Fatty Acids Predominantly Affect Anti-Hydroxyl Radical Activity and FRAP Value: The Case Study of Two Edible Mushrooms

Antibacterial Activities of Agaricus bisporus Extracts and Their Synergistic Effects with the Antistaphylococcal Drug AFN-1252

Agaricus bisporus, commonly known as the button mushroom, has attracted attention for its biological properties, including antimicrobial activities. Here, we evaluated the efficacy of ethanolic and acetonic extracts from white and brown A. bisporus against different bacterial strains, including antibiotic-resistant strains. Bioautography and principal component analysis identified the most active antibacterial compounds for each of the tested bacteria and indicated the main markers responsible for the strain-specific effects. In addition, the mushroom extracts demonstrated a synergistic impact when combined with the antistaphylococcal antibiotic AFN-1252.

Uptake of vanadium and its intracellular metabolism by Coprinellus truncorum mycelial biomass

BACKGROUND

Fungi absorb and solubilize a broad spectrum of heavy metals such as vanadium (V), which makes them a main route of its entry into the biosphere. V as vanadate (V5+) is a potential medical agent due to its many metabolic actions such as interaction with phosphates in the cell, and especially its insulin-mimetic activity. Antidiabetic activity of V-enriched fungi has been studied in recent years, but the biological and chemical bases of vanadium action and status in fungi in general are poorly understood, with almost no information on edible fungi.

METHODS

This manuscript gives a deeper insight into the interaction of V5+ with Coprinellus truncorum, an edible autochthonous species widely distributed in Europe and North America. Vanadium uptake and accumulation as V5+ was studied by 51V NMR, while the reducing abilities of the mycelium were determined by EPR. 31P NMR was used to determine its effects on the metabolism of phosphate compounds, with particular focus on phosphate sugars identified using HPLC.

RESULTS

Vanadate enters the mycelium in monomeric form and shows no immediate detrimental effects on intracellular pH or polyphosphate (PPc) levels, even when applied at physiologically high concentrations (20 mM Na3VO4). Once absorbed, it is partially reduced to less toxic vanadyl (V4+) with notable unreduced portion, which leads to a large increase in phosphorylated sugar levels, especially glucose-1-phosphate (G1P) and fructose-6-phosphate (F6P).

CONCLUSIONS

Preservation of pH and especially PPc reflects maintenance of the energy status of the mycelium, i.e., its tolerance to high V5+ concentrations. Rise in G1P and F6P levels implies that the main targets of V5+ are most likely phosphoglucomutase and phosphoglucokinase(s), enzymes involved in early stages of G6P transformation in glycolysis and glycogen metabolism. This study recommends C. truncorum for further investigation as a potential antidiabetic agent.

Cytotoxic activity of the crude polysaccharides/exopolysaccharides of Coprinus comatus and Coprinellus truncorum

Fungi are an important source of polysaccharides (PSH) and phenolic compounds (PC). Numerous studies have highlighted the beneficial effects of fungal consumption, but the impact of submerged cultivated mycelia (M) and filtrate (F) has not been fully investigated. We aimed to investigate the cytotoxic activity of isolated crude PSH and exopolysaccharides (ePSH) of submerged cultivated M and F of edible Coprinus comatus and Coprinellus truncorum species. Both PSH and ePSH exhibited significant cytotoxic activity towards HepG2 cancer cells of human origin (three-way ANOVA). The C. truncorum PSH/ePSH was more efficient inducing maximal reduction in cell viability (≈50% at 450 µg/mL) after 24 h while C. comatus PSH/ePSH needed 72 h to reach similar effect (≈60% at 450 µg/mL). Partial least square regression (PLSR) analysis indicated that specific phenolic composition of the PSH/ePSH could be responsible for the difference in their activity.

Hydrolysis of Edible Oils by Fungal Lipases: An Effective Tool to Produce Bioactive Extracts with Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Potential

Hydrolysis of olive, rapeseed, linseed, almond, peanut, grape seed and menhaden oils was performed with commercial lipases of Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus oryzae, Rhizopus niveus, Rhizomucor miehei and Candida rugosa. In chromogenic plate tests, olive, rapeseed, peanut and linseed oils degraded well even after 2 h of incubation, and the R. miehei, A. niger and R. oryzae lipases exhibited the highest overall action against the oils. Gas chromatography analysis of vegetable oils hydrolyzed by R. miehei lipase revealed about 1.1 to 38.4-fold increases in the concentrations of palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic and α-linolenic acids after the treatment, depending on the fatty acids and the oil. The major polyunsaturated fatty acids produced by R. miehei lipase treatment from menhaden oil were linoleic, α-linolenic, hexadecanedioic, eicosapentaenoic, docosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids, with yields from 12.02 to 52.85 µg/mL reaction mixture. Folin-Ciocalteu and ferric reducing power assays demonstrated improved antioxidant capacity for most tested oils after the lipase treatment in relation to the concentrations of some fatty acids. Some lipase-treated and untreated samples of oils, at 1.25 mg/mL lipid concentration, inhibited the growth of food-contaminating bacteria. The lipid mixtures obtained can be reliable sources of extractable fatty acids with health benefits.

