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Nova P, Cunha SA, Costa-Pinto AR, Gomes AM. Chemical and Antioxidant Properties of Solvent and Enzyme-Assisted Extracts of Fucus vesiculosus and Porphyra dioica. Mar Drugs 2024; 22:319. [PMID: 39057428 PMCID: PMC11278442 DOI: 10.3390/md22070319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Extraction strategies impact the efficiency and nature of extracted compounds. This work assessed the chemical composition and antioxidant capacity of ethanolic, hydroethanolic, and aqueous versus enzyme-assisted extracts (isolated or with the sequential use of alcalase®, cellulase®, and viscozyme®) of the macroalgae Fucus vesiculosus (brown, Phaeophyceae) and Porphyra dioica (red, Rhodophyta. For both macroalgae, enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE) was the most efficient process compared to solvent-assisted extraction (SAE), independent of solvent. Fucus vesiculosus extraction yields were higher for EAE than for SAE (27.4% to 32.2% and 8.2% to 30.0%, respectively). Total phenolics content (TPC) was at least 10-fold higher in EAE extracts (229.2 to 311.3 GAE/gextract) than in SAE (4.34 to 19.6 GAE/gextract) counterparts and correlated well with antioxidant capacity (ABTS and ORAC methods), with EAE achieving values up to 8- and 2.6-fold higher than those achieved by SAE, respectively. Porphyra dioica followed F. vesiculosus's trend for extraction yields (37.5% to 51.6% for EAE and 5.7% to 35.1% for SAE), TPC, although of a lower magnitude, (0.77 to 8.95 GAE/gextract for SE and 9.37 to 14.73 GAE/gextract for EAE), and antioxidant capacity. Aqueous extracts registered the highest DPPH values for both macroalgae, with 2.3 µmol TE/gextract and 13.3 µmol TE/gextract for F. vesiculosus and P. dioica, respectively. EAE was a more efficient process in the extraction of soluble protein and reducing sugars in comparison to SAE. Furthermore, an improved effect of enzyme-assisted combinations was observed for almost all analyzed parameters. This study shows the promising application of enzyme-assisted extraction for the extraction of valuable compounds from F. vesiculosus and P.dioica, making them excellent functional ingredients for a wide range of health and food industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Nova
- CBQF—Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal; (P.N.); (S.A.C.); (A.M.G.)
- i3S—Instituto de Investigacão e Inovacão em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sara A. Cunha
- CBQF—Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal; (P.N.); (S.A.C.); (A.M.G.)
| | - Ana R. Costa-Pinto
- i3S—Instituto de Investigacão e Inovacão em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- IPATIMUP—Instituto de Patologia Molecular e Imunologia da Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Maria Gomes
- CBQF—Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal; (P.N.); (S.A.C.); (A.M.G.)
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2
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Silva I, Vaz BMC, Sousa S, Pintado MM, Coscueta ER, Ventura SPM. Gastrointestinal delivery of codfish Skin-Derived collagen Hydrolysates: Deep eutectic solvent extraction and bioactivity analysis. Food Res Int 2024; 175:113729. [PMID: 38128988 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The fishing industry produces substantial by-products, such as heads, skins, bones, and scales, rich in collagen-a prevalent protein in these materials. However, further application of deep eutectic solvent-based extraction remains unexplored. In this study, we extracted collagen with urea: propanoic acid mixture (U:PA; 1:2) with a 2.2 % yield, followed by enzymatic hydrolysis with alcalase for 120 min. The resulting bioactive peptides demonstrated notable antioxidant activity (961 µmol TE) and antihypertensive properties (39.3 % ACE inhibition). Subsequently, we encapsulated 39.3 % of these hydrolysates in chitosan-TPP capsules, which released about 58 % of their content, primarily in the intestine, as mimicked in the in vitro model of the gastrointestinal tract. Although the digestion process did not significantly alter the size of the non-encapsulated collagen peptides, it did influence their health benefits. The promising results suggest that further research could optimize the use of collagen from fish by-products, potentially offering a sustainable source for health products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isa Silva
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal; CICECO - Instituto de Materiais de Aveiro, Departamento de Química, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Bárbara M C Vaz
- CICECO - Instituto de Materiais de Aveiro, Departamento de Química, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Sérgio Sousa
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Manuela Pintado
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ezequiel R Coscueta
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Sónia P M Ventura
- CICECO - Instituto de Materiais de Aveiro, Departamento de Química, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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3
