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Li QR, Xu HY, Ma RT, Ma YY, Chen MJ. Targeting Autophagy: A Promising Therapeutic Strategy for Diabetes Mellitus and Diabetic Nephropathy. Diabetes Ther 2024:10.1007/s13300-024-01641-3. [PMID: 39167303 DOI: 10.1007/s13300-024-01641-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) significantly impairs patients' quality of life, primarily because of its complications, which are the leading cause of mortality among individuals with the disease. Autophagy has emerged as a key process closely associated with DM, including its complications such as diabetic nephropathy (DN). DN is a major complication of DM, contributing significantly to chronic kidney disease and renal failure. The intricate connection between autophagy and DM, including DN, highlights the potential for new therapeutic targets. This review examines the interplay between autophagy and these conditions, aiming to uncover novel approaches to treatment and enhance our understanding of their underlying pathophysiology. It also explores the role of autophagy in maintaining renal homeostasis and its involvement in the development and progression of DM and DN. Furthermore, the review discusses natural compounds that may alleviate these conditions by modulating autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Rui Li
- School of Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Rd, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Hui-Ying Xu
- School of Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Rd, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Rui-Ting Ma
- Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Mental Health Center, Hohhot, 010010, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Ma
- The Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, No. 1 Tongdao Street, Hohhot, 010050, China.
| | - Mei-Juan Chen
- School of Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Rd, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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Albaqami A, Alosaimi ME, Jafri I, Mohamed AAR, Abd El-Hakim YM, Khamis T, Elazab ST, Noreldin AE, Elhamouly M, El-Far AH, Eskandrani AA, Alotaibi BS, M Abdelnour H, Saleh AA. Pulmonary damage induction upon Acrylic amide exposure via activating miRNA-223-3p and miRNA-325-3p inflammasome/pyroptosis and fibrosis signaling pathway: New mechanistic approaches of A green-synthesized extract. Toxicology 2024; 506:153869. [PMID: 38909937 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2024.153869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Exposure to acrylic amide (AD) has garnered worldwide attention due to its potential adverse health effects, prompting calls from the World Health Organization for intensified research into associated risks. Despite this, the relationship between oral acrylic amide (acrylamide) (AD) exposure and pulmonary dysfunction remains poorly understood. Our study aimed to investigate the correlation between internal oral exposure to AD and the decline in lung function, while exploring potential mediating factors such as tissue inflammation, oxidative stress, pyroptosis, and apoptosis. Additionally, we aimed to evaluate the potential protective effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles green-synthesized moringa extract (ZNO-MONPs) (10 mg/kg b.wt) against ACR toxicity and conducted comprehensive miRNA expression profiling to uncover novel targets and mechanisms of AD toxicity (miRNA 223-3 P and miRNA 325-3 P). Furthermore, we employed computational techniques to predict the interactions between acrylic amide and/or MO-extract components and tissue proteins. Using a rat model, we exposed animals to oral acrylamide (20 mg/kg b.wt for 2 months). Our findings revealed that AD significantly downregulated the expression of miRNA 223-3 P and miRNA 325-3 P, targeting NLRP-3 & GSDMD, respectively, indicating the induction of pyroptosis in pulmonary tissue via an inflammasome activating pathway. Moreover, AD exposure resulted in lipid peroxidative damage and reduced levels of GPX, CAT, GSH, and GSSG. Notably, AD exposure upregulated apoptotic, pyroptotic, and inflammatory genes, accompanied by histopathological damage in lung tissue. Immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence techniques detected elevated levels of indicative harmful proteins including vimentin and 4HNE. Conversely, concurrent administration of ZNO-MONPs with AD significantly elevated the expression of miRNA 223-3 P and miRNA 325-3 P, protecting against oxidative stress, apoptosis, pyroptosis, inflammation, and fibrosis in rat lungs. In conclusion, our study highlights the efficacy of ZNO-MONPs NPs in protecting pulmonary tissue against the detrimental impacts of foodborne toxin AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirah Albaqami
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Turabah University College, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manal E Alosaimi
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Medicine, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ibrahim Jafri
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amany Abdel-Rahman Mohamed
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.
