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Ozimina D, Kulczycki A, Janas D, Desaniuk T, Deliś M. Carbon-Based Functional Nanomaterials as Tools for Controlling the Kinetics of Tribochemical Reactions. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:785. [PMID: 38399036 PMCID: PMC10890646 DOI: 10.3390/ma17040785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this article is to experimentally determine the role of the environment, consisting of a base oil (PAO), carbon nanomaterials, and optional other additives, as well as the kind of metal in contact with the lubrication film, in the stimulation of zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP) additives' effectiveness during protective film formation. This paper focuses on the role of carbon nanostructures in energy transportation and conversion during tribological processes. An antistatic additive (ASA) (not used in lubricating oils) for jet fuels was added to disturb the process of energy conduction (electric charges) through the lubricant film and thus determine how this disturbance affects the kinetics of the ZDDP triboreaction and, consequently, the linear wear. To achieve this research goal, two types of tribological testing devices were used: an Anton Paar tribometer (TRB) and a triboelectric tribometer (TET). The novelty of the present research is in the use of the method for disturbing the flow of charge/energy through the lubricant film with an antistatic additive for jet fuels, ASA, to influence the impact of this energy on the antiwear properties of ZDDP. The following conclusions were drawn: (1) carbon-based nanostructures, i.e., CNTs, AuCNTs, graphene, and fullerenes, are able to change the rate of chemical reactions of ZDDP during tribological processes; (2) CNTs have the ability to catalyze tribochemical reactions of ZDDP, while graphene and fullerenes are not able to perform this effectively; (3) AuCNT takes the role of an inhibitor during ZDDP's triboreaction; and (4) by discharging electric charge/energy, ASA, in cooperation with CNT and AuCNT significantly reduces the rate of the ZDDP reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz Ozimina
- Faculty of Mechatronics and Mechanical Engineering, Kielce University of Technology, Tysiąclecia P.P. 7, 25-314 Kielce, Poland
| | - Andrzej Kulczycki
- Air Force Institute of Technology, Ostroroga 35a, 01-163 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Dawid Janas
- Department of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 4, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Tomasz Desaniuk
- Faculty of Mechatronics and Mechanical Engineering, Kielce University of Technology, Tysiąclecia P.P. 7, 25-314 Kielce, Poland
| | - Maciej Deliś
- GE Aerospace Poland Ltd., Krakowska 110/114, 02-256 Warsaw, Poland
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2
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Petrovic SM, Barbinta-Patrascu ME. Organic and Biogenic Nanocarriers as Bio-Friendly Systems for Bioactive Compounds' Delivery: State-of-the Art and Challenges. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:7550. [PMID: 38138692 PMCID: PMC10744464 DOI: 10.3390/ma16247550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
"Green" strategies to build up novel organic nanocarriers with bioperformance are modern trends in nanotechnology. In this way, the valorization of bio-wastes and the use of living systems to develop multifunctional organic and biogenic nanocarriers (OBNs) have revolutionized the nanotechnological and biomedical fields. This paper is a comprehensive review related to OBNs for bioactives' delivery, providing an overview of the reports on the past two decades. In the first part, several classes of bioactive compounds and their therapeutic role are briefly presented. A broad section is dedicated to the main categories of organic and biogenic nanocarriers. The major challenges regarding the eco-design and the fate of OBNs are suggested to overcome some toxicity-related drawbacks. Future directions and opportunities, and finding "green" solutions for solving the problems related to nanocarriers, are outlined in the final of this paper. We believe that through this review, we will capture the attention of the readers and will open new perspectives for new solutions/ideas for the discovery of more efficient and "green" ways in developing novel bioperformant nanocarriers for transporting bioactive agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanja M. Petrovic
- Department of Chemical Technologies, Faculty of Technology, University of Nis, Bulevar Oslobodjenja 124, 1600 Leskovac, Serbia;
| | - Marcela-Elisabeta Barbinta-Patrascu
- Department of Electricity, Solid-State Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Physics, University of Bucharest, 405 Atomistilor Street, P.O. Box MG-11, 077125 Măgurele, Romania
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3