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Cunha SA, Coscueta ER, Alexandre AMRC, Partidário AMC, Fernández N, Paiva A, Silva JL, Pintado ME. Enzymatic hydrolysis allows an integral valorization of Nannochloropsis oceanica resulting in the production of bioactive peptide extracts and an eicosapentaenoic acid enriched fraction. Biotechnol J 2024; 19:e2300291. [PMID: 38013664 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202300291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Nannochloropsis oceanica is a microalga with relevant protein content, making it a potential source of bioactive peptides. Furthermore, it is also rich in fatty acids, with a special focus on eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), an omega-3 fatty acid mainly obtained from marine animal sources, with high importance for human health. N. oceanica has a rigid cell wall constraining protein extraction, thus hydrolyzing it may help increase its components' extractability. Therefore, a Box-Behnken experimental design was carried out to optimize the hydrolysis. The hydrolysate A showed 67% ± 0.7% of protein, antioxidant activity of 1166 ± 63.7 μmol TE g-1 of protein and an ACE inhibition with an IC50 of 379 μg protein mL-1 . The hydrolysate B showed 60% ± 1.8% of protein, antioxidant activity of 775 ± 13.0 μmol TE g-1 of protein and an ACE inhibition with an IC50 of 239 μg protein mL-1 . The by-product showed higher yields of total fatty acids when compared to "raw" microalgae, being 5.22% and 1%, respectively. The sustainable developed methodology led to the production of one fraction rich in bioactive peptides and another with interesting EPA content, both with value-added properties with potential to be commercialized as ingredients for different industrial applications, such as functional food, supplements, or cosmetic formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara A Cunha
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ezequiel R Coscueta
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Porto, Portugal
| | - Agostinho M R C Alexandre
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | | | - Naiara Fernández
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Alexandre Paiva
- LAQV-REQUIMTE-Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV) of the Network of Chemistry and Technology (REQUIMTE), Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
| | | | - Manuela E Pintado
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Porto, Portugal
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Vilas-Boas AA, Goméz-García R, Machado M, Nunes C, Ribeiro S, Nunes J, Oliveira ALS, Pintado M. Lavandula pedunculata Polyphenol-Rich Extracts Obtained by Conventional, MAE and UAE Methods: Exploring the Bioactive Potential and Safety for Use a Medicine Plant as Food and Nutraceutical Ingredient. Foods 2023; 12:4462. [PMID: 38137266 PMCID: PMC10742868 DOI: 10.3390/foods12244462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, plant-based bioactive compounds (BCs) are a key focus of research, supporting sustainable food production and favored by consumers for their perceived safety and health advantages over synthetic options. Lavandula pedunculata (LP) is a Portuguese, native species relevant to the bioeconomy that can be useful as a source of natural BCs, mainly phenolic compounds. This study compared LP polyphenol-rich extracts from conventional maceration extraction (CE), microwave and ultrasound-assisted extraction (MAE and UAE). As a result, rosmarinic acid (58.68-48.27 mg/g DE) and salvianolic acid B (43.19-40.09 mg/g DE) were the most representative phenolic compounds in the LP extracts. The three methods exhibited high antioxidant activity, highlighting the ORAC (1306.0 to 1765.5 mg Trolox equivalents (TE)/g DE) results. In addition, the extracts obtained with MAE and CE showed outstanding growth inhibition for B. cereus, S. aureus, E. coli, S. enterica and P. aeruginosa (>50%, at 10 mg/mL). The MAE extract showed the lowest IC50 (0.98 mg DE/mL) for angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition and the best results for α-glucosidase and tyrosinase inhibition (at 5 mg/mL, the inhibition was 87 and 73%, respectively). The LP polyphenol-rich extracts were also safe on caco-2 intestinal cells, and no mutagenicity was detected. The UAE had lower efficiency in obtaining LP polyphenol-rich extracts. MAE equaled CE's efficiency, saving time and energy. LP shows potential as a sustainable raw material, allowing diverse extraction methods to safely develop health-promoting food and nutraceutical ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana A. Vilas-Boas
- CBQF—Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina—Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal; (A.A.V.-B.); (R.G.-G.); (M.M.); (A.L.S.O.)
| | - Ricardo Goméz-García
- CBQF—Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina—Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal; (A.A.V.-B.); (R.G.-G.); (M.M.); (A.L.S.O.)
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación Científica y Tecnológica—CIICYT, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Saltillo 25280, Coahuila, Mexico
| | - Manuela Machado
- CBQF—Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina—Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal; (A.A.V.-B.); (R.G.-G.); (M.M.); (A.L.S.O.)
| | - Catarina Nunes
- Association BLC3—Technology and Innovation Campus, Centre Bio R&D Unit, Senhora da Conceição, 3045-155 Oliveira do Hospital, Portugal; (C.N.); (S.R.); (J.N.)
| | - Sónia Ribeiro
- Association BLC3—Technology and Innovation Campus, Centre Bio R&D Unit, Senhora da Conceição, 3045-155 Oliveira do Hospital, Portugal; (C.N.); (S.R.); (J.N.)
| | - João Nunes
- Association BLC3—Technology and Innovation Campus, Centre Bio R&D Unit, Senhora da Conceição, 3045-155 Oliveira do Hospital, Portugal; (C.N.); (S.R.); (J.N.)
| | - Ana L. S. Oliveira
- CBQF—Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina—Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal; (A.A.V.-B.); (R.G.-G.); (M.M.); (A.L.S.O.)
| | - Manuela Pintado
- CBQF—Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina—Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal; (A.A.V.-B.); (R.G.-G.); (M.M.); (A.L.S.O.)
