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Liu G, Zhang T, Liu X, Jia G, Zhao H, Chen X, Zhang R, Wang J. Effects of dietary N-carbamylglutamate supplementation on the modulation of microbiota and Th17/Treg balance-related immune signaling after lipopolysaccharide challenge. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024; 104:2429-2439. [PMID: 37961849 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to evaluate the effects of N-carbamylglutamate (NCG) on piglets' growth performance and immune response, and to unravel the mechanisms of such effects. In a 2 × 2 factorial design including diet (with or without NCG) and immunological challenge (saline or lipopolysaccharide (LPS)), 24 piglets were randomly distributed into four groups. After being fed a basic diet or a NCG-supplemented diet for 21 days, piglets were administered LPS or saline intraperitoneally. RESULTS The results showed that NCG increased the average daily gain and average daily feed intake, and the feed conversion ratio of piglets, and alleviated the adverse effects of LPS stimulation on intestinal morphology. At the phylum level, NCG reversed the increase in the abundance of Firmicutes and the reduction in that of Actinomycete caused by LPS stimulation. At the genus level, NCG increased the abundance of Lactobacillus, Blautia, norank_Butyricicoccaceae, Subdoligranulum, and Ruminococcus_gauvreauii_group, and LPS decreased the abundance of Escherichia-Shigella and Ruminococcus_gauvreauii_group. The short-chain fatty acid content was increased by NCG, but LPS reduced its content. N-Carbamylglutamate also inhibited significantly the LPS-induced increase in the relative expression of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 3, related orphan receptor (RAR) c, and pro-inflammatory cytokines, and the decrease in the relative expression of STAT5, forkhead box P3, IL-10 and transforming growth factor beta 1 mRNA. A significant correlation was found between intestinal microbiota and inflammatory cytokines and short-chain fatty acids. CONCLUSION N-Carbamylglutamate can improve piglets' growth performance. It can also attenuate LPS-induced intestinal inflammation by modulating microbiota and Th17/Treg balance-related immune signaling pathways. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangmang Liu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinlian Liu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Gang Jia
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Hua Zhao
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoling Chen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruinan Zhang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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Huang H, Lin X, Meng X, Liu Y, Fan J, Zhu L, Chen J, Zhang L, Mi H, Deng J. Effects of replacing wheat bran with palm kernel cake or fermented palm kernel cake on the growth performance, intestinal microbiota and intestinal health of tilapia (GIFT, Oreochromis niloticus). Front Nutr 2024; 11:1368251. [PMID: 38450228 PMCID: PMC10915778 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1368251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
A nine-week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of replacing wheat bran (WB) with palm kernel cake (PKC) or fermented palm kernel cake (FPKC) on the growth performance, intestinal microbiota and intestinal health of genetically improved farmed tilapia (GIFT, Oreochromis niloticus) (initial weight 7.00 ± 0.01 g). Eleven isonitrogenous and isolipidic experimental diets were formulated by replacing 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100% of dietary WB with PKC or FPKC. Replacement of WB with PKC concentrations up to 80% had no significant effect on the growth rate of tilapia or feed utilisation (p > 0.05). FPKC improved the growth performance of tilapia, with optimum growth achieved at 40% replacement level (p < 0.05). Complete replacement with PKC significantly decreased the activity of lipase and trypsin, and reduced the height of muscularis and the height of villus (p < 0.05). However, FPKC significantly increased amylase activity and villus height (p < 0.05). The apparent digestibility of dry matter and energy decreased linearly with increasing levels of PKC substitution, while FPKC showed the opposite trend (p < 0.05). PKC replacement of WB by 20% significantly reduced serum diamine oxidase activity and endothelin levels and increased intestinal tight junctions (p < 0.05). However, FPKC significantly decreased diamine oxidase activity and increased intestinal tight junctions (p < 0.05). PKC completely replaced WB, up-regulating the expression of pro-inflammatory factors (il-1β) (p < 0.05). When 40% of WB was replaced with FPKC, the expression of pro-inflammatory factors (il-1β and il-6) was decreased significantly (p < 0.05). Completely replacement of WB with PKC reduced the abundance of Firmicutes and Chloroflexi, while FPKC reduced the abundance of Fusobacteriota and increased the levels of Actinobacteriota. WB can be replaced with PKC up to 80% in tilapia feeds. However, the high percentage of gluten induced intestinal inflammation, impaired gut health, and reduced dietary nutrient utilisation and growth performance. Complete replacement of WB with FPKC promoted intestinal immunity. It also improved dietary nutrient utilisation and growth performance. However, the optimal growth was achieved at a 40% replacement level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huajing Huang