| | - Yasmina M Abd El-Hakim
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Tarek Khamis
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 44511 Zagazig, Egypt; Laboratory of Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 44519 Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Sara T Elazab
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Ahmed E Noreldin
- Department of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt
| | - Moustafa Elhamouly
- Department of Histology and Cytology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Ali H El-Far
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetics and Oncology, the Research Center for Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt
| | - Areej A Eskandrani
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, Taibah University, P.O. Box 344, Medina 30002, Saudi Arabia
| | - Badriyah S Alotaibi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanim M Abdelnour
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
| | - Ayman A Saleh
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Hail, Hail, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Dagli Gul AS, Boyuk Ozcan G, Arihan O. Silibinin as a promising treatment for diabetes: Insights into behavioral and metabolic changes in an animal model. Food Sci Nutr 2024; 12:3336-3345. [PMID: 38726421 PMCID: PMC11077243 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is causing serious health problems in the chronic period. Silibinin is a flavonoid obtained from the milk thistle (Silybum marianum), which is among the herbal ethnopharmacological administrations. In studies with silibinin, it has been reported that it increases the activity of pancreatic beta cells and insulin sensitivity and has a hyperglycemia-reducing effect. However, behavioral parameters have not been evaluated together with insulin levels and liver function tests. Our aim in this study was to examine the effects of silibinin on insulin secretion, anxiety-like behaviors, and learning in a streptozotocin (STZ)-induced rat diabetes model. Wistar albino rats weighing 200-250 g were divided into 4 groups. Control: Saline solution, Diabetes: STZ 45 mg/kg, S 100: STZ 45 mg/kg + Silibinin 100 mg/kg, S 200: STZ 45 mg/kg + Silibinin 200 mg/kg. Administrations were continued for 21 days. On the 21st day, open field and elevated plus maze as unconditional anxiety tests; Barnes maze for learning and memory; and rotarod test for locomotor activity were conducted. Following behavioral tests, blood samples were taken under anesthesia. Blood glucose levels and ALT values were measured. Insulin levels were measured with an ELISA plate reader. Silibinin shortened the time to find the correct hole. Silibinin prevented the decrease in insulin due to STZ, exhibited a hyperglycemia-reducing effect and decreased the elevation of ALT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asli San Dagli Gul
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of MedicineHacettepe UniversityAnkaraTurkey
| | - Gulbahar Boyuk Ozcan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of MedicineAnkara Medipol UniversityAnkaraTurkey
| | - Okan Arihan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of MedicineHacettepe UniversityAnkaraTurkey
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Alotaibi BS, Abdel-Rahman Mohamed A, Abd-Elhakim YM, Noreldin AE, Elhamouly M, Khamis T, El-Far AH, Alosaimi ME, Dahran N, Alqahtani LS, Nicotra M, El-Gamal M, Di Cerbo A. Exploring the link between pyrethroids exposure and dopaminergic degeneration through morphometric, immunofluorescence, and in-silico approaches: the therapeutic role of chitosan-encapsulated curcumin nanoparticles. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1388784. [PMID: 38751787 PMCID: PMC11094265 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1388784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The synthetic pyrethroid derivative fenpropathrin (FNE), a commonly used insecticide, has been associated with various toxic effects in mammals, particularly neurotoxicity. The study addressed the hallmarks of the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease upon oral exposure to fenpropathrin (FNE), mainly the alteration of dopaminergic markers, oxidative stress, and molecular docking in rat models. In addition, the protective effect of curcumin-encapsulated chitosan nanoparticles (CRM-Chs-NPs) was also assessed. Methods: In a 60-day trial, 40 male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into 4 groups: Control, CRM-Chs-NPs (curcumin-encapsulated chitosan nanoparticles), FNE (15 mg/kg bw), and FNE + CRM-Chs-NPs. Results: FNE exposure induced reactive oxygen