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5
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Kyriakou S, Potamiti L, Demosthenous N, Amery T, Stewart K, Winyard PG, Franco R, Pappa A, Panayiotidis MI. A Naturally Derived Watercress Flower-Based Phenethyl Isothiocyanate-Enriched Extract Induces the Activation of Intrinsic Apoptosis via Subcellular Ultrastructural and Ca 2+ Efflux Alterations in an In Vitro Model of Human Malignant Melanoma. Nutrients 2023; 15:4044. [PMID: 37764828 PMCID: PMC10537737 DOI: 10.3390/nu15184044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the current study was to (i) extract isolated fractions of watercress flowers enriched in polyphenols, phenethyl isothiocyanate and glucosinolates and (ii) characterize the anticancer mode of action of non-lethal, sub-lethal and lethal concentrations of the most potent extract fraction in primary (A375) and metastatic (COLO-679) melanoma cells as well as non-tumorigenic immortalized keratinocyte (HaCaT) cells. Cytotoxicity was assessed via the Alamar Blue assay, whereas ultrastructural alterations in mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum were determined via transmission electron microscopy. Mitochondrial membrane depolarization was determined using Mito-MP dye, whereas apoptosis was evaluated through the activation of caspases-3, -8 and -9. Among all extract fractions, the phenethyl isothiocyanate-enriched one (PhEF) possessed significant cytotoxicity against A375 and COLO-679 cells, while HaCaT cells remained relatively resistant at sub-lethal and lethal concentrations. Additionally, ultrastructural subcellular alterations associated with apoptosis were observed by means of increased mitochondrial area and perimeter, decreased cristae density and a shorter distance of the endoplasmic reticulum to the mitochondria, all taking place during "early" time points (2-4 h) of exposure. Moreover, PhEF induced mitochondrial membrane depolarization associated with "late" time points (24 h) of exposure, thereby leading to the activation of intrinsic apoptosis. Finally, the inhibition of cytosolic Ca2+ efflux reduced levels of caspases-9 and -3 activity, suggesting the involvement of Ca2+ efflux in modulating the activation of intrinsic apoptosis. To conclude, our data demonstrate an association of "early" ultrastructural alterations in mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum with the "late" induction of intrinsic apoptosis via the modulation of Ca2+ efflux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sotiris Kyriakou
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Therapeutics & Ultrastructural Pathology, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology & Genetics, Nicosia 2371, Cyprus; (S.K.); (L.P.); (N.D.)
| | - Louiza Potamiti
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Therapeutics & Ultrastructural Pathology, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology & Genetics, Nicosia 2371, Cyprus; (S.K.); (L.P.); (N.D.)
| | - Nikoletta Demosthenous
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Therapeutics & Ultrastructural Pathology, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology & Genetics, Nicosia 2371, Cyprus; (S.K.); (L.P.); (N.D.)
| | - Tom Amery
- The Watercress Company, Dorchester DT2 8QY, UK;
| | - Kyle Stewart
- Watercress Research Limited, Exeter EX5 2GE, UK; (K.S.); (P.G.W.)
| | - Paul G. Winyard
- Watercress Research Limited, Exeter EX5 2GE, UK; (K.S.); (P.G.W.)
| | - Rodrigo Franco
- Redox Biology Centre, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA;
- Department of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Aglaia Pappa
- Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece;
| | - Mihalis I. Panayiotidis
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Therapeutics & Ultrastructural Pathology, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology & Genetics, Nicosia 2371, Cyprus; (S.K.); (L.P.); (N.D.)
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Dhamole PB, Joshi N, Bhat V. A review of recent developments in sugars and polyol based soluting out separation processes. Sep Purif Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2023.123394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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7
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Araújo-Rodrigues H, Coscueta ER, Pereira MF, Cunha SA, Almeida A, Rosa A, Martins R, Pereira CD, Pintado conceptualisation ME. Membrane fractionation of Cynara cardunculus swine blood hydrolysate: Ingredients of high nutritional and nutraceutical value. Food Res Int 2022; 158:111549. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Cunha SA, Coscueta ER, Nova P, Silva JL, Pintado MM. Bioactive Hydrolysates from Chlorella vulgaris: Optimal Process and Bioactive Properties. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27082505. [PMID: 35458702 PMCID: PMC9026812 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27082505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Microalgae have been described as a source of bioactive compounds, such as peptides. Microalgae are easy to produce, making them a sustainable resource for extracting active ingredients for industrial applications. Several microalgae species have interesting protein content, such as Chlorella vulgaris with around 52.2% of protein, making it promising for peptide hydrolysate production. Therefore, this work focused on the production of water-soluble hydrolysates rich in proteins/peptides from the microalgae C. vulgaris and studied bioactive properties. For that, a design of experiments (DOE) was performed to establish the optimal conditions to produce hydrolysates with higher levels of protein, as well as antioxidant and antihypertensive properties. Four experimental factors were considered (cellulase percentage, protease percentage, hydrolysis temperature, and hydrolysis duration) for three responses (protein content, antioxidant activity, and antihypertensive activity). The optimal conditions determined by the DOE allowed producing a scaled-up hydrolysate with 45% protein, with antioxidant activity, measured by oxygen radical absorbance capacity assay, of 1035 µmol TE/g protein, IC50 for angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition activity of 286 µg protein/mL, and α-glucosidase inhibition of 31% (30 mg hydrolysate/mL). The obtained hydrolysates can be used as functional ingredients for food and nutraceuticals due to their antioxidant, antihypertensive, and antidiabetic potential. Moreover, the antioxidant potential of the extracts may be relevant for the cosmetic industry, especially in antiaging formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara A. Cunha
- CBQF—Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina—Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal; (S.A.C.); (E.R.C.); (P.N.)
| | - Ezequiel R. Coscueta
- CBQF—Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina—Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal; (S.A.C.); (E.R.C.); (P.N.)
| | - Paulo Nova
- CBQF—Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina—Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal; (S.A.C.); (E.R.C.); (P.N.)
| | - Joana Laranjeira Silva
- Allmicroalgae—Natural Products S.A., R&D Department, Rua 25 de Abril 19, 2445-287 Pataias, Portugal;
| | - Maria Manuela Pintado
- CBQF—Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina—Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal; (S.A.C.); (E.R.C.); (P.N.)
