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Ranieri F, D'Onghia G, Uricchio AF, Cristina RA, Lopopolo L, Ranieri E. Sustainable tourism in the Tremiti Islands (South Italy). Sci Rep 2024; 14:19021. [PMID: 39152210 PMCID: PMC11329722 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-70171-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024] Open
Abstract
An analysis of the pressure factors that influence the sustainable tourism in the Tremiti Islands (TI) has been performed. Tourist's fluxes have been investigated in terms of monthly arrival and presences showing a high value of the territorial exploitation index with high number of arrivals, particularly in August, and low occupancy rate. Effects of climatic change has been analyzed in TI with reference to the increase of average air and sea temperature in the islands. Some measures of contrast to climate change and to favour sustainable tourism have been discussed also. The CO2 emissions by ferries transport, solid waste and wastewater treatment have been calculated. Environmental taxation for sustainable tourism aimed tat CO2 content reduction is also assessed identifying the value in 1.47 €/capita on the basis of the tourist arrivals and presences considering the environmental cost for CO2 removal and showing that tourism taxation should be well accepted if funds are destined to environmental purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Ranieri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Sociali, Università Degli Studi Di Foggia, 71121, Foggia, Italy.
| | - Gianfranco D'Onghia
- Dipartimento Di Bioscienze, Biotecnologie Ed Ambiente, Università Degli Studi Di Bari, 70125, Bari, Italy
- CoNISMa, Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per Le Scienze del Mare, 00196, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Felice Uricchio
- Dipartimento Jonico in Sistemi Giuridici Ed Economici Del Mediterraneo: Società, Ambiente, Culture, 74100, Taranto, Italy
- Italian National Agency for the Evaluation of Universities and Research Institutes (ANVUR), 00153, Rome, Italy
| | - Ranieri Ada Cristina
- Dipartimento Interateneo Di Fisica, Politecnico Di Bari, 70126, Bari, Italy
- Università Internazionale Telematica Uninettuno, 00186, Roma, Italy
| | - Luigi Lopopolo
- Dipartimento Di Bioscienze, Biotecnologie Ed Ambiente, Università Degli Studi Di Bari, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Ezio Ranieri
- Dipartimento Di Bioscienze, Biotecnologie Ed Ambiente, Università Degli Studi Di Bari, 70125, Bari, Italy
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Li J, Li M, Liu R, Guo Y, Yang D, Hou K. A homogeneous sampling membrane inlet photoelectron ionization miniature time-of-flight mass spectrometer for on-line determination of ethane. Talanta 2024; 267:125221. [PMID: 37742395 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.125221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Ethane is the second largest component among natural gas, and the detection of ethane is an effective method for rapid identification of the leakage of the natural gas pipelines. In this work, a homogeneous sampling membrane inlet was developed and coupled with the homemade photoelectron ionization miniature time-of-flight mass spectrometer (PEI-mini-TOFMS) for in situ, on-line and highly sensitive ethane detection. The membrane area of the homogeneous sampling membrane inlet was increased from 490 mm2 to 1256 mm2, gaseous sample is injected from the top port and flowed through the membrane surface and out of the bottom two ports, with the three ports arranged in a triangular shape. The highest average flow velocity of the gas on the surface of the membrane reached 0.4 m s-1, and the optimal gas pressure in the PEI source was enhanced from 2.2 Pa to 4.0 Pa with this new design. The new design improved the comprehensive sensitivity of ethane by a factor of 3.0 compared with that of the traditional two-hole membrane inlet with the membrane area of 490 mm2. The semiconductor cold trap controlled the sample relative humidity (RH) at 10-12%, enabling direct sampling for highly sensitive analysis with RH as high as 70% and temperature from 7 °C to 40 °C. The quantitative range was 1-50 ppmv with a limit of detection (LOD, S/N = 3) lowered to 420 ppbv within 1 min, and zero humidity quantitative calibration with cold trap further reduced the relative standard deviation (RSD) of the signal intensities to 2.84%. The performance of the novel method developed in this work demonstrated a potential application on the above-ground natural gas pipelines leakage monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Mei Li
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, China.
| | - Ruidong Liu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Yingzhe Guo
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Dong Yang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Keyong Hou
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, China.
