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Toreno G, Zucconi L, Caneva G, Meloni P, Isola D. Recolonization dynamics of marble monuments after cleaning treatments: A nine-year follow-up study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169350. [PMID: 38103606 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
The prevention and control of biological patinas on outdoor stone monuments represent a demanding challenge for the conservation of cultural heritage also due to some microorganisms, particularly resistant to treatments, such as black meristematic fungi, an eco-physiological group well known for its tolerance to extreme conditions. Even if several methods and eco-friendly products have been proposed as new alternatives, traditional biocides are still far from being completely replaced. Recolonization is a natural process that occurs sooner or later after cleaning. The time that elapses until its occurrence can vary considerably depending on environmental conditions and the used products; unfortunately, the papers describing the effect of treatments over time are rare. This work aims to shed light on the recolonization process of marble surfaces in the ancient monumental cemetery of Bonaria (Cagliari) after nine years from treatments, evaluating the long-term efficiency of two different cleaning methods, namely dimethyl sulfoxide-based gel (DMSO-based gel) and Biotin T (a didecyldimethylammonium chloride-based product-). In this context, the microflora present before treatments and in the following years was assessed by culture-based methods and identified by molecular techniques, with attention on black meristematic fungi, which were used as reference for the most resistant lithobiontic organisms. Different environmental parameters, such as temperature, exposition, dominant winds, and rainfall, were considered, and infrared thermography, portable light microscopy, and image analysis were used. This research evidenced the influence of water availability and lightning in recolonization processes, the transition from the pioneer fungal community versus more resistant black fungal species after Biotin T treatment, and the long-lasting efficiency of the DMSO-based gel. These findings prove that this low-impact method deserves more attention in the conservation of outdoor marble monuments, emphasizing the importance of long-term studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Toreno
- Superintendency of Archaeology, Fine Arts and Landscape for the metropolitan city of Cagliari and the Provinces of Oristano and South Sardinia, Italy.
| | - Laura Zucconi
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences (DEB), University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy.
| | - Giulia Caneva
- Department of Sciences, Roma Tre University, 00146 Rome, Italy.
| | - Paola Meloni
- Department of Mechanical, Chemical and Materials Engineering (DIMCM), University of Cagliari, 09123 Cagliari, Italy; Laboratorio Colle di Bonaria, University of Cagliari, 09125 Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Daniela Isola
- Department of Sciences, Roma Tre University, 00146 Rome, Italy; Department of Economics, Engineering, Society and Business Organization (DEIM), University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy.
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Gabriele F, Ranaldi R, Bruno L, Casieri C, Rugnini L, Spreti N. Biodeterioration of stone monuments: Studies on the influence of bioreceptivity on cyanobacterial biofilm growth and on the biocidal efficacy of essential oils in natural hydrogel. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 870:161901. [PMID: 36736398 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
An important field of research is devoted to the development of innovative, sustainable, and safe methodologies to counteract biodeterioration of stone monuments due to the growth of microbial communities. However, besides the biocide's efficacy, it is crucial to consider the features of substrates on which biocides must be applied, to define the so-called bioreceptivity of the lithic faces. In this research five different lithotypes, namely Lecce stone, Travertine, Peperino, Serena stone, and Granite, have been used as substrates for the growth of cyanobacterial biofilms. Open porosity, hygroscopic properties, and roughness parameters have been investigated for each lithotype and correlated to the photosynthetic yields of the biofilms colonizing the different stones to propose an easy method to estimate stone bioreceptivity. Different levels of coverage of the stone surfaces have been accomplished in relation to the typology of lithotypes. To develop innovative restoration methodologies against biodeterioration of stone monuments, a hydrogel-biocide system has been optimized by using a polysaccharide dispersion as a matrix where to embed T. vulgaris essential oil (at 0.25 % or 0.1 %) or its main component thymol (at 0.18 % or 0.07 %). The efficacy and the effect of the innovative biocide have been evaluated combining microscopy, photosynthetic measurements, and colorimetric analyses and both the biocides (with T. vulgaris EO or thymol) showed to be highly effective against the cyanobacterial biofilms for at least six months from the treatment without inducing any significant alteration to the lithic surfaces. The efficacy of thymol alone allows to treat colonized surfaces with a single active ingredient, or at least a mixture thereof, much cheaper and reproducible. The results obtained in this work pave the way to develop a sustainable cleaning protocol to counteract the biodeterioration of stone monuments or historic buildings induced by the presence of phototrophic biofilms that endangered their conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Gabriele
- Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio - Coppito, I-67100, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Roberta Ranaldi
- LBA-Laboratory of Biology of Algae, Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via Cracovia 1, I-00133, Rome, Italy; PhD program in Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, Dept. of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.
| | - Laura Bruno
- LBA-Laboratory of Biology of Algae, Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via Cracovia 1, I-00133, Rome, Italy.
| | - Cinzia Casieri
- Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio - Coppito, I-67100, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Lorenza Rugnini
- LBA-Laboratory of Biology of Algae, Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via Cracovia 1, I-00133, Rome, Italy.
| | - Nicoletta Spreti
- Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio - Coppito, I-67100, L'Aquila, Italy.