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Agrawal R, Kumar A, Mohammed MKA, Singh S. Biomaterial types, properties, medical applications, and other factors: a recent review. JOURNAL OF ZHEJIANG UNIVERSITY. SCIENCE. A 2023. [PMCID: PMC9986044 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.a2200403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Biomaterial research has been going on for several years, and many companies are heavily investing in new product development. However, it is a contentious field of science. Biomaterial science is a field that combines materials science and medicine. The replacement or restoration of damaged tissues or organs enhances the patient’s quality of life. The deciding aspect is whether or not the body will accept a biomaterial. A biomaterial used for an implant must possess certain qualities to survive a long time. When a biomaterial is used for an implant, it must have specific properties to be long-lasting. A variety of materials are used in biomedical applications. They are widely used today and can be used individually or in combination. This review will aid researchers in the selection and assessment of biomaterials. Before using a biomaterial, its mechanical and physical properties should be considered. Recent biomaterials have a structure that closely resembles that of tissue. Anti-infective biomaterials and surfaces are being developed using advanced antifouling, bactericidal, and antibiofilm technologies. This review tries to cover critical features of biomaterials needed for tissue engineering, such as bioactivity, self-assembly, structural hierarchy, applications, heart valves, skin repair, bio-design, essential ideas in biomaterials, bioactive biomaterials, bioresorbable biomaterials, biomaterials in medical practice, biomedical function for design, biomaterial properties such as biocompatibility, heat response, non-toxicity, mechanical properties, physical properties, wear, and corrosion, as well as biomaterial properties such surfaces that are antibacterial, nanostructured materials, and biofilm disrupting compounds, are all being investigated. It is technically possible to stop the spread of implant infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reeya Agrawal
- VLSI Research Centre, GLA University, 281406 Mathura, India
- Microelectronics & VLSI Lab, National Institute of Technology, Patna, 800005 India
| | - Anjan Kumar
- VLSI Research Centre, GLA University, 281406 Mathura, India
| | - Mustafa K. A. Mohammed
- Radiological Techniques Department, Al-Mustaqbal University College, 51001 Hillah Babylon, Iraq
| | - Sangeeta Singh
- Microelectronics & VLSI Lab, National Institute of Technology, Patna, 800005 India
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4
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Meskher H, Mustansar HC, Thakur AK, Sathyamurthy R, Lynch I, Singh P, Han TK, Saidur R. Recent trends in carbon nanotube (CNT)-based biosensors for the fast and sensitive detection of human viruses: a critical review. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2023; 5:992-1010. [PMID: 36798507 PMCID: PMC9926911 DOI: 10.1039/d2na00236a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The current COVID-19 pandemic, with its numerous variants including Omicron which is 50-70% more transmissible than the previously dominant Delta variant, demands a fast, robust, cheap, and easily deployed identification strategy to reduce the chain of transmission, for which biosensors have been shown as a feasible solution at the laboratory scale. The use of nanomaterials has significantly enhanced the performance of biosensors, and the addition of CNTs has increased detection capabilities to an unrivaled level. Among the various CNT-based detection systems, CNT-based field-effect transistors possess ultra-sensitivity and low-noise detection capacity, allowing for immediate analyte determination even in the presence of limited analyte concentrations, which would be typical of early infection stages. Recently, CNT field-effect transistor-type biosensors have been successfully used in the fast diagnosis of COVID-19, which has increased research and commercial interest in exploiting current developments of CNT field-effect transistors. Recent progress in the design and deployment of CNT-based biosensors for viral monitoring are covered in this paper, as are the remaining obstacles and prospects. This work also highlights the enormous potential for synergistic effects of CNTs used in combination with other nanomaterials for viral detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hicham Meskher
- Department of Process Engineering, Kasdi-Merbah University Ouargla 30000 Algeria
| | | | - Amrit Kumar Thakur
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, KPR Institute of Engineering and Technology Arasur Coimbatore 641407 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Ravishankar Sathyamurthy
- Mechanical Engineering Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals Dhahran 31261 Saudi Arabia
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Renewable Energy and Power Systems (IRC-REPS), King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals Dhahran 31261 Saudi Arabia
| | - Iseult Lynch