species generation, ATP production disruption, activation of inflammatory and apoptotic pathways, mitochondrial function and dynamics impairment, neurotransmitter level perturbation, and mitophagy promotion in rat brains. Molecular docking analysis revealed that FNE interacts with key binding sites of dopamine synthesis and transport proteins. On the other hand, CRM-Chs-NPs mitigated FNE's toxic effects by enhancing mitochondrial dynamics, antioxidant activity, and ATP production and promoting anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic responses. Conclusion: In summary, FNE appears to induce dopaminergic degeneration through various mechanisms, and CRM-Chs-NPs emerged as a potential therapeutic intervention for protecting the nervous tissue microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Badriyah S. Alotaibi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amany Abdel-Rahman Mohamed
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Yasmina M. Abd-Elhakim
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Ahmed E. Noreldin
- Department of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Moustafa Elhamouly
- Cytology and Histology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Tarek Khamis
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Ali H. El-Far
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Manal E. Alosaimi
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naief Dahran
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Leena S. Alqahtani
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mario Nicotra
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Matelica, Italy
| | - Mohamed El-Gamal
- Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, New Mansoura University, New Mansoura City, Egypt
| | - Alessandro Di Cerbo
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Matelica, Italy
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Liang H, Song K. Elucidating ascorbate and aldarate metabolism pathway characteristics via integration of untargeted metabolomics and transcriptomics of the kidney of high-fat diet-fed obese mice. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0300705. [PMID: 38603672 PMCID: PMC11008897 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0300705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a major independent risk factor for chronic kidney disease and can activate renal oxidative stress injury. Ascorbate and aldarate metabolism is an important carbohydrate metabolic pathway that protects cells from oxidative damage. However the effect of oxidative stress on this pathway is still unclear. Therefore, the primary objective of this study was to investigate the ascorbate and aldarate metabolism pathway in the kidneys of high-fat diet-fed obese mice and determine the effects of oxidative stress. Male C57BL/6J mice were fed on a high-fat diet for 12 weeks to induce obesity. Subsequently, non-targeted metabolomics profiling was used to identify metabolites in the kidney tissues of the obese mice, followed by RNA sequencing using transcriptomic methods. The integrated analysis of metabolomics and transcriptomics revealed the alterations in the ascorbate and aldarate metabolic pathway in the kidneys of these high-fat diet-fed obese mice. The high-fat diet-induced obesity resulted in notable changes, including thinning of the glomerular basement membrane, alterations in podocyte morphology, and an increase in oxidative stress. Metabolomics analysis revealed 649 metabolites in the positive-ion mode, and 470 metabolites in the negative-ion mode. Additionally, 659 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in the obese mice, of which 34 were upregulated and 625 downregulated. Integrated metabolomics and transcriptomics analyses revealed two DEGs and 13 differential metabolites in the ascorbate and aldarate metabolic pathway. The expression levels of ugt1a9 and ugt2b1 were downregulated, and the ascorbate level in kidney tissue of obese mice was reduced. Thus, renal oxidative stress injury induced by high-fat diet affects metabolic regulation of ascorbate and aldarate metabolism in obese mice. Ascorbate emerged as a potential marker for predicting kidney damage due to high-fat diet-induced obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Liang
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Kang Song
- Endocrinology Department, Qinghai Provincial People’s Hospital, Xining, Qinghai, China
- Qinghai University Affiliated People’s Hospital, Xining, Qinghai, China
