aminotransferase were also measured in tissues to reflect the degree of muscular damage.

Results

Vitamin C enhances the weakness of the muscular performance resulting from the infection. Vitamin C was able to repair some of the histological lesions that resulted from the infection. Trichinellosis caused severe changes in the biochemical markers in positive control animals. Muscle damage biomarkers and, besides, oxidative and antioxidant conditions were greatly ameliorated in infected vitamin C animals. Summing up, vitamin C can be used as a complementary drug due to its efficiency in improving pathogenesis following a trichinellosis infection. The supplement also must be tested in the intestinal stage of infection after showing promising results in the muscular stage.

Mechanism of vitamin C alleviating the immunotoxicity of 17α-methyltestosterone in Carassius auratus

BACKGROUND

In recent years, the use of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) has become increasingly common, leading to severe environmental pollution and harm to aquatic organisms. 17α-Methyltestosterone (MT) is a synthetic androgen that can cause immunotoxicity in aquaculture, affecting fish health. To address this issue, this study aimed to investigate the effect of Vitamin C (VC) on MT-induced immunotoxicity and determine the optimal VC supplementation.

RESULTS

Carassius auratus was exposed to 50 ng/L MT and treated with 25, 50, and 150 mg/kg VC for 7, 14, and 21 d. Morphological indicators, histological characteristics, hepatic antioxidant capacity, and immune-related gene expression were analyzed. Additionally, RNA-seq was performed on the liver tissues of the control, MT, and MT + 25 mg/kg VC groups after 21 d. Results showed that, MT treatment significantly increased liver malondialdehyde content and inhibited immune-related gene expression (TNF-α, IL-8, INF-γ, IL-10, Caspase-9, and IGF-I), causing oxidative stress and immunotoxicity, leading to hepatic steatosis. However, supplementation with 25-50 mg/kg VC effectively alleviated the MT-induced damage to the hepatic structure and immune system. RNA-seq revealed significant enrichment of differentially expressed genes in multiple signaling pathways, including the mTOR, MAPK, and Wnt pathways.

CONCLUSIONS

In summary, 25-50 mg/kg VC alleviated inhibitory effect of MT on immune-related genes in C. auratus liver, reducing MT-induced tissue damage. VC not only alleviated inflammation, oxidative stress, and immunotoxicity induced by MT through the regulation of the mTOR, MAPK, and Wnt signaling pathways, but also indirectly enhanced cellular antioxidant defense mechanisms by regulating the NRF2 pathway. This provides a theoretical basis for VC application in aquaculture, improving fish health and increasing efficiency.

Impact of thermal processing on polyphenols, carotenoids, glucosinolates, and ascorbic acid in fruit and vegetables and their cardiovascular benefits

Bioactive compounds in fruit and vegetables have a positive impact on human health by reducing oxidative stress, inflammation, and the risk of chronic diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular (CV) diseases, and metabolic disorders. However, some fruit and vegetables must be heated before consumption and thermal processes can modify the amount of nutraceuticals, that is, polyphenols, carotenoids, glucosinolates, and ascorbic acid, that can increase or decrease in relation to different factors such as type of processing, temperature, and time but also the plant part (e.g., flower, leaf, tuber, and root) utilized as food. Another important aspect is related to the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of nutraceuticals. Indeed, the key stage of nutraceutical bioefficiency is oral bioavailability, which involves the release of nutraceuticals from fruit and vegetables in gastrointestinal fluids, the solubilization of nutraceuticals and their interaction with other components of gastrointestinal fluids, the absorption of nutraceuticals by the epithelial layer, and the chemical and biochemical transformations into epithelial cells. Several studies have shown that thermal processing can enhance the absorption of nutraceuticals from fruit and vegetable. Once absorbed, they reach the blood vessels and promote multiple biological effects (e.g., antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, vasoprotective, and cardioprotective). In this review, we described the impact of different thermal processes (such as boiling, steaming and superheated steaming, blanching, and microwaving) on the retention/degradation of bioactive compounds and their health-promoting effects after the intake. We then summarized the impact of heating on the absorption of nutraceuticals and the biological effects promoted by natural compounds in the CV system to provide a comprehensive overview of the potential impact of thermal processing on the CV benefits of fruit and vegetables.