- Correspondence:
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9
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Kyriakou S, Trafalis DT, Deligiorgi MV, Franco R, Pappa A, Panayiotidis MI. Assessment of Methodological Pipelines for the Determination of Isothiocyanates Derived from Natural Sources. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11040642. [PMID: 35453327 PMCID: PMC9029005 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11040642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Isothiocyanates are biologically active secondary metabolites liberated via enzymatic hydrolysis of their sulfur enriched precursors, glucosinolates, upon tissue plant disruption. The importance of this class of compounds lies in their capacity to induce anti-cancer, anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and other bioactive properties. As such, their isolation from natural sources is of utmost importance. In this review article, an extensive examination of the various parameters (hydrolysis, extraction, and quantification) affecting the isolation of isothiocyanates from naturally-derived sources is presented. Overall, the effective isolation/extraction and quantification of isothiocyanate is strongly associated with their chemical and physicochemical properties, such as polarity-solubility as well as thermal and acidic stability. Furthermore, the successful activation of myrosinase appears to be a major factor affecting the conversion of glucosinolates into active isothiocyanates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sotiris Kyriakou
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Therapeutics & Ultrastructural Pathology, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology & Genetics, Ayios Dometios, Nicosia 2371, Cyprus;
| | - Dimitrios T. Trafalis
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (D.T.T.); (M.V.D.)
| | - Maria V. Deligiorgi
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (D.T.T.); (M.V.D.)
| | - Rodrigo Franco
- Redox Biology Centre, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA;
- Department of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Aglaia Pappa
- Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece;
| | - Mihalis I. Panayiotidis
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Therapeutics & Ultrastructural Pathology, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology & Genetics, Ayios Dometios, Nicosia 2371, Cyprus;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +357-22392626
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Wang J, Shi K, An N, Li S, Bai M, Wu X, Shen Y, Du R, Cheng J, Wu X, Xu Q. Direct Inhibition of GSDMD by PEITC Reduces Hepatocyte Pyroptosis and Alleviates Acute Liver Injury in Mice. Front Immunol 2022; 13:825428. [PMID: 35173734 PMCID: PMC8841757 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.825428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute liver injury (ALI), often caused by viruses, alcohol, drugs, etc., is one of the most common clinical liver diseases. Although pyroptosis plays an important role in ALI, there is still a lack of effective clinical drugs related to this mechanism. Here, we show that phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC), a natural compound present in cruciferous vegetables, can significantly alleviate concanavalin A (ConA)-induced inflammatory liver damage and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced chemical liver damage in a dose-dependent manner. PEITC dose-dependently reversed the ALI-induced increase in plasma levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and interferon (IFN)-γ and reduced the protein levels of hepatocyte pyroptosis markers such as Nod-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3), cleaved caspase-1, and cleaved gasdermin D (GSDMD). In vitro experiments have also verified the inhibitory effect of PEITC on hepatocyte pyroptosis. Furthermore, PEITC inhibits pyroptosis by interacting with cysteine 191 of GSDMD. In summary, our findings establish a role for PEITC in rescuing hepatocyte pyroptosis via direct inhibition of GSDMD, which may provide a new potential therapeutic strategy for ALI.
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11
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Coscueta ER, Sousa AS, Reis CA, Pintado MM. Phenylethyl Isothiocyanate: A Bioactive Agent for Gastrointestinal Health. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27030794. [PMID: 35164058 PMCID: PMC8838155 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of gastrointestinal pathologies (cancer in particular) has increased progressively, with considerable morbidity and mortality, and a high economic impact on the healthcare system. The dietary intake of natural phytochemicals with certain bioactive properties has shown therapeutic and preventive effects on these pathologies. This includes the cruciferous vegetable derivative phenylethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC), a bioactive compound present in some vegetables, such as watercress. Notably, PEITC has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, bactericidal, and anticarcinogenic properties. This review summarized the current knowledge on the role of PEITC as a potential natural nutraceutical or an adjuvant against oxidative/inflammatory-related disorders in the gastrointestinal tract. We also discussed the safe and recommended dose of PEITC. In addition, we established a framework to guide the research and development of sustainable methodologies for obtaining and stabilizing this natural molecule for industrial use. With PEITC, there is great potential to develop a viable strategy for preventing cancer and other associated diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. However, this topic still needs more scientific studies to help develop new PEITC products for the nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, or food industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezequiel R. Coscueta
- CBQF—Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina-Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal; (A.S.S.); (M.M.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-225-580-001 (ext. 8047)
| | - Ana Sofia Sousa
- CBQF—Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina-Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal; (A.S.S.); (M.M.P.)
| | - Celso A. Reis
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal;
- IPATIMUP—Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal
- Medical Faculty, University of Porto, Al. Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Manuela Pintado
- CBQF—Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina-Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal; (A.S.S.); (M.M.P.)
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12
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Evaluation of Bioactive Properties of Lipophilic Fractions of Edible and Non-Edible Parts of Nasturtium officinale (watercress) in a Model of Human Malignant Melanoma Cells. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15020141. [PMID: 35215254 PMCID: PMC8879096 DOI: 10.3390/ph15020141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Watercress is an enriched source of phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC), among other phytochemicals, with an antioxidant capacity. The aim of this study was to (i) chemically characterize and (ii) biologically evaluate the profile of the main health-promoting compounds contained in edible (i.e., mixture of leaves and lateral buds) and non-edible (i.e., stems) parts of watercress in an in vitro model of malignant melanoma consisting of human malignant melanoma (A375), non-melanoma (A431) and keratinocyte (HaCaT) cells. The extraction of the main constituents of watercress was performed by subjecting the freeze-dried edible and non-edible samples through different extraction protocols, whereas their concentration was obtained utilizing analytical methodologies. In addition, cell viability was evaluated by the Alamar Blue assay, whereas levels of oxidative stress and apoptosis were determined by commercially available kits. The edible watercress sample contained a higher amount of various nutrients and phytochemicals in the hexane fraction compared to the non-edible one, as evidenced by the presence of PEITC, phenolics, flavonoids, pigments, ascorbic acid, etc. The cytotoxicity potential of the edible watercress sample in the hexane fraction was considerably higher than the non-edible one in A375 cells, whereas A431 and HaCaT cells appeared to be either more resistant or minimally affected, respectively. Finally, levels of oxidative stress and apoptotic induction were increased in both watercress samples, but the magnitude of the induction was much higher in the edible than the non-edible watercress samples. Herein, we provide further evidence documenting the potential development of watercress extracts (including watercress waste by-products) as promising anti-cancer agent(s) against malignant melanoma cells.
