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Rodríguez-Rodríguez E, Herrero-Lodares C, Sánchez-Prieto M, Olmedilla-Alonso B, Sánchez-Moreno C, de Ancos B. Sustainable extraction methods of carotenoids from mango (Mangifera indica L. 'Kent') pulp: Ultrasound assisted extraction and green solvents. Food Chem 2024; 450:139253. [PMID: 38653056 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Mango is a good source of carotenoids for use in food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical products because of their organoleptic and health-promoting properties. Safe and sustainable methods for their extraction is required. The present investigation was aimed to study concentration and carotenoid profile of 'Kent' mango pulp through a conventional extraction (CE) and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) using traditional solvents (tetrahydrofuran-THF and diethyl ether: petroleum ether-DE:PE) and green solvents (GS) (2-metiltetrahydrofuran, 2 m-THF; cyclopentyl methyl ether, CPME). Mango showed (μg/g d.w.) β-carotene (29.4), zeaxanthin (1.28), β-cryptoxanthin (2.8), phytoene (18.68) and phytofluene (7.45) in a CE using DE:PE. Similar results were obtained applying DE:PE in UAE and GS in a CE, so CPME and 2-mTHF seem suitable solvents to replace DE:PE in CE. The yield of total carotenes, xanthophylls and carotenoids using GS combined with UAE was lower than with CE, but important enough to be used as a sustainable procedure for obtaining carotenoids from mango pulp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Rodríguez-Rodríguez
- Department of Chemistry in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Analytical Chemistry, Pharmacy School, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Avenida Complutense, ES-28040 Madrid, Spain..
| | - Clara Herrero-Lodares
- Department of Chemistry in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Analytical Chemistry, Pharmacy School, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Avenida Complutense, ES-28040 Madrid, Spain.; Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC). José Antonio Novais 6, ES-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Milagros Sánchez-Prieto
- Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC). José Antonio Novais 6, ES-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Begoña Olmedilla-Alonso
- Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC). José Antonio Novais 6, ES-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Concepción Sánchez-Moreno
- Department of Characterization, Quality and Safety, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC). José Antonio Novais 6, ES-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Begoña de Ancos
- Department of Characterization, Quality and Safety, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC). José Antonio Novais 6, ES-28040 Madrid, Spain
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Bernabeu M, Gharibzahedi SMT, Ganaie AA, Macha MA, Dar BN, Castagnini JM, Garcia-Bonillo C, Meléndez-Martínez AJ, Altintas Z, Barba FJ. The potential modulation of gut microbiota and oxidative stress by dietary carotenoid pigments. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-19. [PMID: 37691412 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2254383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Gut microbiota plays a crucial role in regulating the response to immune checkpoint therapy, therefore modulation of the microbiome with bioactive molecules like carotenoids might be a very effective strategy to reduce the risk of chronic diseases. This review highlights the bio-functional effect of carotenoids on Gut Microbiota modulation based on a bibliographic search of the different databases. The methodology given in the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) has been employed for developing this review using papers published over two decades considering keywords related to carotenoids and gut microbiota. Moreover, studies related to the health-promoting properties of carotenoids and their utilization in the modulation of gut microbiota have been presented. Results showed that there can be quantitative changes in intestinal bacteria as a function of the type of carotenoid. Due to the dependency on several factors, gut microbiota continues to be a broad and complex study subject. Carotenoids are promising in the modulation of Gut Microbiota, which favored the appearance of beneficial bacteria, resulting in the protection of villi and intestinal permeability. In conclusion, it can be stated that carotenoids may help to protect the integrity of the intestinal epithelium from pathogens and activate immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Bernabeu
- Research Group in Innovative Technologies for Sustainable Food (ALISOST), Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Food Science, Toxicology and Forensic Medicine Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitat de València, Avda, Burjassot, Burjassot, València, Spain
- Vicerectorat de Recerca, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Seyed Mohammad Taghi Gharibzahedi
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Maths, Institute of Chemistry, Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Faculty of Engineering, Institute of Materials Science, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Arsheed A Ganaie
- Watson Crick Centre for Molecular Medicine, Islamic University of Science and Technology, Kashmir, India
| | - Muzafar A Macha