Functional Breads with Encapsulated Vitamin C and Fish Oil: Nutritional, Technological, and Sensory Attributes

The fortification of bread is considered an effective approach for improving its nutritional properties. However, the incorporation of free bioactive components into bread formulations may affect the overall quality of breads in different ways, depending on the sensitivity of bioactive components to baking factors. In this study, the incorporation of encapsulated vitamin C (ascorbic acid and its salts) and fish oil in breads was investigated for their stability and effect on bread quality. The combination of fish oil emulsions increased the retention of encapsulated ascorbic acid, calcium ascorbate, or sodium ascorbate in breads compared to that of the free non-combined vitamin. At the same time, the combination of vitamin gels increased the retention of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and decreased the lipid oxidation in breads compared to the non-combined encapsulated forms. The highest retention values of ascorbic groups, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and DHA were about 70%, 88%, and 95% in breads after baking, respectively. There was the negative correlation between the ABTS radical scavenging capacity and peroxide value in breads. The specific volume of breads was improved by vitamin gels but reduced by fish oil emulsions. Their combination resisted individual impact on the specific volume of breads. The breads with combined ascorbic acid gels and fish oil emulsions showed similar textural properties to the control one. The functional bread with calcium ascorbate gel and fish oil emulsion had the highest moisture content of 45.87%. The inclusion of vitamin gels plus fish oil emulsion decreased free water but increased the bound water. Combining ascorbic acid gels with fish oil emulsions effectively reduced and masked the fishy flavor. The integration of encapsulation techniques and multi-nutrient fortification is proposed as an effective way to enhance the nutritional value and quality of functional bread through synergistic effects.

Ascorbic acid exhibits more of a protective effect than estradiol against nephrotoxicity induced by malathion in rats: a histopathological and molecular docking study

Background/aim

Despite the known harmful effects associated with malathion toxicity in various organs, it continues to be widely used for plant protection and insect control. This study is the first to compare the protective effects of estradiol and ascorbic acid against malathion-induced nephrotoxicity through histopathological assessment and molecular docking analyses.

Materials and methods

This study was conducted using 20 female albino rats that were distributed into sham, malathion, malathion + estradiol, and malathion + ascorbic acid groups. Nephrotoxicity was induced by daily treatment with malathion and the effects of estradiol and ascorbic on nephrotoxicity were evaluated. After 4 weeks of treatment, the animals were sacrificed and the kidneys were examined following hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. Histopathology results were supported by molecular docking studies of estradiol and ascorbic acid against a target protein (PDB ID: 2YMX), the peptide inhibitor Fab408 inhibiting acetylcholinesterase (AChE). The inhibition of AChE is the primary mechanism of the toxic effects of malathion.

Results

Histopathological examination revealed a notable elevation (p < 0.001) in degeneration and necrosis within the tubular epithelium and interstitial nephritis in the malathion group compared to the sham group. Daily administration of estradiol and ascorbic acid resulted in a notable reduction (p = 0.0022) in the severity of these histopathological changes in the malathion + estradiol and malathion + ascorbic acid groups compared to the malathion group. Of these, the most significant decreases were observed in the malathion + ascorbic acid group. Docking studies of these compounds against the selected protein (PDB ID: 2YMX) revealed promising binding scores. Ascorbic acid exhibited the highest docking score (-6.44 kcal/mol), indicating a favorable binding interaction with this protein.

Conclusion

Estradiol and ascorbic acid exert protective effects against malathion-induced nephrotoxicity, whereas ascorbic acid showed superior efficacy compared to estradiol. This result was further supported by molecular docking studies.

