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Kumar P, Mahalakshmi M, Anitha S, Durgadevi S, Govarthanan M. Luminous blue carbon quantum dots employing Anisomeles indica (catmint) induce apoptotic signaling pathway in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells. LUMINESCENCE 2024; 39:e4848. [PMID: 39092486 DOI: 10.1002/bio.4848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Herein, luminous blue carbon quantum dots (CDs) employing Anisomeles indica (Catmint) were reported with imaging, self-targeting, and therapeutic effects on triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC, MDA-MB-231) cells. The salient features of CDs generated from catmint are as follows: i) optical studies confirm CDs with excitation-dependent emission; ii) high-throughput characterization authenticates the formation of CDs with near-spherical shape with diameter ranging between 5 and 15 nm; iii) CDs induce cytotoxicity (3.22 ± 0.64 μg/ml) in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC, MDA-MB-231) cells; iv) fluorescence microscopy demonstrates that CDs promote apoptosis by increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and decreasing mitochondrial membrane potential; v) CDs significantly up-regulate pro-apoptotic gene expression levels such as caspases-8/9/3. Finally, our work demonstrates that catmint-derived CDs are prospective nanotheranostics that augment cancer targeting and imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ponnuchamy Kumar
- Food Chemistry and Molecular Cancer Biology, Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Marimuthu Mahalakshmi
- Food Chemistry and Molecular Cancer Biology, Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Selvaraj Anitha
- Food Chemistry and Molecular Cancer Biology, Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sabapathi Durgadevi
- Food Chemistry and Molecular Cancer Biology, Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Muthusamy Govarthanan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
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2
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Mankoti M, Meena SS, Mohanty A. Exploring the potential of eco-friendly carbon dots in monitoring and remediation of environmental pollutants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:43492-43523. [PMID: 38713351 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33448-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Photoluminescent carbon dots (CDs) have garnered significant interest owing to their distinctive optical and electronic properties. In contrast to semiconductor quantum dots, which incorporated toxic elements in their composition, CDs have emerged as a promising alternative, rendering them suitable for both environmental and biological applications. CDs exhibit astonishing features, including photoluminescence, charge transfer, quantum confinement effect, and biocompatibility. Recently, CDs derived from green sources have drawn a lot of attention due to their strong photostability, reduced toxicity, better biocompatibility, enhanced fluorescence, and simplicity. These attributes have shown great promise in the areas of LED technology, bioimaging, photocatalysis, drug delivery, biosensing, and antibacterial activity. In contrast, this review offers a comprehensive overview of various green sources utilized to produce CDs and methodologies, along with their merits and demerits, with a notable emphasis on physiochemical properties. Additionally, the paper provides insight into the bibliometric analysis and recent advancements of CDs in sensing, photocatalysis, and antibacterial activity. In this field, extensive research is underway, and a total of 7,438 articles have been identified. Among these, 4242 articles are dedicated to sensing applications, while 1518 and 1678 focus on adsorption and degradation. Carbon dots demonstrate exceptional sensing capabilities within the nanomolar range with a selectivity of up to 95% for pollutants. They exhibit excellent degradation efficiency exceeding 90% within 10-130 min and possess an adsorption capacity from 100 to 800 mg/g. These fascinating qualities render them suitable for diverse applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megha Mankoti
- Department of Biotechnology, Dr B R Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar, Punjab, India
| | - Sumer Singh Meena
- Department of Biotechnology, Dr B R Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar, Punjab, India
| | - Anee Mohanty
- Department of Biotechnology, Dr B R Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar, Punjab, India.