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Tan Z, Li H, Huang Y, Fu S, Wang H, Wang J. Multi-omics landscape analysis reveals the pan-cancer association of arginine biosynthesis genes with tumor immune evasion and therapy resistance. Heliyon 2024; 10:e26804. [PMID: 38468956 PMCID: PMC10925990 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The metabolism of arginine, a conditionally essential amino acid, plays a crucial role in cancer progression and prognosis. However, a more detailed understanding of the influence of arginine biosynthesis genes in cancer is currently unavailable. Methods We performed an integrative multi-omics analysis using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases to determine the characteristics of these genes across multiple cancer types. To measure the overall activity of arginine biosynthesis genes in cancer, we calculated arginine biosynthesis scores based on gene expression. Results Our results indicated that the arginine biosynthesis score was negatively correlated with immune-related pathways, immune infiltration, immune checkpoint expression, and patient prognosis, and single-cell data further clarified that patients with high arginine biosynthesis scores showed a reduced proportion of T and B cells in an immune desert tumor microenvironment and were insensitive to immunotherapy. We also identified several potential drugs through the Cancer Therapeutic Response Portal (CTRP) and Genomics of Drug Sensitivity in Cancer (GDSC) databases that could target arginine biosynthesis genes and potentially improve the response rate to immunotherapy in patients with a high arginine biosynthesis fraction. Conclusion Overall, our analyses emphasize that arginine biosynthesis genes are associated with immune evasion in several cancers. Targeting these genes may facilitate more effective immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Tan
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, No. 347, Dianmian Street, Wuhua District, Kunming, 650101, Yunnan, China
- Urological disease clinical medical center of Yunnan province, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, No. 347, Dianmian Street, Wuhua District, Kunming, 650101, Yunnan, China
- Scientific and Technological Innovation Team of Basic and Clinical Research of Bladder Cancer in Yunnan Universities, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, No. 347, Dianmian Street, Wuhua District, Kunming 650101, Yunnan, China
| | - Haihao Li
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, No. 347, Dianmian Street, Wuhua District, Kunming, 650101, Yunnan, China
- Urological disease clinical medical center of Yunnan province, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, No. 347, Dianmian Street, Wuhua District, Kunming, 650101, Yunnan, China
- Scientific and Technological Innovation Team of Basic and Clinical Research of Bladder Cancer in Yunnan Universities, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, No. 347, Dianmian Street, Wuhua District, Kunming 650101, Yunnan, China
| | - Yinglong Huang
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, No. 347, Dianmian Street, Wuhua District, Kunming, 650101, Yunnan, China
- Urological disease clinical medical center of Yunnan province, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, No. 347, Dianmian Street, Wuhua District, Kunming, 650101, Yunnan, China
- Scientific and Technological Innovation Team of Basic and Clinical Research of Bladder Cancer in Yunnan Universities, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, No. 347, Dianmian Street, Wuhua District, Kunming 650101, Yunnan, China
| | - Shi Fu
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, No. 347, Dianmian Street, Wuhua District, Kunming, 650101, Yunnan, China
- Urological disease clinical medical center of Yunnan province, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, No. 347, Dianmian Street, Wuhua District, Kunming, 650101, Yunnan, China
- Scientific and Technological Innovation Team of Basic and Clinical Research of Bladder Cancer in Yunnan Universities, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, No. 347, Dianmian Street, Wuhua District, Kunming 650101, Yunnan, China
| | - Haifeng Wang
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, No. 347, Dianmian Street, Wuhua District, Kunming, 650101, Yunnan, China
- Urological disease clinical medical center of Yunnan province, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, No. 347, Dianmian Street, Wuhua District, Kunming, 650101, Yunnan, China
- Scientific and Technological Innovation Team of Basic and Clinical Research of Bladder Cancer in Yunnan Universities, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, No. 347, Dianmian Street, Wuhua District, Kunming 650101, Yunnan, China
| | - Jiansong Wang
