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Anastasopolos AT, Hopke PK, Sofowote UM, Mooibroek D, Zhang JJY, Rouleau M, Peng H, Sundar N. Evaluating the effectiveness of low-sulphur marine fuel regulations at improving urban ambient PM 2.5 air quality: Source apportionment of PM 2.5 at Canadian Atlantic and Pacific coast cities with implementation of the North American Emissions Control Area. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 904:166965. [PMID: 37699485 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Ambient fine size fraction particulate matter (PM2.5) sources were resolved by positive matrix factorization at two Canadian cities on the Atlantic and Pacific coast over the 2010-2016 period, corresponding to implementation of the North American Emissions Control Area (NA ECA) low-sulphur marine fuel regulations. Source types contributing to local PM2.5 concentrations were: ECA regulation-related (residual oil, anthropogenic sulphate), urban transportation and residential (gasoline, diesel, secondary nitrate, biomass burning, road dust/soil), industry (refinery, Pb-enriched), and largely natural (biogenic sulphate, sea salt). Anthropogenic sources accounted for approximately 80 % of PM2.5 mass over 2010-2016. Anthropogenic and biogenic sources of PM2.5-sulphate were separated and apportioned. Anthropogenic PM2.5-sulphate was approximately 2-3 times higher than biogenic PM2.5-sulphate prior to implementation of the NA ECA low-S marine fuel regulations, decreasing to 1-2 times higher after regulation implementation. Non-marine anthropogenic sources (gasoline, road dust, local industry factors) were shown to together contribute 38 % - 45 % of urban PM2.5. At both coastal cities, the residual oil and anthropogenic sulphate factors clearly reflected the effects of the low-S fuel regulations at reducing primary and secondary sulphur-related PM2.5 emissions. Comparing a pre-regulation and post-regulation period, residual oil combustion PM2.5 decreased by 0.24-0.25 μg/m3 (94%-95 % decrease) in both cities and anthropogenic sulphate PM2.5 decreased by 0.78 μg/m3 in Halifax (47 % decrease) and 0.71 μg/m3 in Burnaby (58 % decrease). Regulation-related PM2.5 across these factors decreased by approximately 1 μg/m3 after regulation implementation, providing a quantified lower estimate of the beneficial influence of the regulations on urban ambient PM2.5 concentrations. Further reductions in coastal city ambient PM2.5 may best consider air quality strategies that include multiple sources, including marine shipping and non-marine anthropogenic source types given this analysis found that marine vessel emissions remain an important source of urban ambient PM2.5.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Philip K Hopke
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Uwayemi M Sofowote
- Environmental Monitoring and Reporting Branch, Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dennis Mooibroek
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Joyce J Y Zhang
- Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mathieu Rouleau
- Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hui Peng
- Environmental Protection Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Navin Sundar
- Environmental Protection Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Seo I, Lee K, Bae MS, Park M, Maskey S, Seo A, Borlaza LJS, Cosep EMR, Park K. Comparison of physical and chemical characteristics and oxidative potential of fine particles emitted from rice straw and pine stem burning. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 267:115599. [PMID: 33254697 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural burning and forest fires are common in Northeast Asia and contribute to the elevation of fine particulate pollution, which greatly affects air quality. In this study, chemical and physical attributes, as well as the oxidative potential of fine particles produced from rice straw and pine stem burning in a laboratory-scale chamber were determined. The burning of rice straw generated notably lower emissions of fine particles and elemental carbon (EC) than did the burning of pine stems. The longer retention of ultrafine particles was observed for rice straw burning likely caused by this material's longer period of initial flaming combustion. Organic carbon (OC), OC/EC, K+/OC, K+/EC, Zn, and alkanoic acid were higher in the fine particles of rice straw burning, while EC, K+/Cl-, Fe, Cr, Al, Cu, and levoglucosan were higher for pine stem burning particles. Chemical data were consistent with a higher hygroscopic growth factor and cloud formation potential and lower amount of agglomerated soot for rice straw burning particles. Rice straw burning particles displayed an oxidative potential seven times higher than that of pine stems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilhwa Seo
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdan-Gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwangyul Lee
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdan-Gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Suk Bae
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Mokpo National University, 1666 Yeongsan-ro, Cheonggye-myeon, Muan-gun, Jeollanam-do, 58554, Republic of Korea
| | - Minhan Park
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdan-Gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Shila Maskey
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdan-Gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Arom Seo
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdan-Gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Lucille Joanna S Borlaza
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdan-Gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Enrique Mikhael R Cosep
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdan-Gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Kihong Park
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdan-Gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea.
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Impact of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)
from an Asphalt Mix Plant in a Suburban
Residential Area. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10134632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), an important class of hazardous airborne pollutants, are mutagenic and carcinogenic substances known to be released during the paving of asphalt. In this study, PAHs emitted from an asphalt mix plant were analyzed to investigate the effects on a suburban residential area. Black carbon, organic carbon, elemental carbon, and PAHs in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) were analyzed in a village near the asphalt mix plant. The results of wind direction analysis revealed that the village was meteorologically affected by emissions from the asphalt mix plant. PAHs in PM2.5 ranged from 0.51 to 60.73 ng/m3, with an average of 11.54 ng/m3. Seasonal PAHs were highest in winter, followed in order by spring, autumn, and summer. The diagnostic ratios between PAHs indicate that the source of PAHs could be incomplete combustion of petrogenic origin. The maximum black carbon concentration in the intensive periods reaches up to 14.17 μg/m3 during mix plant operation periods. Seasonal ∑BaPTEF values based on Toxic Equivalence Factor were: winter (2.284 ng/m3), spring (0.575 ng/m3), autumn (0.550 ng/m3), and summer (0.176 ng/m3). The values are about 6.5 times higher than the concentration in another background area and more than three times higher than those in the capital city, Seoul, in the Republic of Korea. In conclusion, primary emissions from the point source can be considered the major contributor to pollution in the residential area.
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