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Perta N, Torrieri Di Tullio L, Cugini E, Fattibene P, Rapanotti MC, Borromeo I, Forni C, Malaspina P, Cacciamani T, Di Marino D, Rossi L, De Luca A. Hydroxytyrosol Counteracts Triple Negative Breast Cancer Cell Dissemination via Its Copper Complexing Properties. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1437. [PMID: 37998036 PMCID: PMC10669715 DOI: 10.3390/biology12111437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Polyphenols have gained increasing attention for their therapeutic potential, particularly in conditions like cancer, due to their established antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Recent research highlights their ability to bind to transition metals, such as copper. This is particularly noteworthy given the key role of copper both in the initiation and progression of cancer. Copper can modulate the activity of kinases required for the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a process fundamental to tumor cell dissemination. We have previously demonstrated the copper-binding capacity of oleuropein, a secoiridoid found in Olea europaea. In the present study, we investigated the effect of hydroxytyrosol, the primary oleuropein metabolite, on the metastatic potential of three triple-negative breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-468, and SUM159). We found that hydroxytyrosol modulated the intracellular copper levels, influencing both the epithelial and mesenchymal markers, by downregulating copper-dependent AKT phosphorylation, a member of the EMT signaling cascade, through Western blot, RT-qPCR, and immunofluorescence. Indeed, by optical spectra, EPR, and in silico approaches, we found that hydroxytyrosol formed a complex with copper, acting as a chelating agent, thus regulating its homeostasis and affecting the copper-dependent signaling cascades. While our results bring to light the copper-chelating properties of hydroxytyrosol capable of countering tumor progression, they also provide further confirmation of the key role of copper in promoting the aggressiveness of triple-negative breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nunzio Perta
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (N.P.); (T.C.); (D.D.M.)
- New York-Marche Structural Biology Center (NY-MaSBiC), Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Laura Torrieri Di Tullio
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Core Facilities, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.T.D.T.); (P.F.)
- PhD School in Biochemistry, Department of Biochemical Sciences “A. Rossi Fanelli”, University of Rome “Sapienza”, Viale Regina Elena, 332, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Elisa Cugini
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Viale Oxford, 8, 00133 Rome, Italy; (E.C.); (M.C.R.)
| | - Paola Fattibene
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Core Facilities, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.T.D.T.); (P.F.)
| | - Maria Cristina Rapanotti
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Viale Oxford, 8, 00133 Rome, Italy; (E.C.); (M.C.R.)
| | - Ilaria Borromeo
- PhD School in Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Cinzia Forni
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (C.F.); (P.M.); (L.R.)
| | - Patrizia Malaspina
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (C.F.); (P.M.); (L.R.)
| | - Tiziana Cacciamani
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (N.P.); (T.C.); (D.D.M.)
- New York-Marche Structural Biology Center (NY-MaSBiC), Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Daniele Di Marino
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (N.P.); (T.C.); (D.D.M.)
- New York-Marche Structural Biology Center (NY-MaSBiC), Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
- Neuronal Death and Neuroprotection Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research-IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - Luisa Rossi
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (C.F.); (P.M.); (L.R.)
| | - Anastasia De Luca
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (C.F.); (P.M.); (L.R.)
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Farhan A, Rashid EU, Waqas M, Ahmad H, Nawaz S, Munawar J, Rahdar A, Varjani S, Bilal M. Graphene-based nanocomposites and nanohybrids for the abatement of agro-industrial pollutants in aqueous environments. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 308:119557. [PMID: 35709916 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Incessant release of a large spectrum of agro-industrial pollutants into environmental matrices remains a serious concern due to their potential health risks to humans and aquatic animals. Existing remediation techniques are unable to remove these pollutants, necessitating the development of novel treatment approaches. Due to its unique structure, physicochemical properties, and broad application potential, graphene has attracted a lot of attention as a new type of two-dimensional nanostructure. Given its chemical stability, large surface area, electron mobility, superior thermal conductivity, and two-dimensional structure, tremendous research has been conducted on graphene and its derived composites for environmental remediation and pollution mitigation. Various methods for graphene functionalization have facilitated the development of different graphene derivatives such as graphene oxide (GO), functional reduced graphene oxide (frGO), and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) with novel attributes for multiple applications. This review provides a comprehensive read on the recent progress of multifunctional graphene-based nanocomposites and nanohybrids as a promising way of removing emerging contaminants from aqueous environments. First, a succinct overview of the fundamental structure, fabrication techniques, and features of graphene-based composites is presented. Following that, graphene and GO functionalization, i.e., covalent bonding, non-covalent, and elemental doping, are discussed. Finally, the environmental potentials of a plethora of graphene-based hybrid nanocomposites for the abatement of organic and inorganic contaminants are thoroughly covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Farhan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, 38040, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ehsan Ullah Rashid
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, 38040, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Waqas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, 38040, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Haroon Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, 38040, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Shahid Nawaz
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Junaid Munawar
- College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100013, China
| | - Abbas Rahdar
- Department of Physics, University of Zabol, P. O. Box. 98613-35856, Zabol, Iran
| | - Sunita Varjani
- Gujarat Pollution Control Board, Gandhinagar, 382 010, Gujarat, India
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an, 223003, China.