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13
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Rodríguez-Rojo S. Intensification Technologies to Efficiently Extract Antioxidants from Agro-Food Residues. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10101568. [PMID: 34679703 PMCID: PMC8533536 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10101568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As is well known, there is an increasing interest in recovering phytochemicals from agricultural, forestry, and food industry residues, aiming to reduce their environmental impact and improve sustainable economic growth in the bioeconomy scheme [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraya Rodríguez-Rojo
- High Pressure Processes Group, Research Institute on Bioeconomy (BioEcoUVa), School of Engineering, University of Valladolid (UVa), 47011 Valladolid, Spain
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14
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Araújo-Rodrigues H, Santos D, Campos DA, Guerreiro S, Ratinho M, Rodrigues IM, Pintado ME. Impact of Processing Approach and Storage Time on Bioactive and Biological Properties of Rocket, Spinach and Watercress Byproducts. Foods 2021; 10:2301. [PMID: 34681349 PMCID: PMC8534970 DOI: 10.3390/foods10102301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The high nutritional value of vegetables is well recognized, but their short shelf life and seasonal nature result in massive losses and wastes. Vegetable's byproducts are an opportunity to develop value-added ingredients, increasing food system efficiency and environmental sustainability. In the present work, pulps and powders of byproducts from rocket and spinach leaves and watercress were developed and stored for six months under freezing and vacuum conditions, respectively. After processing and storage, microbiological quality, bioactive compounds (polyphenols, carotenoids and tocopherols profiles), antioxidant capacity, and pulps viscosity were analyzed. Generally, the developed vegetable's pulps and powders were considered microbiologically safe. Although some variations after processing and storage were verified, the antioxidant activity was preserved or improved. A rich phenolic composition was also registered and maintained. During freezing, the quantitative carotenoid profile was significantly improved (mainly in rocket and spinach), while after drying, there was a significant decrease. A positive effect was verified in the vitamin E level. Both processing and storage conditions resulted in products with relevant phenolics, carotenoids and tocopherol levels, contributing to the antioxidant activity registered. Thus, this study demonstrates the potential of vegetable byproducts valorization through developing these functional ingredients bringing economic and environmental value into the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Araújo-Rodrigues
- CBQF—Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina, Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal; (H.A.-R.); (D.S.); (D.A.C.)
| | - Diva Santos
- CBQF—Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina, Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal; (H.A.-R.); (D.S.); (D.A.C.)
| | - Débora A. Campos
- CBQF—Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina, Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal; (H.A.-R.); (D.S.); (D.A.C.)
| | - Suse Guerreiro
- Vitacress Portugal S.A., Quinta dos Cativos, 7630-033 Odemira, Portugal; (S.G.); (M.R.)
| | - Modesta Ratinho
- Vitacress Portugal S.A., Quinta dos Cativos, 7630-033 Odemira, Portugal; (S.G.); (M.R.)
| | - Ivo M. Rodrigues
- Departamento de Ciências Agrárias e Tecnologias, Escola Superior Agrária, Instituto Politécnico de Coimbra, 3045-601 Coimbra, Portugal;
| | - Manuela E. Pintado
- Vitacress Portugal S.A., Quinta dos Cativos, 7630-033 Odemira, Portugal; (S.G.); (M.R.)
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15
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Current Methods for the Extraction and Analysis of Isothiocyanates and Indoles in Cruciferous Vegetables. ANALYTICA 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/analytica2040011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cruciferous vegetables are characterized by the presence of sulfur-containing secondary plant metabolites known as glucosinolates (GLS). The consumption of cruciferous vegetables such as broccoli, cabbage, rocket salad, and cauliflower has been related to the prevention of non-communicable diseases. Their beneficial effects are attributed to the enzymatic degradation products of GLS, e.g., isothiocyanates and indoles. Owing to these properties, there has been a shift in the last few years towards the research of these compounds and a wide range of methods for their extraction and analytical determination have been developed. The aim of this review is to present the sample preparation and extraction procedures of isothiocyanates and indoles from cruciferous vegetables and the analytical methods for their determination. The majority of the references that have been reviewed are from the last decade. Although efforts towards the application of eco-friendly non-conventional extraction methods have been made, the use of conventional solvent extraction is mainly applied. The major analytical techniques employed for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of isothiocyanates and indoles are high-performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography coupled with or without mass spectrometry detection. Nevertheless, the analytical determination of isothiocyanates presents several problems due to their instability and the absence of chromophores, making the simultaneous determination of isothiocyanates and indoles a challenging task.