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
- Aquatic Animals Precision Nutrition and High-Efficiency Feed Engineering Research Centre of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiangqin Lin
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
- Aquatic Animals Precision Nutrition and High-Efficiency Feed Engineering Research Centre of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoxue Meng
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
- Aquatic Animals Precision Nutrition and High-Efficiency Feed Engineering Research Centre of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Yu Liu
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
- Aquatic Animals Precision Nutrition and High-Efficiency Feed Engineering Research Centre of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiongting Fan
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
- Aquatic Animals Precision Nutrition and High-Efficiency Feed Engineering Research Centre of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Lulu Zhu
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
- Aquatic Animals Precision Nutrition and High-Efficiency Feed Engineering Research Centre of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiaxian Chen
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
- Aquatic Animals Precision Nutrition and High-Efficiency Feed Engineering Research Centre of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Tongwei Agricultural Development Co., Ltd., Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Haifeng Mi
- Tongwei Agricultural Development Co., Ltd., Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Junming Deng
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
- Aquatic Animals Precision Nutrition and High-Efficiency Feed Engineering Research Centre of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
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Gao X, Yang W, Li S, Liu S, Yang W, Song S, Sheng J, Zhao Y, Tian Y. Moringa oleifera leaf alleviates functional constipation via regulating the gut microbiota and the enteric nervous system in mice. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1315402. [PMID: 38192287 PMCID: PMC10773919 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1315402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Moringa oleifera Lam. leaf is not only a new food resource in China, but also a traditional medicinal plant. It is commonly used in the folk to alleviate constipation, but its laxative mechanism is not fully understood. Hence we investigated it in loperamide-induced functional constipation (FC) mice. The results showed that MOAE significantly regulated not only gastrointestinal hormones and neurotransmitters in serum but also important gastrointestinal motility factors in the enteric nervous system (ENS)-interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs)-smooth muscle cell (SMC) network. Meanwhile, MOAE attenuated intestinal inflammation, increased cecal short-chain fatty acid levels and colonic antimicrobial peptide expression, and improved the impaired intestinal barrier function in loperamide-induced FC mice. In addition, MOAE also increased fecal water content by inhibiting the mRNA expression of colonic aquaporins (Aqp3 and Aqp4) in FC mice. Interestingly and importantly, MOAE affected the intestinal microbiota by inhibiting some key "constipation-causing" microbiota, such as Bacteroidaceae, Clostridiaceae, Bacteroides, and Ruminococcus, and promoting the growth of other important "constipation-curing" microbiota, such as Butyricoccus, Tyzzerella, and Desulfovibrio. These important taxa are significantly associated with a variety of indicators of constipation. These findings suggest that MOAE can promote defecation through its rich chemical composition to modulate the ENS-ICCs-SMCs network and the gut microecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Gao
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Personalized Food Manufacturing, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- Engineering Research Center of Development and Utilization of Food and Drug Homologous Resources, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Weiqian Yang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- Department of Hotel Management, Chongqing Vocational Institute of Tourism, Chongqing, China
| | - Sijin Li
- College of Pu’er Tea West Yunnan University of Applied Sciences, Puer, China
| | - Shuangfeng Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- Engineering Research Center of Development and Utilization of Food and Drug Homologous Resources, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Weixing Yang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Shuang Song
- College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Jun Sheng
- Engineering Research Center of Development and Utilization of Food and Drug Homologous Resources, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Division of Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Yang Tian