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham Edgbaston Birmingham B15 2TT UK
| | - Punit Singh
- Institute of Engineering and Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, GLA University Mathura Uttar Pradesh 281406 India
| | - Tan Kim Han
- Research Centre for Nano-Materials and Energy Technology (RCNMET), School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University No. 5, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway Petaling Jaya 47500 Malaysia
| | - Rahman Saidur
- Research Centre for Nano-Materials and Energy Technology (RCNMET), School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University No. 5, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway Petaling Jaya 47500 Malaysia
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5
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Design and Applications of Enzyme-Linked Nanostructured Materials for Efficient Bio-catalysis. Top Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-022-01770-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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6
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Villari V. Molecular and Macromolecular Interactions of Carbon-Based Nanostructures. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010619. [PMID: 36614062 PMCID: PMC9820210 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The interactions of molecules and macromolecules with carbon nanostructures such as carbon dots, carbon nanotubes, graphene, graphene oxide, and fullerenes, have been stimulating the interest of the researchers working on the preparation, functionalization, properties and applications of carbon-based nanomaterials [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Villari
- CNR-Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 37, 98158 Messina, Italy
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7
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Camponogara F, Zanotti F, Trentini M, Tiengo E, Zanolla I, Pishavar E, Soliani E, Scatto M, Gargiulo P, Zambito Y, De Luca S, Ferroni L, Zavan B. Biomaterials for Regenerative Medicine in Italy: Brief State of the Art of the Principal Research Centers. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:8245. [PMID: 35897825 PMCID: PMC9368060 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Regenerative medicine is the branch of medicine that effectively uses stem cell therapy and tissue engineering strategies to guide the healing or replacement of damaged tissues or organs. A crucial element is undoubtedly the biomaterial that guides biological events to restore tissue continuity. The polymers, natural or synthetic, find wide application thanks to their great adaptability. In fact, they can be used as principal components, coatings or vehicles to functionalize several biomaterials. There are many leading centers for the research and development of biomaterials in Italy. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the current state of the art on polymer research for regenerative medicine purposes. The last five years of scientific production of the main Italian research centers has been screened to analyze the current advancement in tissue engineering in order to highlight inputs for the development of novel biomaterials and strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Camponogara
- Translational Medicine Department, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (F.C.); (F.Z.); (M.T.); (E.T.); (E.P.)
| | - Federica Zanotti
- Translational Medicine Department, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (F.C.); (F.Z.); (M.T.); (E.T.); (E.P.)
| | - Martina Trentini
- Translational Medicine Department, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (F.C.); (F.Z.); (M.T.); (E.T.); (E.P.)
| | - Elena Tiengo
- Translational Medicine Department, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (F.C.); (F.Z.); (M.T.); (E.T.); (E.P.)
| | - Ilaria Zanolla
- Medical Sciences Department, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Elham Pishavar
- Translational Medicine Department, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (F.C.); (F.Z.); (M.T.); (E.T.); (E.P.)
| | - Elisa Soliani
- Bioengineering Department, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BX, UK;
| | - Marco Scatto
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venezia, Italy;
| | - Paolo Gargiulo
- Institute for Biomedical and Neural Engineering, Reykjavík University, 101 Reykjavík, Iceland;
- Department of Science, Landspítali, 101 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Ylenia Zambito
- Chemical Department, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Stefano De Luca
- Unit of Naples, Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems, National Research Council, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Letizia Ferroni
- Maria Cecilia Hospital, GVM Care & Research, 48033 Cotignola, Italy;
| | - Barbara Zavan
- Translational Medicine Department, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (F.C.); (F.Z.); (M.T.); (E.T.); (E.P.)