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3
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Ayisha Naziba T, Praveen Kumar D, Karthikeyan S, Sriramajayam S, Djanaguiraman M, Sundaram S, Ghamari M, Prasada Rao R, Ramakrishna S, Ramesh D. Biomass Derived Biofluorescent Carbon Dots for Energy Applications: Current Progress and Prospects. CHEM REC 2024; 24:e202400030. [PMID: 38837295 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202400030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Biomass resources are often disposed of inefficiently and it causes environmental degradation. These wastes can be turned into bio-products using effective conversion techniques. The synthesis of high-value bio-products from biomass adheres to the principles of a sustainable circular economy in a variety of industries, including agriculture. Recently, fluorescent carbon dots (C-dots) derived from biowastes have emerged as a breakthrough in the field, showcasing outstanding fluorescence properties and biocompatibility. The C-dots exhibit unique quantum confinement properties due to their small size, contributing to their exceptional fluorescence. The significance of their fluorescent properties lies in their versatile applications, particularly in bio-imaging and energy devices. Their rapid and straight-forward production using green/chemical precursors has further accelerated their adoption in diverse applications. The use of green precursors for C-dot not only addresses the biomass disposal issue through a scientific approach, but also establishes a path for a circular economy. This approach not only minimizes biowaste, which also harnesses the potential of fluorescent C-dots to contribute to sustainable practices in agriculture. This review explores recent developments and challenges in synthesizing high-quality C-dots from agro-residues, shedding light on their crucial role in advancing technologies for a cleaner and more sustainable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ayisha Naziba
- Department of Renewable Energy Engineering, Centre for Post-Harvest Technology, Agricultural Engineering College and Research Institute, Department of Crop Physiology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 641 003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - D Praveen Kumar
- Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Sathya Mangalam, 638 401, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S Karthikeyan
- Department of Renewable Energy Engineering, Centre for Post-Harvest Technology, Agricultural Engineering College and Research Institute, Department of Crop Physiology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 641 003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S Sriramajayam
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Killikulam, 628 252., Tamil Nadu, India
| | - M Djanaguiraman
- Department of Renewable Energy Engineering, Centre for Post-Harvest Technology, Agricultural Engineering College and Research Institute, Department of Crop Physiology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 641 003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Senthilarasu Sundaram
- School of Computing, Engineering and Digital Technologies, Teesside University Tees Valley, Middlesbrough, TS1 3BX, UK
| | - Mehrdad Ghamari
- School of Computing, Engineering and Digital Technologies, Teesside University Tees Valley, Middlesbrough, TS1 3BX, UK
| | - R Prasada Rao
- Center for Nanotechnology & Sustainability, Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering, Drive 1, 117576, Singapore
| | - Seeram Ramakrishna
- Center for Nanotechnology & Sustainability, Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering, Drive 1, 117576, Singapore
| | - D Ramesh
- Department of Renewable Energy Engineering, Centre for Post-Harvest Technology, Agricultural Engineering College and Research Institute, Department of Crop Physiology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 641 003, Tamil Nadu, India
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Stan CS, Elouakassi N, Albu C, Conchi AO, Coroaba A, Ursu LE, Popa M, Kaddami H, Almaggoussi A. Photoluminescence of Argan-Waste-Derived Carbon Nanodots Embedded in Polymer Matrices. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 14:83. [PMID: 38202538 PMCID: PMC10780386 DOI: 10.3390/nano14010083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
In this work, photoluminescent (PL) carbon nano dots (CNDs) prepared from argan waste were embedded in highly optical transparent poly(styrene-co-acrylonitrile) (PSA) and cyclo-olefin copolymer (COC) matrices, which were further processed into thin films. In the first step, the luminescent CNDs were prepared through thermal processing of fine-groundargan waste, followed, in the second step, by direct dispersion in the polymer solutions, obtained by solving PSA and COC in selected solvents. These two polymer matrices were selected due to their high optical transparency, resilience to various environmental factors, and ability to be processed as quality thin films. The structural configuration of the CNDs was investigated through EDX, XPS, and FTIR, while DLS, HR-SEM, and STEM were used for their morphology investigation. The luminescence of the prepared CNDs and resulted polymer nanocomposites was thoroughly investigated through steady-state, absolute PLQY, and lifetime fluorescence. The quality of the resulted CND-polymer nanocomposite thin films was evaluated through AFM. The prepared highly luminescent thin films with a PL conversion efficiency of 30% are intended to be applied as outer photonic conversion layers on solar PV cells for increasing their conversion efficiency through valorization of the UV component of the solar radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corneliu S. Stan
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Protection, Gh. Asachi Technical University of Iasi, D. Mangeron 73 Ave., 700050 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Noumane Elouakassi
- Innovative Materials for Energy and Sustainable Development (IMED-Lab), Faculty of Science and Technology, Cadi Ayyad University, Av. Abdelkrim Khattabi, B.P. 511, Marrakech 40000, Morocco; (N.E.); (H.K.); (A.A.)