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Geweely NS. New frontiers review of some recent conservation techniques of organic and inorganic archaeological artefacts against microbial deterioration. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1146582. [PMID: 37007519 PMCID: PMC10060858 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1146582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The information on the advances and technology of some recent conservation methods (2020–2023) of organic and inorganic archaeological objects against microbial deterioration is recorded. An outline of comparative new protective methods for conserving plant-origin organic artefacts {Fibers (manuscripts, textile) and wood}, animal-origin organic artefacts (painting, parchment and mummies) and inorganic stone artefacts were investigated. The work not only contributes to the development of safe revolutionary ways for more efficient safe conservation of items of historical and cultural worth but also serves as a significant diagnostic signature for detecting the sorts of microbial identification and incidents in antiques. Biological technologies (environmentally friendly green biocides) are the most used recent, efficient and safe strategy acceptable as alternatives to stop microbial deterioration and prevent any potential interactions between the biological agent and the artefacts. Also, a synergistic effect of combining natural biocides with mechanical cleaning or chemical treatments was suggested. The recommended exploration techniques should be considered for future applications.
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Macchia A, Aureli H, Biribicchi C, Docci A, Alisi C, Prestileo F, Galiano F, Figoli A, Mancuso R, Gabriele B, La Russa MF. In Situ Application of Anti-Fouling Solutions on a Mosaic of the Archaeological Park of Ostia Antica. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:5671. [PMID: 36013809 PMCID: PMC9414945 DOI: 10.3390/ma15165671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Biodegradation is among the most common issues affecting Cultural Heritage stone materials in outdoor environments. In recent years, the application of chemical agents with biocidal activity has been the most usual practice when dealing with biofilm removal. In outdoor environments, the use of these biocides is not effective enough, since the materials are constantly exposed to environmental agents and atmospheric pollutants. Thus, it becomes necessary to protect the surface of Cultural Heritage works with antimicrobial coatings to either prevent or at least limit future colonization. In this study, innovative biocides-both natural and synthetic-were applied on a Roman mosaic located in the Archaeological Park of Ostia Antica to compare their effectiveness in removing the biological degradation affecting it. In addition, an antimicrobial coating called "SI-QUAT" was applied and analyzed in situ. SI-QUAT has recently entered the market for its prevention activity against biocolonization. The biocidal activity of these products was tested and monitored using different analytical portable instruments, such as the multispectral system, the spectrocolorimeter, and the bioluminometer. The analyses showed that promising results can be obtained using the combination of the biocide and the protective effect of Preventol® RI50 and SI-QUAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Macchia
- YOCOCU, Youth in Conservation of Cultural Heritage, Via T. Tasso 108, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences DIBEST, University of Calabria, Via Pietro Bucci, Arcavacata, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Hélène Aureli
- YOCOCU, Youth in Conservation of Cultural Heritage, Via T. Tasso 108, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Biribicchi
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Docci
- Archaeological Park of Ostia Antica, Via dei Romagnoli 717, 00119 Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Alisi
- Department of Environment, Global Change and Sustainable Development, ENEA, CR-Casaccia, 00123 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Galiano
- Institute on Membrane Technology, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-ITM), 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Alberto Figoli
- Institute on Membrane Technology, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-ITM), 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Raffaella Mancuso
- Laboratory of Industrial and Synthetic Organic Chemistry (LISOC), Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria, Via Pietro Bucci 12/C, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Bartolo Gabriele
- Laboratory of Industrial and Synthetic Organic Chemistry (LISOC), Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria, Via Pietro Bucci 12/C, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Mauro Francesco La Russa
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences DIBEST, University of Calabria, Via Pietro Bucci, Arcavacata, 87036 Rende, Italy
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Application and Monitoring of Oxidative Alginate–Biocide Hydrogels for Two Case Studies in “The Sassi and the Park of the Rupestrian Churches of Matera”. COATINGS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings12040462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The removal of biological colonization on building materials of cultural heritage is a difficult challenge, as the treatment must completely eliminate the biological patina without altering the treated substrate and possibly delaying new colonization. With the aim of searching for systems to minimize the biocide impact on the substrate, the environment and the operators, different alginate–oxidizing biocide hydrogels were previously tested and optimized in the laboratory and here selected for application in situ. The churches “San Pietro Barisano” and “Madonna dei Derelitti”, located in the Sassi of Matera (UNESCO World Heritage Site in Basilicata region, Italy), were chosen as case studies. They differ in terms of both the environmental conditions and the microorganisms responsible for colonization. Colorimetric measurements and microscopic investigation proved the efficacy of biocide hydrogels in removing biopatinas and in restoring the original chromaticity of the selected treated surfaces of both sites. After the biocidal treatments, new protective acrylic coatings were applied to prevent recolonization and minimize the loss of material grains. Samples collected, immediately after and two years later, established the absence of biological colonization, demonstrating the long-term efficacy of the proposed restoration protocol.
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Editorial for the Special Issue “Microbial Communities in Cultural Heritage and Their Control”. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app112311411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This editorial focuses on the studies published within the present Special Issue presenting advances in the field of biodeterioration of cultural heritage caused by microbial communities with a particular focus on new methods for their elimination and control.
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