The antioxidant potential of different edible and medicinal mushrooms

Mushroom consumption has grown extraordinarily owing to their high nutritional value, desirable taste, and aroma. Mushrooms continue generating lots of interest chiefly in their consumption as food, as a cure for different ailments, as well as important goods for commerce throughout the globe owing to their dietary, antioxidant, and therapeutic values. Higher Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes mushrooms have different properties with anticancer and immunological potential. They as well provide vital health benefits and display a wide-ranging continuum of pharmacological effects. The antioxidant activity of different mushrooms was reviewed for different radicals including DPPH, ABTS, OH, Nitrite, metals, and lipid peroxidation. The present review presents pharmacological activities of different species of edible and medicinal mushrooms. This review provides tangible evidence that these mushrooms are an excellent source of natural constituents and antioxidants with potential application in pharmaceuticals and in treating and managing different diseases.

Mushroom Species Stereum hirsutum as Natural Source of Phenolics and Fatty Acids as Antioxidants and Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors

Many lignicolous mushroom species are used as a food supplement and may represent an alternative treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). This study aimed to evaluate acetylcholinesterase inhibition (AChEI) of Stereum hirsutum together with antioxidant activity (AO) and cytotoxic activity against HepG2 cells. Different extracts (water, ethanol, methanol, polysaccharide) were analyzed, with respect to their mineral composition and chemical content. Ethanol extract was the most potent in AChEI (98.44 %) and demonstrated cytotoxic activity (91.96 % at 900.00 μg/mL), while the highest AO was demonstrated for polar extracts (methanol and water) as well. These activities may be attributed to determined phenolics (hydroxybenzoic and quinic acid) and fatty acids (FA), while biflavonoid amentoflavone may be responsible for cytotoxic activity. The most prevalent FA was linoleic (40.00 %) and the domination of unsaturated FA (UFA) (71.91 %) over saturated (26.96 %) was observed. This is the first report of AChEI of S. hirsutum extracts and first detection of amentoflavone. Due to high amount of UFA and well-expressed AChEI, this species can be considered as a potent food supplement in the palliative therapy of AD.

The formation, determination and health implications of polar compounds in edible oils: Current status, challenges and perspectives

To effectively control the quality of edible oil, polar compounds in edible oils have been studied extensively in the past few decades, particularly in the field of frying. This article critically reviews the formation, determination, and health implications of the polar compounds in edible oils via comprehensive literature research. The challenges and perspectives of polar compounds in edible oils are also discussed. Three chemical reactions, including oxidation, hydrolysis, and polymerization, elaborate polar compound formation. Many techniques are used to determine the total polar compound content of edible oils, with comparative analysis; Fourier transform infrared technique is a relatively ideal method. A major obstacle for nutritional studies focused on polar compounds formed during frying is that few pure compounds have been quantified. To inhibit the formation of the polar compounds effectively, investigations into the applications of enzymatic method in developing new lipophilized antioxidants may be a new direction in research.

Comparison of Two Schizophyllum commune Strains in Production of Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors and Antioxidants from Submerged Cultivation

In recent years, fungi have been recognized as producers of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors, agents important for the prevention of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). This study aimed to examine the AChE inhibitory, the antioxidative and antibacterial activity of two different Schizophyllum commune strains that originated from Serbia (SRB) and Italy (IT). Submerged cultivation of grown mycelia (M) and fermentation broth (F) of ethanol (EtOH) and polysaccharide (PSH) extracts lasted for 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. For AChE activity Ellman method was performed, while for antioxidative activity, sevendifferent assays were conducted: DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, SOA, OH, NO together with total phenolic content. Antimicrobial screen, LC–MS/MS technique and FTIR measurements were performed. Different isolates exhibited different AChE activity, with PSH being the strongest (SRB, M, 28 days IC₉₀ 79.73 ± 26.34 µg/mL), while in EtOH extracts, IT stood out (F, 14 days, IC₅₀ 0.8 ± 0.6 µg/mL). PSH extracts (7 days) exhibit significant antioxidative activity (AO), opposite to EtOH extracts where 14 and 21days periods stood out. Only tw extracts showed antibacterial activity. Following LC–MS/MS analysis p-hydroxybenzoic and gallic acids were the most abundant phenolics. PSH extracts demonstrated remarkable results, making this study debut and introducing S. commune as a valuable resource of AChE inhibitors.