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Fomanyuk S, Vorobets V, Rusetskyi I, Kolbasov GY, Smilyk V, Danilov M. Photoelectrochemical determination of Pb2+ by combined electrochemical-chemical precipitations of PbI2 films. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.116600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Gao J, Wang J, Chen J, Liao S, Cao M, Ma F, Xue Y, Yan Y. Valence regulation investigation of key factors on the electrochemical immobilization uranyl from wastewater. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 836:155609. [PMID: 35504391 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical techniques are considered promising applications to immobilize uranium in alkaline wastewater in order to prevent its migration into groundwater and soil. In this work, the results of electrochemical and Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) demonstrate a successful immobilization of uranyl in the carbonate system by U(VI)-U(V), U(V)-U(IV) reduction, and U(V) disproportionation reactions. The results indicated that the electrochemical fixation rate in alkaline system could reach more than 99%. The valence state of uranium is the key factor affecting its migration in the working system. Where, the analysis of the immobilized samples by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) revealed that pHs, current density, and the presence of foreign cations significantly affect the valence state of uranium in the immobilized samples. Under same conditions, the reduction reactions of U(VI)-U(V) and U(V)-U(IV) occurred easily. Where, at pH higher than 3.4 or the current density in the range of 0.5-20 mA/cm2, high content of U(V) and U(IV) in the immobilized products was obtained. Other conditions favored the occurrence of the electrolytic water reaction, and the immobilized samples were dominated by U(VI). It was found that the temperature showed the greatest effect on the electrochemical immobilization rate. Where, the electrochemical immobilization rate increased by about 1.8 times when the ambient temperature increased from 293.15 to 328.15 K. This study provides a new idea for the immobilization of uranium in alkaline wastewater and demonstrates the feasibility of electrochemical immobilization of uranium in alkaline systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhang Gao
- Fundamental Science on Nuclear Safety and Simulation Technology Laboratory, College of Nuclear Science and Technology, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, P. R. China
| | - Jiadong Wang
- Fundamental Science on Nuclear Safety and Simulation Technology Laboratory, College of Nuclear Science and Technology, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, P. R. China
| | - Jiaqi Chen
- Fundamental Science on Nuclear Safety and Simulation Technology Laboratory, College of Nuclear Science and Technology, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, P. R. China
| | - Shitao Liao
- Fundamental Science on Nuclear Safety and Simulation Technology Laboratory, College of Nuclear Science and Technology, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, P. R. China
| | - Meng Cao
- Fundamental Science on Nuclear Safety and Simulation Technology Laboratory, College of Nuclear Science and Technology, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, P. R. China
| | - Fuqiu Ma
- Fundamental Science on Nuclear Safety and Simulation Technology Laboratory, College of Nuclear Science and Technology, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, P. R. China; Yantai Research Institute, Harbin Engineering University, Yantai 264006, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Yun Xue
- Fundamental Science on Nuclear Safety and Simulation Technology Laboratory, College of Nuclear Science and Technology, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, P. R. China; Yantai Research Institute, Harbin Engineering University, Yantai 264006, Shandong, P. R. China.
| | - Yongde Yan
- Fundamental Science on Nuclear Safety and Simulation Technology Laboratory, College of Nuclear Science and Technology, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, P. R. China; Yantai Research Institute, Harbin Engineering University, Yantai 264006, Shandong, P. R. China.