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Personalized Food Manufacturing, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- Engineering Research Center of Development and Utilization of Food and Drug Homologous Resources, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
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Ma W, Yuan M, Chang S, Wang C. N-carbamylglutamate supplementation regulates hindgut microbiota composition and short-chain fatty acid contents in Charollais and Small Tail Han crossbred sheep. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1230190. [PMID: 37799402 PMCID: PMC10548125 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1230190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of N-carbamylglutamate (NCG) supplementation on the growth performance, hindgut microbiota composition, and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) contents in Charollais and Small Tail Han crossbred sheep. Methods A total of 16 female crossbred mutton sheep (Charollais × Small Tail Han), aged 4 months, with an initial body weight of 30.03 ± 0.08 kg, were utilized in a 60 days experiment. The sheep were divided into two groups based on their initial body weight. Each group consisted of 8 replicates, with each individual sheep considered as a replicate. The dietary treatments comprised a basal diet supplemented with either 0.00% or 0.12% NCG. Results and discussion Our findings indicate that NCG supplementation did not have a significant effect on the growth performance of mutton sheep. However, it did lead to changes in hindgut SCFA contents. Specifically, NCG supplementation increased the content of propanoic acid while decreasing acetic acid and hexanoic acid in the hindgut. Through microbiota analysis using the 16S rRNA technique, we identified Lachnospiraceae_NK3A20_group and Parasutterella as biomarkers for the hindgut microbiota in mutton sheep fed a diet containing NCG. Further analysis of the microbiota composition revealed that NCG supplementation significantly increased the abundance of Lachnospiraceae_NK3A20_group and Parasutterella, while decreasing unclassified_f_Lachnospiraceae and Lachnoclostridium. Correlation analysis between hindgut SCFA contents and microbiota composition revealed that the abundance of Lachnoclostridium was positively correlated with the contents of acetic acid and hexanoic acid, but negatively correlated with propanoic acid. Additionally, the abundance of Lachnospiraceae_NK3A20_group and Parasutterella was positively correlated with the content of propanoic acid, while being negatively correlated with acetic acid and hexanoic acid. Based on these findings, we conclude that dietary supplementation of 0.12% NCG can modulate hindgut SCFA contents in mutton sheep by regulating the composition of the hindgut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Chunqiang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
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Li W, Cui Z, Jiang Y, Aisikaer A, Wu Q, Zhang F, Wang W, Bo Y, Yang H. Dietary Guanidine Acetic Acid Improves Ruminal Antioxidant Capacity and Alters Rumen Fermentation and Microflora in Rapid-Growing Lambs. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12030772. [PMID: 36979020 PMCID: PMC10044800 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12030772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Guanidine acetic acid (GAA) has been reported to improve growth performance, nutrient utilization, and meat quality in livestock. This study aimed to investigate whether coated GAA (CGAA) in comparison with uncoated GAA (UGAA) could have different effects on rumen fermentation, antioxidant capacity, and microflora composition in the rumen. Seventy-two lambs were randomly arranged in a 2 × 3 factorial experiment design with two diets of different forage type (OH: oaten hay; OHWS: oaten hay plus wheat silage) and three GAA treatments within each diet (control, diet without GAA addition; UGAA, uncoated GAA; CGAA, coated GAA). The whole feeding trial lasted for 120 days. The lambs in the OH group presented lower total volatile fatty acid (VFA), alpha diversity, Firmicutes, NK4A214_group, and Lachnospiraceae_NK3A20_group than those on the OHWS diet in the last 60 days of the feeding stage (p < 0.05). Regardless of what GAA form was added, dietary GAA supplementation increased the total VFA, microbial crude protein (MCP), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and antioxidant capacity in rumen during lamb feedlotting (p < 0.05). However, molar propionate proportion, acetate:propionate ratio (A:P), and relative Succiniclasticum abundance decreased with GAA addition in the first 60 days of the growing stage, while the molar butyrate proportion and NK4A214_group (p < 0.05) in response to GAA addition increased in the last 60 days of feeding. These findings indicated that dietary GAA enhanced antioxidant capacity and fermentation characteristics in the rumen, but the addition of uncoated GAA in diets might cause some dysbacteriosis of the rumen microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhaoyang Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yaowen Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ailiyasi Aisikaer
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qichao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Fang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Weikang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yukun Bo