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, No. 347, Dianmian Street, Wuhua District, Kunming, 650101, Yunnan, China
- Urological disease clinical medical center of Yunnan province, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, No. 347, Dianmian Street, Wuhua District, Kunming, 650101, Yunnan, China
- Scientific and Technological Innovation Team of Basic and Clinical Research of Bladder Cancer in Yunnan Universities, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, No. 347, Dianmian Street, Wuhua District, Kunming 650101, Yunnan, China
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Mohamed AAR, Abd-Elhakim YM, Noreldin AE, Khamis T, Elhamouly M, Akela MA, Alotaibi BS, Alosaimi ME, Khalil SS, El-Gamal M, Dahran N, El-Shetry ES. Understanding fenpropathrin-induced pulmonary toxicity: What apoptosis, inflammation, and pyreptosis reveal analyzing cross-links at the molecular, immunohistochemical, and immunofluorescent levels. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 186:114520. [PMID: 38369055 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2024.114520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Fenpropathrin (FN), a pyrethroid has been linked to potential pulmonary toxic effects to humans via incident direct or indirect ingestion. Thus, we aimed to the investigate the underlying mechanisms of lung toxicity upon exposure to FN in the rat model, besides studying whether curcumin (CCM) and curcumin-loaded chitosan nanoformulation (CCM-Chs) can mitigate FN-induced lung damage. Six distinct groups, namely, control, CCM, CCM-Chs, FN, and CCM + FN, CCM-Chs + FN were assigned separately. The inflammatory, apoptotic, and oxidative stress states, histological, immunohistochemical, and immunofluorescence examination of different markers within the pulmonary tissue were applied. The results revealed that the FN-induced tissue damage might be caused by the oxidative stress induction and depressed antioxidant glutathione system in the lungs of rats. Furthermore, FN upregulated the expression of genes related to inflammation, and pyroptosis, and elevated the immunoreactivity of Caspase-3, tumor necrosis factor-α, vimentin, and 4-Hydroxynonenal in pulmonary tissues of FN-exposed rats compared to the control. CCM and CCM-Chs mitigated the FN-induced disturbances, while remarkably, CCM-Chs showed better potency than CCM in mitigating the FN-induced toxicity. In conclusion, this study shows the prominent preventive ability of CCM-Chs more than CCM in combatting the pulmonary toxicity induced by FN. This may be beneficial in developing therapeutic and preventive strategies against FN-induced pulmonary toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amany Abdel-Rahman Mohamed
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Yasmina M Abd-Elhakim
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Ahmed E Noreldin
- Department of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, 22511, Egypt
| | - Tarek Khamis
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 44511, Zagazig, Egypt; Laboratory of Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 44519, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Moustafa Elhamouly
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Akela
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences and Humanities in Al-Kharj, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Badriyah S Alotaibi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, PO Box 84428, Riyadh 1671, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Manal E Alosaimi
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Medicine, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samah S Khalil
- Department of Biochemistry, Drug Information Centre, Zagazig University Hospitals, Zagazig University, Egypt
| | - Mohamed El-Gamal
- Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Medical Experimental Research Center (MERC), Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, New Mansoura University, New Mansoura City, Egypt
| | - Naief Dahran
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eman S El-Shetry
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, University of Hail, Hail, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
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8