| | - Cristina Albu
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Protection, Gh. Asachi Technical University of Iasi, D. Mangeron 73 Ave., 700050 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Ania O. Conchi
- Conditions Extremes Matériaux Haute Temperature et Irradiation (CEMHTI), UPR 3079, CNRS, Université d’Orléans, 45100 Orleans, France;
| | - Adina Coroaba
- Centre of Advanced Research in Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers, “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Grigore Ghica Voda 41A Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania; (A.C.); (L.E.U.)
| | - Laura E. Ursu
- Centre of Advanced Research in Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers, “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Grigore Ghica Voda 41A Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania; (A.C.); (L.E.U.)
| | - Marcel Popa
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Protection, Gh. Asachi Technical University of Iasi, D. Mangeron 73 Ave., 700050 Iasi, Romania;
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, Ilfov Street, 050054 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Hamid Kaddami
- Innovative Materials for Energy and Sustainable Development (IMED-Lab), Faculty of Science and Technology, Cadi Ayyad University, Av. Abdelkrim Khattabi, B.P. 511, Marrakech 40000, Morocco; (N.E.); (H.K.); (A.A.)
- Sustainable Materials Research Center (SusMat-RC), Lot 660-Hay Moulay Rachid, Ben Guerir 43150, Morocco
| | - Abdemaji Almaggoussi
- Innovative Materials for Energy and Sustainable Development (IMED-Lab), Faculty of Science and Technology, Cadi Ayyad University, Av. Abdelkrim Khattabi, B.P. 511, Marrakech 40000, Morocco; (N.E.); (H.K.); (A.A.)
- Applied Chemistry and Engineering Research Centre of Excellence (ACER CoE), Advanced Organic Optoelectronic Laboratory, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Lot 660-Hay Moulay Rachid, Ben Guerir 43150, Morocco
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Abu N, Chinnathambi S, Kumar M, Etezadi F, Bakhori NM, Zubir ZA, Md Salleh SN, Shueb RH, Karthikeyan S, Thangavel V, Abdullah J, Pandian GN. Development of biomass waste-based carbon quantum dots and their potential application as non-toxic bioimaging agents. RSC Adv 2023; 13:28230-28249. [PMID: 37753403 PMCID: PMC10518661 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra05840a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Over recent years, carbon quantum dots (CQDs) have advanced significantly and gained substantial attention for their numerous benefits. These benefits include their simple preparation, cost-effectiveness, small size, biocompatibility, bright luminescence, and low cytotoxicity. As a result, they hold great potential for various fields, including bioimaging. A fascinating aspect of synthesizing CQDs is that it can be accomplished by using biomass waste as the precursor. Furthermore, the synthesis approach allows for control over the physicochemical characteristics. This paper unequivocally examines the production of CQDs from biomass waste and their indispensable application in bioimaging. The synthesis process involves a simple one-pot hydrothermal method that utilizes biomass waste as a carbon source, eliminating the need for expensive and toxic reagents. The resulting CQDs exhibit tunable fluorescence and excellent biocompatibility, making them suitable for bioimaging applications. The successful application of biomass-derived CQDs has been demonstrated through biological evaluation studies in various cell lines, including HeLa, Cardiomyocyte, and iPS, as well as in medaka fish eggs and larvae. Using biomass waste as a precursor for CQDs synthesis provides an environmentally friendly and sustainable alternative to traditional methods. The resulting CQDs have potential applications in various fields, including bioimaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norhidayah Abu
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus Kubang Kerian 16150 Kelantan Malaysia
- Advanced Materials Research Centre (AMREC), SIRIM Berhad Lot 34, Jalan Hi-Tech 2/3, Kulim, Hi-Tech Park 09000 Kulim Malaysia
| | - Shanmugavel Chinnathambi