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Hajzus JR, Shriver-Lake LC, Dean SN, Erickson JS, Zabetakis D, Golden J, Pennachio DJ, Myers-Ward RL, Trammell SA. Modifications of Epitaxial Graphene on SiC for the Electrochemical Detection and Identification of Heavy Metal Salts in Seawater. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:5367. [PMID: 35891050 PMCID: PMC9315748 DOI: 10.3390/s22145367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The electrochemical detection of heavy metal ions is reported using an inexpensive portable in-house built potentiostat and epitaxial graphene. Monolayer, hydrogen-intercalated quasi-freestanding bilayer, and multilayer epitaxial graphene were each tested as working electrodes before and after modification with an oxygen plasma etch to introduce oxygen chemical groups to the surface. The graphene samples were characterized using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and van der Pauw Hall measurements. Dose-response curves in seawater were evaluated with added trace levels of four heavy metal salts (CdCl2, CuSO4, HgCl2, and PbCl2), along with detection algorithms based on machine learning and library development for each form of graphene and its oxygen plasma modification. Oxygen plasma-modified, hydrogen-intercalated quasi-freestanding bilayer epitaxial graphene was found to perform best for correctly identifying heavy metals in seawater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenifer R. Hajzus
- American Society for Engineering Education, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA;
| | - Lisa C. Shriver-Lake
- U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue SW, Washington, DC 20375, USA; (L.C.S.-L.); (S.N.D.); (J.S.E.); (D.Z.); (J.G.); (R.L.M.-W.)
| | - Scott N. Dean
- U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue SW, Washington, DC 20375, USA; (L.C.S.-L.); (S.N.D.); (J.S.E.); (D.Z.); (J.G.); (R.L.M.-W.)
| | - Jeffrey S. Erickson
- U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue SW, Washington, DC 20375, USA; (L.C.S.-L.); (S.N.D.); (J.S.E.); (D.Z.); (J.G.); (R.L.M.-W.)
| | - Daniel Zabetakis
- U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue SW, Washington, DC 20375, USA; (L.C.S.-L.); (S.N.D.); (J.S.E.); (D.Z.); (J.G.); (R.L.M.-W.)
| | - Joel Golden
- U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue SW, Washington, DC 20375, USA; (L.C.S.-L.); (S.N.D.); (J.S.E.); (D.Z.); (J.G.); (R.L.M.-W.)
| | - Daniel J. Pennachio
- National Research Council, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA;
| | - Rachael L. Myers-Ward
- U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue SW, Washington, DC 20375, USA; (L.C.S.-L.); (S.N.D.); (J.S.E.); (D.Z.); (J.G.); (R.L.M.-W.)
| | - Scott A. Trammell
- U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue SW, Washington, DC 20375, USA; (L.C.S.-L.); (S.N.D.); (J.S.E.); (D.Z.); (J.G.); (R.L.M.-W.)
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Shtepliuk I, Vagin M, Khan Z, Zakharov AA, Iakimov T, Giannazzo F, Ivanov IG, Yakimova R. Understanding of the Electrochemical Behavior of Lithium at Bilayer-Patched Epitaxial Graphene/4H-SiC. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:2229. [PMID: 35808065 PMCID: PMC9268403 DOI: 10.3390/nano12132229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Novel two-dimensional materials (2DMs) with balanced electrical conductivity and lithium (Li) storage capacity are desirable for next-generation rechargeable batteries as they may serve as high-performance anodes, improving output battery characteristics. Gaining an advanced understanding of the electrochemical behavior of lithium at the electrode surface and the changes in interior structure of 2DM-based electrodes caused by lithiation is a key component in the long-term process of the implementation of new electrodes into to a realistic device. Here, we showcase the advantages of bilayer-patched epitaxial graphene on 4H-SiC (0001) as a possible anode material in lithium-ion batteries. The presence of bilayer graphene patches is beneficial for the overall lithiation process because it results in enhanced quantum capacitance of the electrode and provides extra intercalation paths. By performing cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry measurements, we shed light on the redox behavior of lithium at the bilayer-patched epitaxial graphene electrode and find that the early-stage growth of lithium is governed by the instantaneous nucleation mechanism. The results also demonstrate the fast lithium-ion transport (~4.7-5.6 × 10-7 cm2∙s-1) to the bilayer-patched epitaxial graphene electrode. Raman measurements complemented by in-depth statistical analysis and density functional theory calculations enable us to comprehend the lithiation effect on the properties of bilayer-patched epitaxial graphene and ascribe the lithium intercalation-induced Raman G peak splitting to the disparity between graphene layers. The current results are helpful for further advancement of the design of graphene-based electrodes with targeted performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Shtepliuk
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, SE-58183 Linköping, Sweden; (T.I.); (I.G.I.); (R.Y.)
| | - Mikhail Vagin
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden; (M.V.); (Z.K.)
| | - Ziyauddin Khan
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden; (M.V.); (Z.K.)
| | - Alexei A. Zakharov
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Fotongatan 2, SE-22484 Lund, Sweden;
| | - Tihomir Iakimov
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, SE-58183 Linköping, Sweden; (T.I.); (I.G.I.); (R.Y.)
| | | | - Ivan G. Ivanov
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, SE-58183 Linköping, Sweden; (T.I.); (I.G.I.); (R.Y.)
| | - Rositsa Yakimova
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, SE-58183 Linköping, Sweden; (T.I.); (I.G.I.); (R.Y.)