Validation of Active Compound of Terminalia catappa L. Extract and Its Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Properties by Regulating Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Cellular Signaling Pathways

As chronic inflammation and oxidative stress cause various diseases in the human body, this study aimed to develop functional materials to prevent inflammation and oxidative stress. This study investigated the biological function and components of Terminalia catappa L. extract prepared using its leaves and branches (TCE). TCE was determined using ultraperformance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Using RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages, inhibitory effects of the identified compounds on nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation were analyzed. Therefore, α-punicalagin was selected as an active compound with the highest content (986.6 ± 68.4 μg/g) and physiological activity. TCE exhibited an inhibitory effect on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory markers, including NO, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and inflammatory cytokines without exerting cytotoxicity. Moreover, TCE prevented excessive ROS production mediated by LPS and upregulated hemeoxygenase-1 expression via the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2. Interestingly, TCE prevented LPS-induced mitochondrial membrane potential loss, mitochondrial ROS production, and dynamin-related protein 1 phosphorylation (serine 616), a marker of abnormal mitochondrial fission. Furthermore, TCE considerably repressed the activation of LPS-induced mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Thus, TCE is a promising anti-inflammatory and antioxidant pharmaceutical or nutraceutical, as demonstrated via mitochondrial dysfunction and cellular signaling pathway regulation.

A critical review on diabetes mellitus type 1 and type 2 management approaches: from lifestyle modification to current and novel targets and therapeutic agents

Diabetes mellitus (DM) has emerged as an international health epidemic due to its rapid rise in prevalence. Consequently, scientists and or researchers will continue to find novel, safe, effective, and affordable anti-diabetic medications. The goal of this review is to provide a thorough overview of the role that lifestyle changes play in managing diabetes, as well as the standard medications that are currently being used to treat the condition and the most recent advancements in the development of novel medical treatments that may be used as future interventions for the disease. A literature search was conducted using research databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Wiley Online Library, Google Scholar, etc. Data were then abstracted from these publications using words or Phrases like "pathophysiology of diabetes", "Signe and symptoms of diabetes", "types of diabetes", "major risk factors and complication of diabetes", "diagnosis of diabetes", "lifestyle modification for diabetes", "current antidiabetic agents", and "novel drugs and targets for diabetes management" that were published in English and had a strong scientific foundation. Special emphasis was given to the importance of lifestyle modification, as well as current, novel, and emerging/promising drugs and targets helpful for the management of both T1DM and T2DM.

Exploring the 3,5-Dibromo-4,6-dimethoxychalcones and Their Flavone Derivatives as Dual α-Glucosidase and α-Amylase Inhibitors with Antioxidant and Anticancer Potential

The rising levels of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and the poor medical effects of the commercially available antidiabetic drugs necessitate the development of potent analogs to treat this multifactorial metabolic disorder. It has been demonstrated that targeting two or more biochemical targets associated with the onset and progression of diabetes along with oxidative stress and/or cancer could be a significant strategy for treating complications related to this metabolic disorder. The 3,5-dibromo-4,6-dimethoxychalcones (2a-f) and the corresponding flavone derivatives (3a-f) were synthesized and characterized using spectroscopic (NMR, HR-MS and FT-IR) techniques. The inhibitory effect of both series of compounds against α-glucosidase and α-amylase was evaluated in vitro through enzymatic assays. Selected compounds were also evaluated for potential to activate or inhibit superoxide dismutase. Compound 3c was selected as a representative model for the flavone series and evaluated spectrophotometrically for potential to coordinate Cu(II) and/or Zn(II) ions implicated in the metal-catalyzed free radical generation. A plausible mechanism for metal-chelation of the test compounds is presented. Furthermore, the most active compounds from each series against the test carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzymes were selected and evaluated for their antigrowth effect on the human breast (MCF-7) and lung (A549) cancer cell lines and for cytotoxicity against the African Green Monkey kidney (Vero) cell line. The parent chalcone 2a and flavone derivatives 3a, 3c and 3e exhibited relatively high inhibitory activity against the MCF-7 cells with IC50 values of 4.12 ± 0.55, 8.50 ± 0.82, 5.10 ± 0.61 and 6.96 ± 0.66 μM, respectively. The chalcones 2a and 2c exhibited significant cytotoxicity against the A549 cells with IC50 values of 7.40 ± 0.67 and 9.68 ± 0.80 μM, respectively. Only flavone 3c exhibited relatively strong and comparable cytotoxicity against the MCF-7 and A549 cell lines with IC50 values of 6.96 ± 0.66 and 6.42 ± 0.79 μM, respectively. Both series of compounds exhibited strong activity against the MCF-7 and A549 cell lines compared to the analogous quercetin (IC50 = 35.40 ± 1.78 and 35.38 ± 1.78 μM, respectively) though moderate compared to nintedanib (IC50 = 0.53 ± 0.11 and 0.74 ± 0.15 μM, respectively). The test compounds generally exhibited reduced cytotoxicity against the Vero cells compared to this anticancer drug. Molecular docking revealed strong alignment of the test compounds with the enzyme backbone to engage in hydrogen bonding interaction/s and hydrophobic contacts with the residues in the active sites of α-glucosidase and α-amylase. The test compounds possess favorable drug-likeness properties, supporting their potential as therapeutic candidates against T2DM.