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Moustafa EM, Moawed FSM, Elmaghraby DF. Luteolin/ZnO nanoparticles attenuate neuroinflammation associated with diabetes via regulating MicroRNA-124 by targeting C/EBPA. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2023; 38:2691-2704. [PMID: 37483155 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The most prevalent brain-specific microRNA, MicroRNA-124, exhibits anti-inflammatory properties. Luteolin nano-formulation with Zn oxide in the form of L/ZnO NPs may boost anti-diabetic properties; however, its beneficial effect on miRNAs is yet unknown in diabetes. The effectiveness of L/ZnONPs supplements in preventing diabetic neurodegeneration by modulating inflammatory responses in a diabetic model was investigated. METHODS A diabetic rat model was induced by a high-fat diet and streptozotocin (30 mg/kg I.P.). Plasma glucose, insulin, and HOMR-IR levels, as well as cytokines, lipid peroxidation, GSH/GSSG, and glucose transporter 1, were determined along with the tight junction proteins occludin (OCLN) and zona occludens 1 (ZO-1). Moreover, the expressions of brain CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBPA mRNA), miR-124, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and NF-kBp65 were measured alongside the histological investigation. RESULTS The results revealed that L/ZnO NPs were able to diminish lipid peroxidation, increase the activity of antioxidant enzymes, and reduce inflammation under oxidative stress. Consequently, it was able to reduce hyperglycemia, elevate insulin levels, and improve insulin resistance. Besides, L/ZnO NPs upregulate miR-124, reduce C/EBPA mRNA, increase BCl-2, and inhibit apoptosis. The results indicate that diabetes raises BBB permeability via tight junction protein decline, which is restored following L/ZnO NPs treatment. Luteolin/ZnO NPs regulate miR-124 and microglia polarization by targeting C/EBPA and are expected to alleviate inflammatory injury via modulation of the redox-sensitive signal transduction pathways. Luteolin/ZnO NPs have a novel target for the protection of the BBB and the prevention of neurological complications in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enas M Moustafa
- Radiation Biology, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Fatma S M Moawed
- Health radiation research, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Dina F Elmaghraby
- Health radiation research, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
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9
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Salem GA, Mohamed AAR, Khater SI, Noreldin AE, Alosaimi M, Alansari WS, Shamlan G, Eskandrani AA, Awad MM, El-Shaer RAA, Nassan MA, Mostafa M, Khamis T. Enhancement of biochemical and genomic pathways through lycopene-loaded nano-liposomes: Alleviating insulin resistance, hepatic steatosis, and autophagy in obese rats with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Involvement of SMO, GLI-1, and PTCH-1 genes. Gene 2023; 883:147670. [PMID: 37516284 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) is a prevalent hepatic disorder of global significance that can give rise to severe complications. This research endeavor delves into the potential of nano-liposomal formulated Lycopene (Lip-Lyco) in averting the development of obesity and insulin resistance, both of which are major underlying factors contributing to NAFL. The investigation further scrutinizes the impact of Lip-Lyco on intricate cellular pathways within the liver tissue of rats induced with NAFL, specifically focusing on the progression of steatosis and fibrosis. To establish an obesity-NAFL model, twenty rats were subjected to a high-fat diet (HFD) for a duration of twelve weeks, after which they received an oral treatment of Lip-Lyco (10mg/kg) for an additional eight weeks. Another group of sixteen non-obese rats were subjected to treatment with or without Lip-Lyco, serving as a control for comparison. Results: The rats on a hypercaloric diet had high body mass index (BMI) and insulin resistance, reflected in disturbed serum adipokines and lipid profiles. Oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis were evident in hepatic tissue, and the autophagic process in hepatocytes was inhibited. Additionally, the hedgehog pathway was activated in the liver tissue of NAFL group. Lip-Lyco was found to counteract all these aspects of NAFL pathogenesis. Lip-Lyco exhibited antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, antiapoptotic, autophagy-inducing, and Hedgehog signaling inhibitory effects. This study concludes that Lip-Lyco, a natural compound, has promising therapeutic potential in combating NAFLdisease. However, more experimental and clinical studies are required to confirm the effectiveness of lycopene in treating NAFLdisease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamal A Salem
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 44511 Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Amany Abdel-Rahman Mohamed
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt.