- Watson Crick Centre for Molecular Medicine, Islamic University of Science and Technology, Kashmir, India
| | - Basharat N Dar
- Department of Food Technology, Islamic University of Science and Technology, Kashmir, India
| | - Juan M Castagnini
- Research Group in Innovative Technologies for Sustainable Food (ALISOST), Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Food Science, Toxicology and Forensic Medicine Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitat de València, Avda, Burjassot, Burjassot, València, Spain
| | | | | | - Zeynep Altintas
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Maths, Institute of Chemistry, Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Faculty of Engineering, Institute of Materials Science, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Francisco J Barba
- Research Group in Innovative Technologies for Sustainable Food (ALISOST), Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Food Science, Toxicology and Forensic Medicine Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitat de València, Avda, Burjassot, Burjassot, València, Spain
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Status and Dietary Intake of Phytoene and Phytofluene in Spanish Adults and the Effect of a Four-Week Dietary Intervention with Lutein-Rich Fruits or Vegetables. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14142922. [PMID: 35889879 PMCID: PMC9319977 DOI: 10.3390/nu14142922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytoene (PT) and phytofluene (PTF) are colourless carotenoids presents in the human diet and in blood, faeces and tissues and are biologically active. However, there is very little data on these carotenoids. This study aims to assess PT and PTF concentrations in serum from healthy Spanish normolipemic subjects (n = 101, 45-65 years) and the effect of a fruit and vegetable dietary intervention (4 weeks, n = 29) on PT and PTF concentration in serum and faeces and dietary intake. Serum and faecal concentrations were analysed by HPLC and dietary intake by 3 × 24 h recalls. PT showed higher concentrations than PTF in serum, faeces and in the dietary intake. Considering both studies, PT and PTF concentrations in serum were 0.16 ± 0.07 and 0.05 ± 0.04 µmol/L, respectively, in faeces 17.7 ± 20.3 and 6.5 ± 7.9 µg/g, respectively, and in dietary intake the median was 2.4 and 0.6 mg/p/day, respectively. Carrots and tomatoes were the major dietary contributors of these carotenoids. The dietary intervention did not cause significant variations in the PT and PTF intake or serum concentrations, but a lower concentration in faeces was observed for the fruit group (PT: p = 0.024; PTF isomer-3: p = 0.034). These data highlight the need for further research on the activities of these carotenoids in humans.
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Olmedilla-Alonso B, Benítez-González AM, Estévez-Santiago R, Mapelli-Brahm P, Stinco CM, Meléndez-Martínez AJ. Assessment of Food Sources and the Intake of the Colourless Carotenoids Phytoene and Phytofluene in Spain. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13124436. [PMID: 34959988 PMCID: PMC8706092 DOI: 10.3390/nu13124436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytoene (PT) and phytofluene (PTF), colorless carotenoids, have largely been ignored in food science studies, food technology, and nutrition. However, they are present in commonly consumed foods and may have health-promotion effects and possible uses as cosmetics. The goal of this study is to assess the most important food sources of PT and PTF and their dietary intakes in a representative sample of the adult Spanish population. A total of 62 food samples were analyzed (58 fruit and vegetables; seven items with different varieties/color) and carotenoid data of four foods (three fruits and one processed food) were compiled. PT concentration was higher than that of PTF in all the foods analyzed. The highest PT content was found in carrot, apricot, commercial tomato juice, and orange (7.3, 2.8, 2.0, and 1.1 mg/100 g, respectively). The highest PTF level was detected in carrots, commercial tomato sauce and canned tomato, apricot, and orange juice (1.7, 1.2, 1.0, 0.6, and 0.04 mg/100 g, respectively). The daily intakes of PT and PTF were 1.89 and 0.47 mg/person/day, respectively. The major contributors to the dietary intake of PT (98%) and PTF (73%) were: carrot, tomato, orange/orange juice, apricot, and watermelon. PT and PTF are mainly supplied by vegetables (81% and 69%, respectively). Considering the color of the edible part of the foods analyzed (fruit, vegetables, sauces, and beverages), the major contributor to the daily intake of PT and PTF (about 98%) were of red/orange color.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begoña Olmedilla-Alonso
- Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), C/José Antonio Novais, 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (B.O.-A.); (A.J.M.-M.)
| | - Ana M. Benítez-González
- Food Colour and Quality Laboratory, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain; (A.M.B.-G.); (P.M.-B.); (C.M.S.)
| | | | - Paula Mapelli-Brahm
- Food Colour and Quality Laboratory, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain; (A.M.B.-G.); (P.M.-B.); (C.M.S.)
| | - Carla M. Stinco
- Food Colour and Quality Laboratory, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain; (A.M.B.-G.); (P.M.-B.); (C.M.S.)
| | - Antonio J. Meléndez-Martínez
- Food Colour and Quality Laboratory, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain; (A.M.B.-G.); (P.M.-B.); (C.M.S.)
- Correspondence: (B.O.-A.); (A.J.M.-M.)