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Giglio M, Spagnolo V, Menduni G, Dong L, Chen W. Editorial: Recent advances in gaseous hydrocarbon sensing. Front Chem 2023; 11:1249888. [PMID: 37529718 PMCID: PMC10390096 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1249888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marilena Giglio
- PolySense Lab, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, CNR-IFN, Bari, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Spagnolo
- PolySense Lab, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, CNR-IFN, Bari, Italy
| | - Giansergio Menduni
- PolySense Lab, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, CNR-IFN, Bari, Italy
| | - Lei Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Weidong Chen
- Laboratoire de Physicochimie de l'Atmosphère, Université du Littoral Côté d'Opale, Dunkerque, France
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Sampaolo A, Patimisco P, Giglio M, Zifarelli A, Wu H, Dong L, Spagnolo V. Quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy for multi-gas detection: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1202:338894. [PMID: 35341511 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Multi-gas detection represents a suitable solution in many applications, such as environmental and atmospheric monitoring, chemical reaction and industrial process control, safety and security, oil&gas and biomedicine. Among optical techniques, Quartz-Enhanced Photoacoustic Spectroscopy (QEPAS) has been demonstrated to be a leading-edge technology for addressing multi-gas detection, thanks to the modularity, ruggedness, portability and real time operation of the QEPAS sensors. The detection module consists in a spectrophone, mounted in a vacuum-tight cell and detecting sound waves generated via photoacoustic excitation within the gas sample. As a result, the sound detection is wavelength-independent and the volume of the absorption cell is basically determined by the spectrophone dimensions, typically in the order of few cubic centimeters. In this review paper, the implementation of the QEPAS technique for multi-gas detection will be discussed for three main areas of applications: i) multi-gas trace sensing by exploiting non-interfering absorption features; ii) multi-gas detection dealing with overlapping absorption bands; iii) multi-gas detection in fluctuating backgrounds. The fundamental role of the analysis and statistical tools will be also discussed in detail in relation with the specific applications. This overview on QEPAS technique, highlighting merits and drawbacks, aims at providing ready-to-use guidelines for multi-gas detection in a wide range of applications and operating conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Sampaolo
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy & Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China; Polysense Lab, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, CNR-IFN, Via Amendola 173, Bari, 70126, Italy
| | - Pietro Patimisco
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy & Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China; Polysense Lab, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, CNR-IFN, Via Amendola 173, Bari, 70126, Italy
| | - Marilena Giglio
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy & Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China; Polysense Lab, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, CNR-IFN, Via Amendola 173, Bari, 70126, Italy
| | - Andrea Zifarelli
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy & Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China; Polysense Lab, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, CNR-IFN, Via Amendola 173, Bari, 70126, Italy
| | - Hongpeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy & Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Lei Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy & Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China.
| | - Vincenzo Spagnolo
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy & Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China; Polysense Lab, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, CNR-IFN, Via Amendola 173, Bari, 70126, Italy.
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Quartz-Enhanced Photoacoustic and Photothermal Spectroscopy. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12052613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The development of innovative gas-sensing systems is fundamental in diverse research fields such as physics, chemistry, biology, medicine and environmental science [...]