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16
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Krause K, Pyrczak-Felczykowska A, Karczewska M, Narajczyk M, Herman-Antosiewicz A, Szalewska-Pałasz A, Nowicki D. Dietary Isothiocyanates, Sulforaphane and 2-Phenethyl Isothiocyanate, Effectively Impair Vibrio cholerae Virulence. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10187. [PMID: 34638525 PMCID: PMC8508596 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae represents a constant threat to public health, causing widespread infections, especially in developing countries with a significant number of fatalities and serious complications every year. The standard treatment by oral rehydration does not eliminate the source of infection, while increasing antibiotic resistance among pathogenic V. cholerae strains makes the therapy difficult. Thus, we assessed the antibacterial potential of plant-derived phytoncides, isothiocyanates (ITC), against V. cholerae O365 strain. Sulforaphane (SFN) and 2-phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) ability to inhibit bacterial growth was assessed. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values indicate that these compounds possess antibacterial activity and are also effective against cells growing in a biofilm. Tested ITC caused accumulation of stringent response alarmone, ppGpp, which indicates induction of the global stress response. It was accompanied by bacterial cytoplasm shrinkage, the inhibition of the DNA, and RNA synthesis as well as downregulation of the expression of virulence factors. Most importantly, ITC reduced the toxicity of V. cholerae in the in vitro assays (against Vero and HeLa cells) and in vivo, using Galleria mellonella larvae as an infection model. In conclusion, our data indicate that ITCs might be considered promising antibacterial agents in V. cholerae infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudyna Krause
- Department of Bacterial Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (K.K.); (M.K.); (A.S.-P.)
| | | | - Monika Karczewska
- Department of Bacterial Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (K.K.); (M.K.); (A.S.-P.)
| | - Magdalena Narajczyk
- Department of Electron Microscopy, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Anna Herman-Antosiewicz
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka Szalewska-Pałasz
- Department of Bacterial Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (K.K.); (M.K.); (A.S.-P.)
| | - Dariusz Nowicki
- Department of Bacterial Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (K.K.); (M.K.); (A.S.-P.)
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17
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Collagen-Based Bioactive Bromelain Hydrolysate from Salt-Cured Cod Skin. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11188538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Considerable amounts of fish processing by-products are discarded each year. About 30% of this material may be skin and bone. Fish skin has more than 80% of its total protein content as collagen. Furthermore, in recent years, there has been a growing demand for collagen-based peptides due to their beneficial health effects. So, the objective of the present study was to optimise the obtaining bioactive hydrolysates from salt-cured cod skin using the protease Bromelain at 0.5% (w/w) concentration. This study developed a sustainable process that consumes less time and energy and uses an alternative source as raw material. In addition, bromelain allows hydrolysates with important antioxidant (ORAC, 514 μmol Trolox Equivalent/g protein) and antihypertensive activities (inhibition of ACE, IC50 of 166 μg protein/mL) as well as excellent biocompatibility with dermal and subcutaneous cells.
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18
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Hydrolysate from Mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis Meat: Enzymatic Hydrolysis, Optimization and Bioactive Properties. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26175228. [PMID: 34500661 PMCID: PMC8434563 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26175228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mussel production generates losses and waste since their commercialisation must be aligned with target market criteria. Since mussels are rich in proteins, their meat can be explored as a source of bioactive hydrolysates. Thus, the main objective of this study was to establish the optimal production conditions through two Box–Behnken designs to produce, by enzymatic hydrolysis (using subtilisin and corolase), hydrolysates rich in proteins and with bioactive properties. The factorial design allowed for the evaluation of the effects of three factors (hydrolysis temperature, enzyme ratio, and hydrolysis time) on protein/peptides release as well as antioxidant and anti-hypertensive properties of the hydrolysates. The hydrolysates produced using the optimised conditions using the subtilisin protease showed 45.0 ± 0.38% of protein, antioxidant activity via ORAC method of 485.63 ± 60.65 µmol TE/g of hydrolysate, and an IC50 for the inhibition of ACE of 1.0 ± 0.56 mg of protein/mL. The hydrolysates produced using corolase showed 46.35 ± 1.12% of protein, antioxidant activity of 389.48 ± 0.21 µmol TE/g of hydrolysate, and an IC50 for the inhibition of ACE of 3.7 ± 0.33 mg of protein/mL. Mussel meat losses and waste can be used as a source of hydrolysates rich in peptides with relevant bioactive properties, and showing potential for use as ingredients in different industries, such as food and cosmetics, contributing to a circular economy and reducing world waste.
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19
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Schulze H, Hornbacher J, Wasserfurth P, Reichel T, Günther T, Krings U, Krüger K, Hahn A, Papenbrock J, Schuchardt JP. Immunomodulating Effect of the Consumption of Watercress (Nasturtium officinale) on Exercise-Induced Inflammation in Humans. Foods 2021; 10:foods10081774. [PMID: 34441551 PMCID: PMC8391159 DOI: 10.3390/foods10081774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The vegetable watercress (Nasturtium officinale R.Br.) is, besides being a generally nutritious food, a rich source of glucosinolates. Gluconasturtiin, the predominant glucosinolate in watercress, has been shown to have several health beneficial properties through its bioactive breakdown product phenethyl isothiocyanate. Little is known about the immunoregulatory effects of watercress. Moreover, anti-inflammatory effects have mostly been shown in in vitro or in animal models. Hence, we conducted a proof-of-concept study to investigate the effects of watercress on the human immune system. In a cross-over intervention study, 19 healthy subjects (26.5 ± 4.3 years; 14 males, 5 females) were given a single dose (85 g) of fresh self-grown watercress or a control meal. Two hours later, a 30 min high-intensity workout was conducted to promote exercise-induced inflammation. Blood samples were drawn before, 5 min after, and 3 h after the exercise unit. Inflammatory blood markers (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, MCP-1, MMP-9) were analyzed in whole blood cultures after ex vivo immune cell stimulation via lipopolysaccharides. A mild pro-inflammatory reaction was observed after watercress consumption indicated by an increase in IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, whereas the immune response was more pronounced for both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory markers (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α) after the exercise unit compared to the control meal. During the recovery phase, watercress consumption led to a stronger anti-inflammatory downregulation of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α. In conclusion, we propose that watercress causes a stronger pro-inflammatory response and anti-inflammatory counter-regulation during and after exercise. The clinical relevance of these changes should be verified in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Schulze
- Institute of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Leibniz University Hannover, D-30167 Hannover, Germany; (H.S.); (P.W.); (A.H.)