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University Kyoto Japan
| | - Mahima Kumar
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University Kyoto Japan
| | - Fatemeh Etezadi
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University Kyoto Japan
| | - Noremylia Mohd Bakhori
- Advanced Materials Research Centre (AMREC), SIRIM Berhad Lot 34, Jalan Hi-Tech 2/3, Kulim, Hi-Tech Park 09000 Kulim Malaysia
| | - Zuhana Ahmad Zubir
- Advanced Materials Research Centre (AMREC), SIRIM Berhad Lot 34, Jalan Hi-Tech 2/3, Kulim, Hi-Tech Park 09000 Kulim Malaysia
| | - Shahrul Nizam Md Salleh
- Advanced Materials Research Centre (AMREC), SIRIM Berhad Lot 34, Jalan Hi-Tech 2/3, Kulim, Hi-Tech Park 09000 Kulim Malaysia
| | - Rafidah Hanim Shueb
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus Kubang Kerian 16150 Kelantan Malaysia
| | - Subramani Karthikeyan
- Centre for Healthcare Advancement, Innovation and Research, Vellore Institute of Technology Chennai 600 127 India
| | - Vaijayanthi Thangavel
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University Kyoto Japan
| | - Jaafar Abdullah
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang Serdang 43400 Selangor Malaysia
| | - Ganesh N Pandian
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University Kyoto Japan
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Ma X, Gao M, Zhang X, Wang Y, Li G. Polymer-Derived Carbon Nanofiber and Its Photocurrent-Switching Responses of Carbon Nanofiber/Cu Nanocomposite in Wide Ranges of Excited Light Wavelength. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3528. [PMID: 37688154 PMCID: PMC10489919 DOI: 10.3390/polym15173528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Transformation into electric or photoelectric functional composite from non-conjugated polymers is a great challenge due to the presence of a large number of locative states. In this paper, carbon nanofiber was synthesized via hydrothermal carbonization utilizing carboxymethyl cellulose as a precursor, and the carbon nanofiber/Cu nanocomposite was constructed for defect passivation. The results indicated that the resulting nanocomposites exhibited good absorbance in visible light range and NIR (near-infrared). The photoconductive responses to typical weak visible light (650 nm et al.) and NIR (808, 980, and 1064 nm) were studied based on Au gap electrodes on flexible polymer substrates. The results exhibited that the nanocomposite's solid thick film showed photocurrent-switching behaviors to visible light and NIR, the switch-ratio was depending on the wavelengths and power of incident lights. The positive and negative photoconductance responses phenomenon was observed in different compositions and changing excited wavelengths. Their photophysical mechanisms were discussed. This illustrated that the nanocomposites easily produce free electrons and holes via low power of incident light. Free electrons and holes could be utilized for different purposes in multi-disciplinary fields. It would be a potential application in broadband flexible photodetectors, artificial vision, simulating retina, and bio-imaging from visible light to NIR. This is a low-cost and green approach to obtain nanocomposite exhibiting good photocurrent response from the visible range to NIR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingfa Ma
- Center of Advanced Functional Materials, School of Environmental and Material Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China; (M.G.); (X.Z.)
| | - Mingjun Gao
- Center of Advanced Functional Materials, School of Environmental and Material Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China; (M.G.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xintao Zhang
- Center of Advanced Functional Materials, School of Environmental and Material Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China; (M.G.); (X.Z.)
| | - You Wang
- National Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology, Institute of Cyber-Systems and Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (Y.W.); (G.L.)
| | - Guang Li
- National Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology, Institute of Cyber-Systems and Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (Y.W.); (G.L.)