| | - Safaa I Khater
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Ahmed E Noreldin
- Department of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt
| | - Manal Alosaimi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wafa S Alansari
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 21577, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghalia Shamlan
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia
| | - Areej A Eskandrani
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, Taibah University, Medina 30002, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marwa Mahmoud Awad
- Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | | | - Mohamed A Nassan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Turabah University College, Taif University, PO Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud Mostafa
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
| | - Tarek Khamis
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 44511 Zagazig, Egypt; Laboratory of Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 44519 Zagazig, Egypt
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10
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Chen X, Shi C, He M, Xiong S, Xia X. Endoplasmic reticulum stress: molecular mechanism and therapeutic targets. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:352. [PMID: 37709773 PMCID: PMC10502142 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01570-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) functions as a quality-control organelle for protein homeostasis, or "proteostasis". The protein quality control systems involve ER-associated degradation, protein chaperons, and autophagy. ER stress is activated when proteostasis is broken with an accumulation of misfolded and unfolded proteins in the ER. ER stress activates an adaptive unfolded protein response to restore proteostasis by initiating protein kinase R-like ER kinase, activating transcription factor 6, and inositol requiring enzyme 1. ER stress is multifaceted, and acts on aspects at the epigenetic level, including transcription and protein processing. Accumulated data indicates its key role in protein homeostasis and other diverse functions involved in various ocular diseases, such as glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, retinitis pigmentosa, achromatopsia, cataracts, ocular tumors, ocular surface diseases, and myopia. This review summarizes the molecular mechanisms underlying the aforementioned ocular diseases from an ER stress perspective. Drugs (chemicals, neurotrophic factors, and nanoparticles), gene therapy, and stem cell therapy are used to treat ocular diseases by alleviating ER stress. We delineate the advancement of therapy targeting ER stress to provide new treatment strategies for ocular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyi Chen
- Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chaoran Shi
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Meihui He
- Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Siqi Xiong
- Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Xiaobo Xia
- Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
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11
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Khater SI, Almanaa TN, Fattah DMA, Khamis T, Seif MM, Dahran N, Alqahtani LS, Metwally MMM, Mostafa M, Albedair RA, Helal AI, Alosaimi M, Mohamed AAR. Liposome-Encapsulated Berberine Alleviates Liver Injury in Type 2 Diabetes via Promoting AMPK/mTOR-Mediated Autophagy and Reducing ER Stress: Morphometric and Immunohistochemical Scoring. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1220. [PMID: 37371950 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12061220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In the advanced stages of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), diabetic liver damage is a common complication that can devastate a patient's quality of life. The present study investigated the ability of liposomal berberine (Lip-BBR) to aid in ameliorating hepatic damage and steatosis, insulin homeostasis, and regulating lipid metabolism in type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and the possible pathways by which it does so. Liver tissue microarchitectures and immunohistochemical staining were applied during the study. The rats were divided into a control non-diabetic group and four diabetic groups, which are the T2DM, T2DM-Lip-BBR (10 mg/kg b.wt), T2DM-Vildagliptin (Vild) (10 mg/kg b.wt), and T2DM-BBR-Vild (10 mg/kg b.wt + Vild (5 mg/kg b.wt) groups. The findings demonstrated that Lip-BBR treatment could restore liver tissue microarchitectures, reduce steatosis and liver function, and regulate lipid metabolism. Moreover, Lip-BBR treatment promoted autophagy via the activation of LC3-II and Bclin-1 proteins and activated the AMPK/mTOR pathway in the liver tissue of T2DM rats. Lip-BBR also activated the GLP-1 expression, which stimulated insulin biosynthesis. It decreased the endoplasmic reticulum stress by limiting the CHOP, JNK expression, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Collectively, Lip-BBR ameliorated diabetic liver injury in a T2DM rat model with its promotion activity of AMPK/mTOR-mediated autophagy and limiting ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safaa I Khater
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Taghreed N Almanaa
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Doaa M Abdel Fattah
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Tarek Khamis
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Mona M Seif
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Naief Dahran
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 80203, Saudi Arabia
| | - Leena S Alqahtani
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 80203, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed M M Metwally
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Mostafa
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
| | - Raghad A Albedair
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Azza I Helal
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt
| | - Manal Alosaimi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amany Abdel-Rahman Mohamed
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