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Changes in Lutein Status Markers (Serum and Faecal Concentrations, Macular Pigment) in Response to a Lutein-Rich Fruit or Vegetable (Three Pieces/Day) Dietary Intervention in Normolipemic Subjects. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13103614. [PMID: 34684614 PMCID: PMC8538254 DOI: 10.3390/nu13103614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Lutein is mainly supplied by dietary fruit and vegetables, and they are commonly jointly assessed in observational and interventional studies. Lutein bioavailability and health benefits depend on the food matrix. This study aimed to assess the effect of dietary intervention with lutein-rich fruit or vegetables on lutein status markers, including serum and faecal concentrations (by high pressure liquid chromatography), dietary intake (24 h recalls ×3), and macular pigment optical density (MPOD) and contrast threshold (CT) as visual outcomes. Twenty-nine healthy normolipemic subjects, aged 45–65 y, consumed 1.8 mg lutein/day supplied from fruits (14 subjects, 500 g/day of oranges, kiwi and avocados) or vegetables (15 subjects, 180 g/day of green beans, pumpkin, and sweet corn) for four weeks. Serum lutein concentration increased by 37%. The effect of the food group intervention was statistically significant for serum lutein+zeaxanthin concentration (p = 0.049). Serum α- and β-carotene were influenced by food type (p = 0.008 and p = 0.005, respectively), but not by time. Serum lutein/HDL-cholesterol level increased by 29% (total sample, p = 0.008). Lutein+zeaxanthin/HDL-cholesterol increased, and the intervention time and food group eaten had an effect (p = 0.024 and p = 0.010, respectively) which was higher in the vegetable group. The MPOD did not show variations, nor did it correlate with CT. According to correlation matrixes, serum lutein was mainly related to lutein+zeaxanthin expressed in relation to lipids, and MPOD with the vegetable group. In faecal samples, only lutein levels increased (p = 0.012). This study shows that a relatively low amount of lutein, supplied by fruit or vegetables, can have different responses in correlated status markers, and that a longer intervention period is needed to increase the MPOD. Therefore, further study with larger sample sizes is needed on the different responses in the lutein status markers and on food types and consumption patterns in the diet, and when lutein in a “pharmacological dose” is not taken to reduce a specific risk.
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Meléndez-Martínez AJ, Mapelli-Brahm P. The undercover colorless carotenoids phytoene and phytofluene: Importance in agro-food and health in the Green Deal era and possibilities for innovation. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Mapelli-Brahm P, Meléndez-Martínez AJ. The colourless carotenoids phytoene and phytofluene: sources, consumption, bioavailability and health effects. Curr Opin Food Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2021.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Schmidt KM, Haddad EN, Sugino KY, Vevang KR, Peterson LA, Koratkar R, Gross MD, Kerver JM, Comstock SS. Dietary and plasma carotenoids are positively associated with alpha diversity in the fecal microbiota of pregnant women. J Food Sci 2021; 86:602-613. [PMID: 33449409 PMCID: PMC10035785 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.15586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Because microbes use carotenoids as an antioxidant for protection, dietary carotenoids could be associated with gut microbiota composition. We aimed to determine associations among reported carotenoid intake, plasma carotenoid concentrations, and fecal bacterial communities in pregnant women. Pregnant women (n = 27) were enrolled in a two-arm study designed to assess feasibility of biospecimen collection and delivery of a practical nutrition intervention. Plasma and fecal samples were collected and women were surveyed with a 24-hr dietary checklist and recalls. Plasma carotenoids were analyzed by HPLC using photodiode array detection. Fecal bacteria were analyzed by 16S rRNA DNA sequencing. Results presented are cross-sectional from the 36-week gestational study visit combined across both study arms due to lack of significant differences between intervention and usual care groups (n = 23 women with complete data). Recent intake of carotenoid-containing foods included carrots, sweet potatoes, mangos, apricots, and/or bell peppers for 48% of women; oranges/orange juice (17%); egg (39%); tomato/tomato-based sauces (52%); fruits (83%); and vegetables (65%). Average plasma carotenoid concentrations were 6.4 µg/dL α-carotene (AC), 17.7 µg/dL β-carotene (BC), 11.4 µg/dL cryptoxanthin, 39.0 µg/dL trans-lycopene, and 29.8 µg/dL zeaxanthin and lutein. AC and BC concentrations were higher in women who recently consumed foods high in carotenoids. CR concentrations were higher in women who consumed oranges/orange juice. Microbiota α-diversity positively correlated with AC and BC. Microbiota β-diversity differed significantly across reported intake of carotenoid containing foods and plasma concentrations of AC. This may reflect an effect of high fiber or improved overall dietary quality, rather than a specific effect of carotenoids. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Little is known about the association between the gut microbiome and specific dietary microconstituents, such as carotenoids, especially during pregnancy. This research demonstrates that a carotenoid-rich diet during pregnancy supports a diverse microbiota, which could be one mechanism by which carotenoids promote health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen M. Schmidt
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Eliot N. Haddad
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Kameron Y. Sugino
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Karin R. Vevang
- The Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Lisa A. Peterson
- The Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Revati Koratkar
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Myron D. Gross
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jean M. Kerver
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Sarah S. Comstock
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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