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Lagos KJ, García D, Cuadrado CF, de Souza LM, Mezzacappo NF, da Silva AP, Inada N, Bagnato V, Romero MP. Carbon dots: Types, preparation, and their boosted antibacterial activity by photoactivation. Current status and future perspectives. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2023:e1887. [PMID: 37100045 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) correspond to carbon-based materials (CBM) with sizes usually below 10 nm. These nanomaterials exhibit attractive properties such us low toxicity, good stability, and high conductivity, which have promoted their thorough study over the past two decades. The current review describes four types of CDs: carbon quantum dots (CQDs), graphene quantum dots (GQDs), carbon nanodots (CNDs), and carbonized polymers dots (CPDs), together with the state of the art of the main routes for their preparation, either by "top-down" or "bottom-up" approaches. Moreover, among the various usages of CDs within biomedicine, we have focused on their application as a novel class of broad-spectrum antibacterial agents, concretely, owing their photoactivation capability that triggers an enhanced antibacterial property. Our work presents the recent advances in this field addressing CDs, their composites and hybrids, applied as photosensitizers (PS), and photothermal agents (PA) within antibacterial strategies such as photodynamic therapy (PDT), photothermal therapy (PTT), and synchronic PDT/PTT. Furthermore, we discuss the prospects for the possible future development of large-scale preparation of CDs, and the potential for these nanomaterials to be employed in applications to combat other pathogens harmful to human health. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Infectious Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina J Lagos
- Department of Materials, Escuela Politécnica Nacional (EPN), Quito, Ecuador
| | - David García
- Department of Materials, Escuela Politécnica Nacional (EPN), Quito, Ecuador
| | | | | | | | - Ana Paula da Silva
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo (USP), São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Natalia Inada
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo (USP), São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Vanderlei Bagnato
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo (USP), São Carlos, Brazil
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Amarnath M, Balalakshmi C. Preparation of N, S-doped blue emission carbon dots for dual-mode glucose detection with live cell applications. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-023-02769-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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9
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Omar NAS, Fen YW, Irmawati R, Hashim HS, Ramdzan NSM, Fauzi NIM. A Review on Carbon Dots: Synthesis, Characterization and Its Application in Optical Sensor for Environmental Monitoring. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12142365. [PMID: 35889589 PMCID: PMC9321155 DOI: 10.3390/nano12142365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The development of carbon dots (CDs), either using green or chemical precursors, has inevitably led to their wide range application, from bioimaging to optoelectronic devices. The reported precursors and properties of these CDs have opened new opportunities for the future development of high-quality CDs and applications. Green precursors were classified into fruits, vegetables, flowers, leaves, seeds, stem, crop residues, fungi/bacteria species, and waste products, while the chemical precursors were classified into acid reagents and non-acid reagents. This paper quickly reviews ten years of the synthesis of CDs using green and chemical precursors. The application of CDs as sensing materials in optical sensor techniques for environmental monitoring, including the detection of heavy metal ions, phenol, pesticides, and nitroaromatic explosives, was also discussed in this review. This profound review will offer knowledge for the upcoming community of researchers interested in synthesizing high-quality CDs for various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Alia Sheh Omar
- Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.A.S.O.); (R.I.); (H.S.H.); (N.S.M.R.)
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Yap Wing Fen
- Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.A.S.O.); (R.I.); (H.S.H.); (N.S.M.R.)
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
- Correspondence:
| | - Ramli Irmawati
- Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.A.S.O.); (R.I.); (H.S.H.); (N.S.M.R.)
| | - Hazwani Suhaila Hashim
- Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.A.S.O.); (R.I.); (H.S.H.); (N.S.M.R.)
| | - Nur Syahira Md Ramdzan
- Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.A.S.O.); (R.I.); (H.S.H.); (N.S.M.R.)
