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Garre-Morata L, de Haro T, Villén RG, Fernández-López ML, Escames G, Molina-Carballo A, Acuña-Castroviejo D. Changes in Cortisol and in Oxidative/Nitrosative Stress Indicators after ADHD Treatment. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:92. [PMID: 38247516 PMCID: PMC10812591 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13010092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Although ADHD is one of the most prevalent diseases during childhood, we still do not know its precise origin; oxidative/nitrosative stress and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis are suggested contributors. Methylphenidate, among others, is the main drug used in ADHD patients, but its effects on relevant markers and structures remain unclear. This study, involving 59 patients diagnosed with ADHD according to DSM-5 criteria, aimed to assess changes in cortisol levels (using cortisol awakening response, CAR) and oxidative/nitrosative status with the treatment. Blood samples before and 3 months after treatment with methylphenidate were used to measure oxidative and inflammatory markers, as well as the endogenous antioxidant activity, while saliva samples tracked cortisol awakening response (CAR). The results showed a treatment-related improvement in the redox profile, with the reduction in advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), lipid peroxidation (LPO), and nitrite plus nitrate (NOx) levels, and the increase in the enzymatic activities of glutathione reductase (GRd) and catalase (CAT). Moreover, the area under the curve (AUC) of CAR increased significantly, indicating increased reactivity of the HPA axis. These results support, for the first time, the involvement of the endogenous antioxidant system in the pathophysiology of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Garre-Morata
- UGC of Laboratorios Clínicos, Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio, 18016 Granada, Spain; (L.G.-M.); (T.d.H.)
| | - Tomás de Haro
- UGC of Laboratorios Clínicos, Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio, 18016 Granada, Spain; (L.G.-M.); (T.d.H.)
- Ibs.Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; (M.L.F.-L.); (G.E.)
| | | | - María Luisa Fernández-López
- Ibs.Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; (M.L.F.-L.); (G.E.)
- UGC of Pediatrics, San Cecilio University Hospital, 18016 Granada, Spain;
| | - Germaine Escames
- Ibs.Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; (M.L.F.-L.); (G.E.)
- Ibs.CIBERfes, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable, 18016 Granada, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Antonio Molina-Carballo
- Ibs.Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; (M.L.F.-L.); (G.E.)
- UGC of Pediatrics, San Cecilio University Hospital, 18016 Granada, Spain;
- Department of Pediatrics, Medicine Faculty, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Darío Acuña-Castroviejo
- UGC of Laboratorios Clínicos, Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio, 18016 Granada, Spain; (L.G.-M.); (T.d.H.)
- Ibs.Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; (M.L.F.-L.); (G.E.)
- Ibs.CIBERfes, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable, 18016 Granada, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
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Bou Sader Nehme S, Sanchez-Sarasua S, Adel R, Tuifua M, Ali A, Essawy AE, Abdel Salam S, Hleihel W, Boué-Grabot E, Landry M. P2X4 signalling contributes to hyperactivity but not pain sensitization comorbidity in a mouse model of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Front Pharmacol 2024; 14:1288994. [PMID: 38239187 PMCID: PMC10794506 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1288994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by hyperactivity, inattention, and impulsivity that often persist until adulthood. Frequent comorbid disorders accompany ADHD and two thirds of children diagnosed with ADHD also suffer from behavioural disorders and from alteration of sensory processing. We recently characterized the comorbidity between ADHD-like symptoms and pain sensitisation in a pharmacological mouse model of ADHD, and we demonstrated the implication of the anterior cingulate cortex and posterior insula. However, few studies have explored the causal mechanisms underlying the interactions between ADHD and pain. The implication of inflammatory mechanisms has been suggested but the signalling pathways involved have not been explored. Methods: We investigated the roles of purinergic signalling, at the crossroad of pain and neuroinflammatory pathways, by using a transgenic mouse line that carries a total deletion of the P2X4 receptor. Results: We demonstrated that P2X4 deletion prevents hyperactivity in the mouse model of ADHD. In contrast, the absence of P2X4 lowered thermal pain thresholds in sham conditions and did not affect pain sensitization in ADHD-like conditions. We further analysed microglia reactivity and the expression of inflammatory markers in wild type and P2X4KO mice. Our results revealed that P2X4 deletion limits microglia reactivity but at the same time exerts proinflammatory effects in the anterior cingulate cortex and posterior insula. Conclusion: This dual role of P2X4 could be responsible for the differential effects noted on ADHD-like symptoms and pain sensitization and calls for further studies to investigate the therapeutic benefit of targeting the P2X4 receptor in ADHD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Bou Sader Nehme
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Institute of Neurodegenerative Diseases, IMN, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, Jounieh, Lebanon
| | - Sandra Sanchez-Sarasua
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Institute of Neurodegenerative Diseases, IMN, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Jaume I, Castellon, Spain
| | - Ramy Adel
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Marie Tuifua
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Institute of Neurodegenerative Diseases, IMN, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
| | - Awatef Ali
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Amina E. Essawy
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Sherine Abdel Salam
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Walid Hleihel
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, Jounieh, Lebanon
| | - Eric Boué-Grabot
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Institute of Neurodegenerative Diseases, IMN, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
| | - Marc Landry
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Institute of Neurodegenerative Diseases, IMN, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
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