| | - Johann Hornbacher
- Institute of Botany, Leibniz University Hannover, D-30419 Hannover, Germany; (J.H.); (J.P.)
| | - Paulina Wasserfurth
- Institute of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Leibniz University Hannover, D-30167 Hannover, Germany; (H.S.); (P.W.); (A.H.)
| | - Thomas Reichel
- Department of Exercise Physiology and Sports Therapy, Institute of Sport Science, Justus Liebig University Giessen, D-35394 Giessen, Germany; (T.R.); (K.K.)
| | - Thorben Günther
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, D-30167 Hannover, Germany; (T.G.); (U.K.)
| | - Ulrich Krings
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, D-30167 Hannover, Germany; (T.G.); (U.K.)
| | - Karsten Krüger
- Department of Exercise Physiology and Sports Therapy, Institute of Sport Science, Justus Liebig University Giessen, D-35394 Giessen, Germany; (T.R.); (K.K.)
| | - Andreas Hahn
- Institute of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Leibniz University Hannover, D-30167 Hannover, Germany; (H.S.); (P.W.); (A.H.)
| | - Jutta Papenbrock
- Institute of Botany, Leibniz University Hannover, D-30419 Hannover, Germany; (J.H.); (J.P.)
| | - Jan P. Schuchardt
- Institute of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Leibniz University Hannover, D-30167 Hannover, Germany; (H.S.); (P.W.); (A.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-511-7622987
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20
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Lu Y, Maria Vos RD, Zhang Y, Zhang M, Liu Y, Fu C, Liu SQ, Huang D. The degradation kinetics and mechanism of moringin in aqueous solution and the cytotoxicity of degraded products. Food Chem 2021; 364:130424. [PMID: 34182363 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we investigated the degradation of moringin (4-[(α-l-rhamnosyloxy)benzyl]-isothiocyanate), a major bioactive isothiocyanate (ITC) found in moringa seeds (Moringa oleifera Lam), at various food processing conditions. Moringin degrades rapidly to several water-soluble products via a pseudo-first-order kinetics. By analyzing the reaction products, the degradation mechanism was found to be through hydrolyzing to (A) 1-O-(4-hydroxymethylphenyl) α-l-rhamnopyranoside (rhamnobenzyl alcohol RBA) or (B) rhamnobenzylamine. The formed amine further reacts with moringin to form N,N'-bis{4-[(α-l-rhamnosyloxy)benzyl]}thiourea (di-rhamnobenzyl thiourea, DRBTU). In addition, moringin isomerizes to 4-[(α-l-rhamnosyloxy)benzyl]thiocyanate (RBTC), which further reacts with moringin to form S,N-bis{4-[(α-l-rhamnosyloxy)benzyl]}-dithiocarbamate (DRBDTC). Furthermore, pH was found to have an effect on the degradation of moringin. RBA and RBTC were major degraded products in neutral and acidic conditions while thiourea (DRBTU) was in alkaline condition. Although moringin showed higher cytotoxicity to cancer cells, its degraded products showed very weak or no activities, suggesting that the isothiocyanate group of ITCs is essential for their cancer chemoprevention activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyun Lu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Science Drive 2, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117542, Singapore
| | - Romy Dorothea Maria Vos
- Food Quality and Design Group, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Yuyu Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Flavor Chemistry, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China
| | - Molan Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Science Drive 2, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117542, Singapore
| | - Yunjiao Liu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Science Drive 2, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117542, Singapore
| | - Caili Fu
- National University of Singapore (Suzhou) Research Institute, 377 Lin Quan Street, Suzhou Industrial Park, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Shao Quan Liu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Science Drive 2, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117542, Singapore; National University of Singapore (Suzhou) Research Institute, 377 Lin Quan Street, Suzhou Industrial Park, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Dejian Huang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Science Drive 2, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117542, Singapore; National University of Singapore (Suzhou) Research Institute, 377 Lin Quan Street, Suzhou Industrial Park, Jiangsu 215123, China.
