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Izquierdo-Bermejo S, Chamorro B, Martín-de-Saavedra MD, Lobete M, López-Muñoz F, Marco-Contelles J, Oset-Gasque MJ. In Vitro Modulation of Autophagy by New Antioxidant Nitrones as a Potential Therapeutic Approach for the Treatment of Ischemic Stroke. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:946. [PMID: 39199193 PMCID: PMC11351736 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13080946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2024] [Revised: 07/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of death worldwide, yet current therapeutic strategies remain limited. Among the neuropathological events underlying this disease are multiple cell death signaling cascades, including autophagy. Recent interest has focused on developing agents that target molecules involved in autophagy to modulate this process under pathological conditions. This study aimed to analyze the role of autophagy in cell death induced by an in vitro ischemia-reperfusion (IR) model and to determine whether nitrones, known for their neuroprotective and antioxidant effects, could modulate this process. We focused on key proteins involved in different phases of autophagy: HIF-1α, BNIP3, and BECN1 for induction and nucleation, LC3 for elongation, and p62 for degradation. Our findings confirmed that the IR model promotes autophagy, initially via HIF-1α activation. Additionally, the neuroprotective effect of three of the selected synthetic nitrones (quinolylnitrones QN6 and QN23, and homo-bis-nitrone HBN6) partially derives from their antiautophagic properties, demonstrated by a downregulation of the expression of molecular markers involved in various phases of autophagy. In contrast, the neuroprotective power of cholesteronitrone ChN2 seems to derive from its promoting effects on the initial phases of autophagy, which could potentially help inhibit other forms of cell death. These results underscore the importance of autophagy modulation in neuroprotection, highlighting the potential of inhibiting prodeath autophagy and promoting prosurvival autophagy as promising therapeutic approaches in treating ischemic stroke clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Izquierdo-Bermejo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (S.I.-B.); (B.C.); (M.D.M.-d.-S.); (M.L.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Faculty of Health Sciences—HM Hospitals, Camilo José Cela University, Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Beatriz Chamorro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (S.I.-B.); (B.C.); (M.D.M.-d.-S.); (M.L.)
- Faculty of Health Sciences—HM Hospitals, Camilo José Cela University, Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Madrid, Spain;
| | - María Dolores Martín-de-Saavedra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (S.I.-B.); (B.C.); (M.D.M.-d.-S.); (M.L.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Lobete
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (S.I.-B.); (B.C.); (M.D.M.-d.-S.); (M.L.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco López-Muñoz
- Faculty of Health Sciences—HM Hospitals, Camilo José Cela University, Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Madrid, Spain;
- HM Hospitals Health Research Institute, 28015 Madrid, Spain
- Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, “Hospital 12 de Octubre” Research Institute, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Marco-Contelles
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry (CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain;
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Jesús Oset-Gasque
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (S.I.-B.); (B.C.); (M.D.M.-d.-S.); (M.L.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Yao Y, Liu F, Gu Z, Wang J, Xu L, Yu Y, Cai J, Ren R. Emerging diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets in post-stroke hemorrhagic transformation and brain edema. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1286351. [PMID: 38178909 PMCID: PMC10764516 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1286351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a devastating condition that can lead to significant morbidity and mortality. The aftermath of a stroke, particularly hemorrhagic transformation (HT) and brain edema, can significantly impact the prognosis of patients. Early detection and effective management of these complications are crucial for improving outcomes in stroke patients. This review highlights the emerging diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets including claudin, occludin, zonula occluden, s100β, albumin, MMP-9, MMP-2, MMP-12, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, IFN-γ, TGF-β, IL-10, IL-4, IL-13, MCP-1/CCL2, CXCL2, CXCL8, CXCL12, CCL5, CX3CL1, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, P-selectin, E-selectin, PECAM-1/CD31, JAMs, HMGB1, vWF, VEGF, ROS, NAC, and AQP4. The clinical significance and implications of these biomarkers were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yao
- Department of Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Department of Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhaowen Gu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jingyu Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lintao Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yue Yu
- Department of Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jing Cai
- Department of Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Reng Ren
- Department of Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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