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Sgobba F, Sampaolo A, Patimisco P, Giglio M, Menduni G, Ranieri AC, Hoelzl C, Rossmadl H, Brehm C, Mackowiak V, Assante D, Ranieri E, Spagnolo V. Compact and portable quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy sensor for carbon monoxide environmental monitoring in urban areas. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2022; 25:100318. [PMID: 34888139 PMCID: PMC8636818 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2021.100318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
We report on the realization, calibration, and test outdoor of a 19-inches rack 3-units sized Quartz Enhanced Photoacoustic Spectroscopy (QEPAS) trace gas sensor designed for real-time carbon monoxide monitoring in ambient air. Since CO acts as a slow energy relaxer when excited in the mid-infrared spectral region, its QEPAS signal is affected by the presence of relaxation promoters, such as water vapor, or quenchers like molecular oxygen. We analyzed in detail all the CO relaxation processes with typical collisional partners in an ambient air matrix and used this information to evaluate oxygen and humidity-related effects, allowing the real CO concentration to be retrieved. The sensor was tested outdoor in a trafficked urban area for several hours providing results comparable with the daily averages reported by the local air inspection agency, with spikes in CO concentration correlated to the passages of heavy-duty vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Sgobba
- PolySense Lab, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, CNR-IFN, Via Amendola 173, Bari 70126 Italy
| | - Angelo Sampaolo
- PolySense Lab, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, CNR-IFN, Via Amendola 173, Bari 70126 Italy
- PolySense Innovations srl, Via Amendola 173, Bari 70126 Italy
| | - Pietro Patimisco
- PolySense Lab, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, CNR-IFN, Via Amendola 173, Bari 70126 Italy
- PolySense Innovations srl, Via Amendola 173, Bari 70126 Italy
| | - Marilena Giglio
- PolySense Lab, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, CNR-IFN, Via Amendola 173, Bari 70126 Italy
| | - Giansergio Menduni
- PolySense Lab, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, CNR-IFN, Via Amendola 173, Bari 70126 Italy
| | - Ada Cristina Ranieri
- PolySense Lab, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, CNR-IFN, Via Amendola 173, Bari 70126 Italy
- Faculty of Engineering, Uninettuno University, 00186 Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Dario Assante
- Faculty of Engineering, Uninettuno University, 00186 Rome, Italy
| | - Ezio Ranieri
- Biology Department, University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Spagnolo
- PolySense Lab, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, CNR-IFN, Via Amendola 173, Bari 70126 Italy
- PolySense Innovations srl, Via Amendola 173, Bari 70126 Italy
- Corresponding author at: PolySense Lab, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, CNR-IFN, Via Amendola 173, Bari 70126, Italy.
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Dello Russo S, Sampaolo A, Patimisco P, Menduni G, Giglio M, Hoelzl C, Passaro VM, Wu H, Dong L, Spagnolo V. Quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy exploiting low-frequency tuning forks as a tool to measure the vibrational relaxation rate in gas species. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2021; 21:100227. [PMID: 33364164 PMCID: PMC7750171 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2020.100227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrated that quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (QEPAS) is an efficient tool to measure the vibrational relaxation rate of gas species, employing quartz tuning forks (QTFs) as sound detectors. Based on the dependence of the QTF resonance frequency on the resonator geometry, a wide range of acoustic frequencies with narrow detection bandwidth was probed. By measuring the QEPAS signal of the target analyte as well as the resonance properties of different QTFs as a function of the gas pressure, the relaxation time can be retrieved. This approach has been tested in the near infrared range by measuring the CH4 (nν4 ) vibrational relaxation rate in a mixture of 1% CH4, 0.15 % H2O in N2, and the H2O (ν1 ) relaxation rate in a mixture of 0.5 % H2O in N2. Relaxation times of 3.2 ms Torr and 0.25 ms Torr were estimated for CH4 and H2O, respectively, in excellent agreement with values reported in literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Dello Russo
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy & Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- PolySense Lab, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, CNR-IFN, Via Amendola 173, Bari, 70126 Italy
| | - Angelo Sampaolo
- PolySense Lab, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, CNR-IFN, Via Amendola 173, Bari, 70126 Italy
| | - Pietro Patimisco
- PolySense Lab, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, CNR-IFN, Via Amendola 173, Bari, 70126 Italy
| | - Giansergio Menduni
- PolySense Lab, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, CNR-IFN, Via Amendola 173, Bari, 70126 Italy
- Photonics Research Group, Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica e dell’Informazione, Politecnico di Bari, Via Orabona 4, Bari, 70126, Italy
| | - Marilena Giglio
- PolySense Lab, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, CNR-IFN, Via Amendola 173, Bari, 70126 Italy
| | | | - Vittorio M.N. Passaro
- Photonics Research Group, Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica e dell’Informazione, Politecnico di Bari, Via Orabona 4, Bari, 70126, Italy
| | - Hongpeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy & Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Lei Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy & Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Corresponding authors at: State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy & Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China.
| | - Vincenzo Spagnolo
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy & Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- PolySense Lab, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, CNR-IFN, Via Amendola 173, Bari, 70126 Italy
- Corresponding authors at: State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy & Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China.