Oxidative Stress in Cataract Formation: Is There a Treatment Approach on the Horizon?

Cataracts, a leading cause of blindness worldwide, are closely linked to oxidative stress-induced damage to lens epithelial cells (LECs). Key factors contributing to cataract formation include aging, arterial hypertension, and diabetes mellitus. Given the high global prevalence of cataracts, the burden of cataract-related visual impairment is substantial, highlighting the need for pharmacological strategies to supplement surgical interventions. Understanding the molecular pathways involved in oxidative stress during cataract development may offer valuable insights for designing novel therapeutic approaches. This review explores the role of oxidative stress in cataract formation, focusing on critical mechanisms, such as mitochondrial dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum stress, loss of gap junctions, and various cell death pathways in LECs. Additionally, we discuss emerging therapeutic strategies and potential targeting options, including antioxidant-based treatments.

Tuning Antioxidant Function through Dynamic Design of Chitosan-Based Hydrogels

Dynamic chitosan-based hydrogels with enhanced antioxidant activity were synthesized through the formation of reversible imine linkages with 5-methoxy-salicylaldehyde. These hydrogels exhibited a porous structure and swelling capacity, influenced by the crosslinking degree, as confirmed by SEM and POM analysis. The dynamic nature of the imine bonds was characterized through NMR, swelling studies in various media, and aldehyde release measurements. The hydrogels demonstrated significantly improved antioxidant activity compared to unmodified chitosan, as evaluated by the DPPH method. This research highlights the potential of developing pH-responsive chitosan-based hydrogels for a wide range of biomedical applications.

Polyphenols as the Main Compounds Influencing the Antioxidant Effect of Honey-A Review

Honey is one of the most valuable components of the human diet. It is considered to be a functional food with health-promoting properties. Honey has bactericidal and bacteriostatic effects; is used to treat wounds and ulcers; relieves stress; supports the treatment of diseases of the digestive and respiratory systems; improves kidney function; and aids in convalescence. The healing and prophylactic effects of honey are closely related to its chemical composition. According to the literature, honey contains over 300 substances belonging to various groups of chemical compounds, some with antioxidant activity, including vitamins and phenolic compounds, mainly flavonoids and phenolic acids. This article provides insight into honey's chemical composition and its pro-health activities. The antioxidant properties of honey were prioritized.

A review of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides: Extraction, purification, structural-property relationships, and bioactive molecular mechanisms

Lycium barbarum L. is of great significance medicinal and edible plant, which is native to N. & Central China. The extensive health benefits of L. barbarum have earned it great respect in traditional medicine for centuries. Lycium barbarum polysaccharides (LBPs) being recognized as one of the most crucial bioactive compounds found within this plant, with it exhibit a diverse range of pharmacological activities and nutritional functions, thereby generating substantial market demand and broad application prospects. To gain a more comprehensive understanding of LBPs, the review discussed the extraction, purification and structural-property relationships of these compounds. In addition, this review provides a comprehensive summary of the potential mechanisms underlying various biological activities attributed to LBPs, including immune modulation, antioxidant effects, neuroprotection, hepatoprotection, and antitumor properties. The application status and the future research directions of LBPs were subsequently presented. This review will establish a robust foundation and serve as an invaluable resource for future research and advancements in the field of LBPs.