| | - Nurul Illya Muhamad Fauzi
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
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10
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Recent Advances in Synthesis, Modification, Characterization, and Applications of Carbon Dots. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14112153. [PMID: 35683827 PMCID: PMC9183192 DOI: 10.3390/polym14112153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although there is significant progress in the research of carbon dots (CDs), some challenges such as difficulty in large-scale synthesis, complicated purification, low quantum yield, ambiguity in structure-property correlation, electronic structures, and photophysics are still major obstacles that hinder the commercial use of CDs. Recent advances in synthesis, modification, characterization, and applications of CDs are summarized in this review. We illustrate some examples to correlate process parameters, structures, compositions, properties, and performances of CDs-based materials. The advances in the synthesis approach, purification methods, and modification/doping methods for the synthesis of CDs are also presented. Moreover, some examples of the kilogram-scale fabrication of CDs are given. The properties and performance of CDs can be tuned by some synthesis parameters, such as the incubation time and precursor ratio, the laser pulse width, and the average molar mass of the polymeric precursor. Surface passivation also has a significant influence on the particle sizes of CDs. Moreover, some factors affect the properties and performance of CDs, such as the polarity-sensitive fluorescence effect and concentration-dependent multicolor luminescence, together with the size and surface states of CDs. The synchrotron near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) test has been proved to be a useful tool to explore the correlation among structural features, photophysics, and emission performance of CDs. Recent advances of CDs in bioimaging, sensing, therapy, energy, fertilizer, separation, security authentication, food packing, flame retardant, and co-catalyst for environmental remediation applications were reviewed in this article. Furthermore, the roles of CDs, doped CDs, and their composites in these applications were also demonstrated.
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11
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Malavika JP, Shobana C, Sundarraj S, Ganeshbabu M, Kumar P, Selvan RK. Green synthesis of multifunctional carbon quantum dots: An approach in cancer theranostics. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2022; 136:212756. [PMID: 35929302 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2022.212756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) have gained significant growing attention in the recent past due to their peculiar characteristics including smaller size, high surface area, photoluminescence, chemical stability, facile synthesis and functionalization possibilities. They are carbon nanostructures having less than 10 nm size with fluorescent properties. In recent years, the scientific community is curiously adopting biomass precursors for the preparation of CQDs over the chemical compounds. These biomass sources are sustainable, eco-friendly, inexpensive, widely available and convert waste into valuable materials. Hence in our work the fundamental understating of diverse fabrication methodologies of CQDs, and the types of raw materials employed in recent times, are all examined and correlated comprehensively. Their unique combination of remarkable properties, together with the ease with which they can be fabricated, makes CQDs as promising materials for applications in diverse biomedical fields, in particular for bio-imaging, targeted drug delivery and phototherapy for cancer treatment. The mechanism for luminescence is of considerable significance for leading the synthesis of CQDs with tunable fluorescence emission. Therefore, it is aimed to explore and provide an updated review on (i) the recent progress on the different synthesis methods of biomass-derived CQDs, (ii) the contribution of surface states or functional groups on the luminescence origin and (iii) its potential application for cancer theranostics, concentrating on their fluorescence properties. Finally, we explored the challenges in modification for the synthesis of CQDs from biomass derivatives and the future scope of CQDs in phototherapy for cancer theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jalaja Prasad Malavika
- Department of Zoology, Kongunadu Arts and Science College (Autonomous), G. N. Mills, Coimbatore 641 029, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Chellappan Shobana
- Department of Zoology, Kongunadu Arts and Science College (Autonomous), G. N. Mills, Coimbatore 641 029, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Shenbagamoorthy Sundarraj
- Department of Zoology, Ayya Nadar Janaki Ammal College (Autonomous), Sivakasi - 626 124, Virudhunagar District, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Mariappan Ganeshbabu
- Department of Physics, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ponnuchamy Kumar
- Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630 003, Tamil Nadu, India
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Magagula LP, Masemola CM, Ballim MA, Tetana ZN, Moloto N, Linganiso EC. Lignocellulosic Biomass Waste-Derived Cellulose Nanocrystals and Carbon Nanomaterials: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084310. [PMID: 35457128 PMCID: PMC9025071 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid population and economic growth, excessive use of fossil fuels, and climate change have contributed to a serious turn towards environmental management and sustainability. The agricultural sector is a big contributor to (lignocellulosic) waste, which accumulates in landfills and ultimately gets burned, polluting the environment. In response to the current climate-change crisis, policymakers and researchers are, respectively, encouraging and seeking ways of creating value-added products from generated waste. Recently, agricultural waste has been regularly appearing in articles communicating the production of a range of carbon and polymeric materials worldwide. The extraction of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and carbon quantum dots (CQDs) from biomass waste partially occupies some of the waste-recycling and management space. Further, the new materials generated from this waste promise to be effective and competitive in emerging markets. This short review summarizes recent work in the area of CNCs and CQDs synthesised from biomass waste. Synthesis methods, properties, and prospective application of these materials are summarized. Current challenges and the benefits of using biomass waste are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindokuhle Precious Magagula
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Braamfontein 2050, South Africa; (L.P.M.); (C.M.M.); (M.A.B.); (Z.N.T.); (N.M.)