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12
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Pinelli R, Ferrucci M, Biagioni F, Berti C, Bumah VV, Busceti CL, Puglisi-Allegra S, Lazzeri G, Frati A, Fornai F. Autophagy Activation Promoted by Pulses of Light and Phytochemicals Counteracting Oxidative Stress during Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1183. [PMID: 37371913 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12061183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The seminal role of autophagy during age-related macular degeneration (AMD) lies in the clearance of a number of reactive oxidative species that generate dysfunctional mitochondria. In fact, reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the retina generate misfolded proteins, alter lipids and sugars composition, disrupt DNA integrity, damage cell organelles and produce retinal inclusions while causing AMD. This explains why autophagy in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), mostly at the macular level, is essential in AMD and even in baseline conditions to provide a powerful and fast replacement of oxidized molecules and ROS-damaged mitochondria. When autophagy is impaired within RPE, the deleterious effects of ROS, which are produced in excess also during baseline conditions, are no longer counteracted, and retinal degeneration may occur. Within RPE, autophagy can be induced by various stimuli, such as light and naturally occurring phytochemicals. Light and phytochemicals, in turn, may synergize to enhance autophagy. This may explain the beneficial effects of light pulses combined with phytochemicals both in improving retinal structure and visual acuity. The ability of light to activate some phytochemicals may further extend such a synergism during retinal degeneration. In this way, photosensitive natural compounds may produce light-dependent beneficial antioxidant effects in AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Pinelli
- SERI, Switzerland Eye Research Institute, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Michela Ferrucci
- Human Anatomy, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Biagioni
- IRCCS, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Neuromed, 86077 Pozzili, Italy
| | - Caterina Berti
- SERI, Switzerland Eye Research Institute, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Violet Vakunseth Bumah
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, University of Tennessee, Martin, TN 38237, USA
| | - Carla Letizia Busceti
- IRCCS, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Neuromed, 86077 Pozzili, Italy
| | | | - Gloria Lazzeri
- Human Anatomy, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Frati
- IRCCS, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Neuromed, 86077 Pozzili, Italy
| | - Francesco Fornai
- Human Anatomy, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- IRCCS, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Neuromed, 86077 Pozzili, Italy
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13
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Mahfouz H, Dahran N, Abdel-Rahman Mohamed A, Abd El-Hakim YM, Metwally MMM, Alqahtani LS, Abdelmawlla HA, Wahab HA, Shamlan G, Nassan MA, Gaber RA. Stabilization of glutathione redox dynamics and CYP2E1 by green synthesized Moringa oleifera-mediated zinc oxide nanoparticles against acrylamide induced hepatotoxicity in rat model: Morphometric and molecular perspectives. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 176:113744. [PMID: 36965644 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023]
Abstract
The terrible reality is that acrylamide (AA) is a common food contaminant found in a wide variety of commonly consumed foods. This research involves the advancement of a more dependable technique for the bio-fabrication of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZNPs) through the green method using Moringa Oleifera extract (MO-ZNPs) as an efficient chelating agent for acrylamide (AA). The effects of AA on glutathione redox dynamics, liver function, lipid profile, and zinc residues in Sprague Dawley rats are investigated. Finally, the microarchitecture and immunohistochemical staining of Caspase-3 and CYP2E1 were determined in the liver tissue of rats. Four separate groups, including control, MO-ZNPs (10 mg/kg b.wt), AA (20 mg/kg b.wt), and AA + MO-ZNPs for 60 days. The results revealed a suppressed activity of glutathione redox enzymes (GSH, GPX,and GSR) on both molecular and biochemical levels. Also, AA caused elevated liver enzymes, hepatosomatic index, and immunohistochemical staining of caspase-3 and CYP2E1 expression. MO-ZNPs co-treatment, on the other hand, stabilized glutathione-related enzyme gene expression, normalized hepatocellular enzyme levels, and restored hepatic tissue microarchitectures. It could be assumed that MO-ZNPs is a promising hepatoprotective molecule for alleviating AA-induced hepatotoxicity. We witnessed changes in glutathione redox dynamics to be restorative. Glutathione and cytochrome P450 2E1 play crucial roles in AA detoxification, so maintaining a healthy glutathione redox cycle is necessary for disposing of AA toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hala Mahfouz
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Egypt
| | - Naief Dahran
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Mohamed M M Metwally
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
| | - Leena S Alqahtani
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, 23445, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan Abdelraheem Abdelmawlla
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Jouf University, Saudi Arabia; Anatomy and Embryology Department, College of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Egypt
| | - Hazim A Wahab
- Histology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menofiya University, Shebin El Kom, Egypt
| | - Ghalia Shamlan
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11362, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed A Nassan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Turabah University College, Taif University, PO Box 11099,Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Rasha A Gaber
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Egypt
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