Molecular Dissection of the Arsenic-Induced Leukocyte Incursion into the Inflamed Thymus and Spleen and Its Amelioration by Co-supplementation of L-Ascorbic Acid and α-Tocopherol

Arsenic, a surreptitious presence in our environment, perpetuates a persistent global menace with its deleterious impacts. It possesses the capability to trigger substantial immunosuppression by instigating inflammation in critical organs like the thymus and spleen. L-Ascorbic acid (L-AA) exhibits robust immunoregulatory prowess by orchestrating the epigenetic terrain through TET and JHDM pathways. Conversely, α-tocopherol (α-T) demonstrates the capacity to dampen the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines by modulating the PI3K-Akt axis. Given these insights, this inquiry embarks on exploring the mitigative potential of L-AA and α-T co-supplementation at the transcriptome level within leukocytes under arsenic exposure. Concurrently, the research endeavours to unravel the potent anti-inflammatory effects of administering α-T and L-AA, alleviating inflammation within the spleen and thymus amidst arsenic-induced insult and delving deeply into their immunomodulatory mechanisms. The rats were randomly allocated into eight distinct groups for subsequent experimentation: (I) the control group was administered solely with distilled water as the vehicle (control); (II) NaAsO2-treated group (As); (III) NaAsO2 treated along with L-ascorbic acid and α-tocopherol supplemented group (As + L-AA + α-T); (IV) L-ascorbic acid and α-tocopherol supplemented group (L-AA + α-T); (V) NaAsO2 treated along with L-ascorbic acid supplemented group (As + L-AA); (VI) only L-ascorbic acid supplemented group (L-AA); (VII) NaAsO2 treated along with α-tocopherol supplemented group (As + α-T); (VIII) only α-tocopherol supplemented group (α-T). Rats treated with NaAsO2 exhibited an increased neutrophil count in their bloodstream, as revealed by a comprehensive transcriptomic analysis showcasing heightened expressions of ItgaM, MMP9, and Itga4 within circulating leukocytes under arsenic exposure. Concurrently, arsenic heightened the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines within the thymus and spleen. This elevated cytokine activity promoted the upregulation of ICAM-1 on vascular endothelial cells, facilitating the infiltration of Ly6g + leukocytes into the afflicted thymus and spleen. Remarkably, the combination of L-AA acid and α-T demonstrated substantial therapeutic efficacy, adeptly reducing the influx of Ly6g + leukocytes into these immune sites and subsequent reduction of excessive collagen deposition. The dynamic duo of L-AA and α-T achieved this amelioration by suppressing the expression of ItgaM, MMP9, and Itga4 mRNA within circulating leukocytes and moderating tissue levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in arsenic-exposed thymus and spleen.

Alternative Cancer Therapeutics: Unpatentable Compounds and Their Potential in Oncology

Cancer remains a leading cause of death globally. Cancer patients often seek alternative therapies in addition to, or instead of, conventional treatments like chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery. The progress in medical advancements and early detection provides more treatment options; however, the development of cancer drugs requires a significant amount of time, demands substantial investments, and results in an overall low percent of regulatory approval. The complex relationship between patent protection and pharmaceutical innovation complicates cancer drug development and contributes to high mortality rates. Adjusting patent criteria for alternative cancer therapeutics could stimulate innovation, enhance treatment options, and ultimately improve outcomes for cancer patients. This article explores the potential of alternative cancer therapeutics, chemopreventive agents, natural products, off-patent drugs, generic unpatentable chemicals, and repurposed drugs in cancer treatment, emphasizing the mechanisms and therapeutic potential of these unconventional compounds as combinatorial cancer therapies. The biological pathways, therapeutic effects, and potential to enhance existing therapies are reviewed, demonstrating their cost-effective and accessible options as adjuvant cancer therapies.