| | - Clinton Michael Masemola
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Braamfontein 2050, South Africa; (L.P.M.); (C.M.M.); (M.A.B.); (Z.N.T.); (N.M.)
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence in Strong Materials, University of the Witwatersrand, Braamfontein 2050, South Africa
| | - Muhammed As’ad Ballim
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Braamfontein 2050, South Africa; (L.P.M.); (C.M.M.); (M.A.B.); (Z.N.T.); (N.M.)
| | - Zikhona Nobuntu Tetana
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Braamfontein 2050, South Africa; (L.P.M.); (C.M.M.); (M.A.B.); (Z.N.T.); (N.M.)
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence in Strong Materials, University of the Witwatersrand, Braamfontein 2050, South Africa
- Microscopy and Microanalysis Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Braamfontein 2050, South Africa
| | - Nosipho Moloto
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Braamfontein 2050, South Africa; (L.P.M.); (C.M.M.); (M.A.B.); (Z.N.T.); (N.M.)
| | - Ella Cebisa Linganiso
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Braamfontein 2050, South Africa; (L.P.M.); (C.M.M.); (M.A.B.); (Z.N.T.); (N.M.)
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence in Strong Materials, University of the Witwatersrand, Braamfontein 2050, South Africa
- Microscopy and Microanalysis Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Braamfontein 2050, South Africa
- Department of Chemistry, Sefako Makgatho Health Science University, Medunsa 0204, South Africa
- Correspondence: or
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Ahuja V, Banerjee S, Roy P, Bhatt AK. Fluorescent xylitol carbon dots: A potent antimicrobial agent and drug carrier. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2021; 69:1679-1689. [PMID: 34363245 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Biomolecular carbon dots (CDs) have immense potential for various industries due to exceptional bioactivity, biocompatibility, low toxicity, and biodegradability. In the present work xylitol (Xlt), a natural sweetener produced by microbial fermentation of sugarcane bagasse (71.98% conversion) has been used for CDs preparation by microwave-assisted carbonization in the presence of ethylene diamine (EDA). The resultant xylitol carbon dots (XCDs) were irregular shaped, rough with an average size of 8.88 nm and exhibiting fluorescence between 400 and 450 nm. The presence of EDA preserves the native chemical structure of Xlt even after exposure to microwaves. Purified XCDs were conjugated (AM-XCD) with ketoconazole and tetracycline for fungi and bacteria, respectively. In comparison to Xlt, XCDs have higher inhibitory potential and reduced dosage size of antimicrobials against Cryptococcus neoformans, Candida albicans, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Escherichia coli by 75%, 75%, 87.50%, and 50%, respectively. For Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella typhi also inhibitory potential was increased by 14.68% and 21.38%. Increased efficacy advocated the improved drug delivery in the presence of XCDs. However, no inhibitory effect was recorded against DU145 (human prostate cancer) and HCT-15 (human colon adenocarcinoma) cell lines. The findings of the current work suggested the possible use of Xlt as an important antimicrobial agent besides an efficient drug carrier in healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Ahuja
- Department of Biotechnology, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla, India
| | - Somesh Banerjee
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Biotechnology Department, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, India
| | - Partha Roy
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Biotechnology Department, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, India
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