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21
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Coscueta ER, Sousa AS, Reis CA, Pintado M. Chitosan-olive oil microparticles for phenylethyl isothiocyanate delivery: Optimal formulation. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248257. [PMID: 33956792 PMCID: PMC8101728 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenylethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC), a chemopreventive compound, is highly reactive due to its considerably electrophilic nature. Furthermore, it is hydrophobic and has low stability, bioavailability and bioaccessibility. This restricts its use in biomedical and nutraceutical or food applications. Thus, the encapsulation of this agent has the function of overcoming these limitations, promoting its solubility in water, and stabilizing it, preserving its bioactivity. So, polymeric microparticles were developed using chitosan-olive oil-PEITC systems. For this, an optimisation process (factors: olive oil: chitosan ratio and PEITC: chitosan ratio) was implemented through a 3-level factorial experimental design. The responses were: the particle size, zeta-potential, polydisperse index, and entrapment efficiency. The optimal formulation was further characterised by FTIR and biocompatibility in Caco-2 cells. Optimal conditions were olive oil: chitosan and PEITC: chitosan ratios of 1.46 and 0.25, respectively. These microparticles had a size of 629 nm, a zeta-potential of 32.3 mV, a polydispersity index of 0.329, and entrapment efficiency of 98.49%. We found that the inclusion process affected the optical behaviour of the PEITC, as well as the microparticles themselves and their interaction with the medium. Furthermore, the microparticles did not show cytotoxicity within the therapeutic values of PEITC. Thus, PEITC was microencapsulated with characteristics suitable for potential biomedical, nutraceutical and food applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezequiel R. Coscueta
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF—Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina–Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Sofia Sousa
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF—Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina–Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Porto, Portugal
| | - Celso A. Reis
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of University of Porto, Ipatimup, Porto, Portugal
- Medical Faculty, University of Porto, Al. Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, Porto, Portugal
| | - Manuela Pintado
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF—Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina–Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Porto, Portugal
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22
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Perszyk RE, Zheng Z, Banke TG, Zhang J, Xie L, McDaniel MJ, Katzman BM, Pelly SC, Yuan H, Liotta DC, Traynelis SF. The Negative Allosteric Modulator EU1794-4 Reduces Single-Channel Conductance and Ca 2+ Permeability of GluN1/GluN2A N-Methyl-d-Aspartate Receptors. Mol Pharmacol 2021; 99:399-411. [PMID: 33688039 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.120.000218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
NMDA receptors are ligand-gated ion channels that mediate a slow, Ca2+-permeable component of excitatory synaptic currents. These receptors are involved in several important brain functions, including learning and memory, and have also been implicated in neuropathological conditions and acute central nervous system injury, which has driven therapeutic interest in their modulation. The EU1794 series of positive and negative allosteric modulators of NMDA receptors has structural determinants of action near the preM1 helix that is involved in channel gating. Here, we describe the effects of the negative allosteric modulator EU1794-4 on GluN1/GluN2A channels studied in excised outside-out patches. Coapplication of EU1794-4 with a maximally effective concentration of glutamate and glycine increases the fraction of time the channel is open by nearly 1.5-fold, yet reduces single-channel conductance by increasing access of the channel to several subconductance levels, which has the net overall effect of reducing the macroscopic current. The lack of voltage-dependence of negative modulation suggests this is unrelated to a channel block mechanism. As seen with other NMDA receptor modulators that reduce channel conductance, EU1794-4 also reduces the Ca2+ permeability relative to monovalent cations of GluN1/GluN2A receptors. We conclude that EU1794-4 is a prototype for a new class of NMDA receptor negative allosteric modulators that reduce both the overall current that flows after receptor activation and the flux of Ca2+ ion relative to monovalent cations. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: NMDA receptors are implicated in many neurological conditions but are challenging to target given their ubiquitous expression. Several newly identified properties of the negative allosteric modulator EU1794-4, including reducing Ca2+ flux through NMDA receptors and attenuating channel conductance, explain why this modulator reduces but does not eliminate NMDA receptor function. A modulator with these properties could have therapeutic advantages for indications in which attenuation of NMDA receptor function is beneficial, such as neurodegenerative disease and acute injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riley E Perszyk
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia (R.E.P., Z.Z., T.G.B., J.Z., L.X., M.J.M., H.Y., S.F.T.) and Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia (B.M.K., S.C.P., D.C.L.)
| | - Zhaoshi Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia (R.E.P., Z.Z., T.G.B., J.Z., L.X., M.J.M., H.Y., S.F.T.) and Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia (B.M.K., S.C.P., D.C.L.)
| | - Tue G Banke
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia (R.E.P., Z.Z., T.G.B., J.Z., L.X., M.J.M., H.Y., S.F.T.) and Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia (B.M.K., S.C.P., D.C.L.)
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia (R.E.P., Z.Z., T.G.B., J.Z., L.X., M.J.M., H.Y., S.F.T.) and Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia (B.M.K., S.C.P., D.C.L.)
| | - Lingling Xie
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia (R.E.P., Z.Z., T.G.B., J.Z., L.X., M.J.M., H.Y., S.F.T.) and Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia (B.M.K., S.C.P., D.C.L.)
| | - Miranda J McDaniel
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia (R.E.P., Z.Z., T.G.B., J.Z., L.X., M.J.M., H.Y., S.F.T.) and Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia (B.M.K., S.C.P., D.C.L.)
| | - Brooke M Katzman
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia (R.E.P., Z.Z., T.G.B., J.Z., L.X., M.J.M., H.Y., S.F.T.) and Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia (B.M.K., S.C.P., D.C.L.)
| | - Stephen C Pelly
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia (R.E.P., Z.Z., T.G.B., J.Z., L.X., M.J.M., H.Y., S.F.T.) and Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia (B.M.K., S.C.P., D.C.L.)
| | - Hongjie Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia (R.E.P., Z.Z., T.G.B., J.Z., L.X., M.J.M., H.Y., S.F.T.) and Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia (B.M.K., S.C.P., D.C.L.)
| | - Dennis C Liotta
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia (R.E.P., Z.Z., T.G.B., J.Z., L.X., M.J.M., H.Y., S.F.T.) and Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia (B.M.K., S.C.P., D.C.L.)
| | - Stephen F Traynelis
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia (R.E.P., Z.Z., T.G.B., J.Z., L.X., M.J.M., H.Y., S.F.T.) and Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia (B.M.K., S.C.P., D.C.L.)
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