- Zhangjiakou Animal Husbandry Technology Promotion Institution, Zhangjiakou 075000, China
| | - Hongjian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Zhang Y, Zhou H, Liu Y, Zhu L, Fan J, Huang H, Jiang W, Deng J, Tan B. Dietary Histamine Impairs the Digestive Physiology Function and Muscle Quality of Hybrid Grouper ( Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀ × Epinephelus lanceolatus♂). Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12020502. [PMID: 36830060 PMCID: PMC9952090 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
An 8-week feeding experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary histamine on growth performance, digestive physiology function and muscle quality in a hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀ × Epinephelus lanceolatus♂). Seven isoproteic (50%) and isolipidic (11%) diets were prepared with various histamine inclusion levels of 0, 30, 60, 120, 240, 480 and 960 mg/kg in diets (actual contents were 72.33, 99.56, 138.60, 225.35, 404.12, 662.12 and 1245.38 mg/kg), respectively. Each diet was randomly assigned to triplicates of 30 juveniles (average body weight 14.78 g) per tank in a flow-through mariculture system. The increase in the dietary histamine level up to 1245.38 mg/kg made no significant difference on the growth rate and feed utilization of the grouper. However, the increased histamine content linearly decreased the activities of digestive enzymes, while no differences were observed in groups with low levels of histamine (≤404.12 mg/kg). Similarly, high levels of histamine (≥404.12 mg/kg) significantly damaged the gastric and intestinal mucosa, disrupted the intestinal tight junction structure, and raised the serum diamine oxidase activity and endotoxin level. Meanwhile, high doses of histamine (≥662.12 mg/kg) significantly reduced the activities of antioxidant enzymes, upregulated the relative expression of Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1, and hardened and yellowed the dorsal muscle of grouper. These results showed that dietary histamine was detrimental to the digestive physiology function and muscle quality of the grouper, although it did compromise its growth performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumeng Zhang
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Aquatic Animals Precision Nutrition and High Efficiency Feed Engineering Research Centre of Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic, Livestock and Poultry Feed Science and Technology in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Hang Zhou
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Aquatic Animals Precision Nutrition and High Efficiency Feed Engineering Research Centre of Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic, Livestock and Poultry Feed Science and Technology in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Yu Liu
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Aquatic Animals Precision Nutrition and High Efficiency Feed Engineering Research Centre of Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic, Livestock and Poultry Feed Science and Technology in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Lulu Zhu
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Aquatic Animals Precision Nutrition and High Efficiency Feed Engineering Research Centre of Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic, Livestock and Poultry Feed Science and Technology in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Jiongting Fan
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Aquatic Animals Precision Nutrition and High Efficiency Feed Engineering Research Centre of Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic, Livestock and Poultry Feed Science and Technology in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Huajing Huang
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Aquatic Animals Precision Nutrition and High Efficiency Feed Engineering Research Centre of Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic, Livestock and Poultry Feed Science and Technology in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Wen Jiang
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Aquatic Animals Precision Nutrition and High Efficiency Feed Engineering Research Centre of Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic, Livestock and Poultry Feed Science and Technology in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Junming Deng
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Aquatic Animals Precision Nutrition and High Efficiency Feed Engineering Research Centre of Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic, Livestock and Poultry Feed Science and Technology in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Correspondence: (J.D.); (B.T.)
| | - Beiping Tan
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Aquatic Animals Precision Nutrition and High Efficiency Feed Engineering Research Centre of Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic, Livestock and Poultry Feed Science and Technology in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Correspondence: (J.D.); (B.T.)
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