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Menduni G, Sgobba F, Russo SD, Ranieri AC, Sampaolo A, Patimisco P, Giglio M, Passaro VM, Csutak S, Assante D, Ranieri E, Geoffrion E, Spagnolo V. Fiber-Coupled Quartz-Enhanced Photoacoustic Spectroscopy System for Methane and Ethane Monitoring in the Near-Infrared Spectral Range. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25235607. [PMID: 33260601 PMCID: PMC7729494 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We report on a fiber-coupled, quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (QEPAS) near-IR sensor for sequential detection of methane (CH4 or C1) and ethane (C2H6 or C2) in air. With the aim of developing a lightweight, compact, low-power-consumption sensor suitable for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs)-empowered environmental monitoring, an all-fiber configuration was designed and realized. Two laser diodes emitting at 1653.7 nm and 1684 nm for CH4 and C2H6 detection, respectively, were fiber-combined and fiber-coupled to the collimator port of the acoustic detection module. No cross talk between methane and ethane QEPAS signal was observed, and the related peak signals were well resolved. The QEPAS sensor was calibrated using gas samples generated from certified concentrations of 1% CH4 in N2 and 1% C2H6 in N2. At a lock-in integration time of 100 ms, minimum detection limits of 0.76 ppm and 34 ppm for methane and ethane were achieved, respectively. The relaxation rate of CH4 in standard air has been investigated considering the effects of H2O, N2 and O2 molecules. No influence on the CH4 QEPAS signal is expected when the water vapor concentration level present in air varies in the range 0.6–3%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giansergio Menduni
- PolySense Lab, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, CNR-IFN, Via Amendola 173, 70126 Bari, Italy; (G.M.); (F.S.); (S.D.R.); (A.C.R.); (A.S.); (P.P.); (M.G.)
- Photonics Research Group, Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica e dell’Informazione, Politecnico di Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy;
| | - Fabrizio Sgobba
- PolySense Lab, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, CNR-IFN, Via Amendola 173, 70126 Bari, Italy; (G.M.); (F.S.); (S.D.R.); (A.C.R.); (A.S.); (P.P.); (M.G.)
| | - Stefano Dello Russo
- PolySense Lab, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, CNR-IFN, Via Amendola 173, 70126 Bari, Italy; (G.M.); (F.S.); (S.D.R.); (A.C.R.); (A.S.); (P.P.); (M.G.)
| | - Ada Cristina Ranieri
- PolySense Lab, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, CNR-IFN, Via Amendola 173, 70126 Bari, Italy; (G.M.); (F.S.); (S.D.R.); (A.C.R.); (A.S.); (P.P.); (M.G.)
- Faculty of Engineering, Uninettuno University, 00186 Rome, Italy;
| | - Angelo Sampaolo
- PolySense Lab, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, CNR-IFN, Via Amendola 173, 70126 Bari, Italy; (G.M.); (F.S.); (S.D.R.); (A.C.R.); (A.S.); (P.P.); (M.G.)
| | - Pietro Patimisco
- PolySense Lab, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, CNR-IFN, Via Amendola 173, 70126 Bari, Italy; (G.M.); (F.S.); (S.D.R.); (A.C.R.); (A.S.); (P.P.); (M.G.)
| | - Marilena Giglio
- PolySense Lab, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, CNR-IFN, Via Amendola 173, 70126 Bari, Italy; (G.M.); (F.S.); (S.D.R.); (A.C.R.); (A.S.); (P.P.); (M.G.)
| | - Vittorio M.N. Passaro
- Photonics Research Group, Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica e dell’Informazione, Politecnico di Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy;
| | - Sebastian Csutak
- Independent Consultant, 16300 Park Row Dr, Houston, TX 77084, USA;
| | - Dario Assante
- Faculty of Engineering, Uninettuno University, 00186 Rome, Italy;
| | - Ezio Ranieri
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy;
| | - Eric Geoffrion
- Thorlabs Canada ULC, 361 Boulevard Montpellier, Saint-Laurent, QC H4N 2G6, Canada;
| | - Vincenzo Spagnolo
- PolySense Lab, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, CNR-IFN, Via Amendola 173, 70126 Bari, Italy; (G.M.); (F.S.); (S.D.R.); (A.C.R.); (A.S.); (P.P.); (M.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-080-544-2373
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