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Ribeiro JP, Mendonça PV, Santo D, De Bon F, Faneca H, Guliashvili T, Coelho JF, Serra AC. Expanding the use of affordable CuSO4·5H2O in ATRP techniques in homogeneous media. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.124526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Epitaxial Graphene on 4H-SiC (0001) as a Versatile Platform for Materials Growth: Mini-Review. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11135784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Material growth on a dangling-bond-free interface such as graphene is a challenging technological task, which usually requires additional surface pre-treatment steps (functionalization, seed layer formation) to provide enough reactive sites. Being one of the most promising and adaptable graphene-family materials, epitaxial graphene on SiC, due to its internal features (substrate-induced n-doping, compressive strain, terrace-stepped morphology, bilayer graphene nano-inclusions), may provide pre-conditions for the enhanced binding affinity of environmental species, precursor molecules, and metal atoms on the topmost graphene layer. It makes it possible to use untreated pristine epitaxial graphene as a versatile platform for the deposition of metals and insulators. This mini-review encompasses relevant aspects of magnetron sputtering and electrodeposition of selected metals (Au, Ag, Pb, Hg, Cu, Li) and atomic layer deposition of insulating Al2O3 layers on epitaxial graphene on 4H-SiC, focusing on understanding growth mechanisms. Special deliberation has been given to the effect of the deposited materials on the epitaxial graphene quality. The generalization of the experimental and theoretical results presented here is hopefully an important step towards new electronic devices (chemiresistors, Schottky diodes, field-effect transistors) for environmental sensing, nano-plasmonics, and biomedical applications.
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Święs A, Rutkowska M, Kowalczyk A, Díaz U, Palomares AE, Chmielarz L. Ferrierite and Its Delaminated Forms Modified with Copper as Effective Catalysts for NH 3-SCO Process. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13214885. [PMID: 33143262 PMCID: PMC7662331 DOI: 10.3390/ma13214885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Ferrierites and their delaminated forms (ITQ-6), containing aluminum or titanium in the zeolite framework, were synthetized and modified with copper by an ion-exchange method. The obtained samples were characterized with respect to their chemical composition (ICP-OES), structure (XRD, UV-Vis DRS), textural parameters (N2-sorption), surface acidity (NH3-TPD), form and reducibility of deposited copper species (UV-Vis DRS and H2-TPR). Ferrierites and delaminated ITQ-6 zeolites modified with copper were studied as catalysts for the selective catalytic oxidation of ammonia to dinitrogen (NH3-SCO). It was shown that aggregated copper oxide species, which were preferentially formed on Ti-zeolites, were catalytically active in direct low-temperature ammonia oxidation to NO, while copper introduced into Al-zeolites was present mainly in the form of monomeric copper cations catalytically active in selective reduction of NO by ammonia to dinitrogen. It was postulated that ammonia oxidation in the presence of the studied catalysts proceeds according to the internal-selective catalytic reduction mechanism (i-SCR) and therefore the suitable ratio between aggregated copper oxide species and monomeric copper cations is necessary to obtain active and selective catalysts for the NH3-SCO process. Cu/Al-ITQ-6 presented the best catalytic properties possibly due to the most optimal ratio of these copper species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Święs
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Kraków, Poland; (A.Ś.); (M.R.); (A.K.)
| | - Małgorzata Rutkowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Kraków, Poland; (A.Ś.); (M.R.); (A.K.)
| | - Andrzej Kowalczyk
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Kraków, Poland; (A.Ś.); (M.R.); (A.K.)
| | - Urbano Díaz
- Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politècnica de València–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avd. de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain; (U.D.); (A.E.P.)
| | - Antonio E. Palomares
- Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politècnica de València–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avd. de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain; (U.D.); (A.E.P.)
| | - Lucjan Chmielarz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Kraków, Poland; (A.Ś.); (M.R.); (A.K.)
- Correspondence:
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