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8
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Marin D, Marchesan S. Carbon Graphitization: Towards Greener Alternatives to Develop Nanomaterials for Targeted Drug Delivery. Biomedicines 2022; 10:1320. [PMID: 35740342 PMCID: PMC9220131 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10061320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon nanomaterials have attracted great interest for their unique physico-chemical properties for various applications, including medicine and, in particular, drug delivery, to solve the most challenging unmet clinical needs. Graphitization is a process that has become very popular for their production or modification. However, traditional conditions are energy-demanding; thus, recent efforts have been devoted to the development of greener routes that require lower temperatures or that use waste or byproducts as a carbon source in order to be more sustainable. In this concise review, we analyze the progress made in the last five years in this area, as well as in their development as drug delivery agents, focusing on active targeting, and conclude with a perspective on the future of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Silvia Marchesan
- Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy;
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9
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Rozhin P, Abdel Monem Gamal J, Giordani S, Marchesan S. Carbon Nanomaterials (CNMs) and Enzymes: From Nanozymes to CNM-Enzyme Conjugates and Biodegradation. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:1037. [PMID: 35160982 PMCID: PMC8838330 DOI: 10.3390/ma15031037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanomaterials (CNMs) and enzymes differ significantly in terms of their physico-chemical properties-their handling and characterization require very different specialized skills. Therefore, their combination is not trivial. Numerous studies exist at the interface between these two components-especially in the area of sensing-but also involving biofuel cells, biocatalysis, and even biomedical applications including innovative therapeutic approaches and theranostics. Finally, enzymes that are capable of biodegrading CNMs have been identified, and they may play an important role in controlling the environmental fate of these structures after their use. CNMs' widespread use has created more and more opportunities for their entry into the environment, and thus it becomes increasingly important to understand how to biodegrade them. In this concise review, we will cover the progress made in the last five years on this exciting topic, focusing on the applications, and concluding with future perspectives on research combining carbon nanomaterials and enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Rozhin
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Jada Abdel Monem Gamal
- School of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science & Health, Dublin City University, D09 E432 Dublin, Ireland;
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematical, Physical and Natural Sciences, University Sapienza of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Giordani
- School of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science & Health, Dublin City University, D09 E432 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Silvia Marchesan
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy;
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10
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Malik S, Marchesan S. Growth, Properties, and Applications of Branched Carbon Nanostructures. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:2728. [PMID: 34685169 PMCID: PMC8540255 DOI: 10.3390/nano11102728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Nanomaterials featuring branched carbon nanotubes (b-CNTs), nanofibers (b-CNFs), or other types of carbon nanostructures (CNSs) are of great interest due to their outstanding mechanical and electronic properties. They are promising components of nanodevices for a wide variety of advanced applications spanning from batteries and fuel cells to conductive-tissue regeneration in medicine. In this concise review, we describe the methods to produce branched CNSs, with particular emphasis on the most widely used b-CNTs, the experimental and theoretical studies on their properties, and the wide range of demonstrated and proposed applications, highlighting the branching structural features that ultimately allow for enhanced performance relative to traditional, unbranched CNSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharali Malik
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Quantum Materials and Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Silvia Marchesan
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy;
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11
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Rozhin P, Melchionna M, Fornasiero P, Marchesan S. Nanostructured Ceria: Biomolecular Templates and (Bio)applications. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:2259. [PMID: 34578575 PMCID: PMC8467784 DOI: 10.3390/nano11092259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Ceria (CeO2) nanostructures are well-known in catalysis for energy and environmental preservation and remediation. Recently, they have also been gaining momentum for biological applications in virtue of their unique redox properties that make them antioxidant or pro-oxidant, depending on the experimental conditions and ceria nanomorphology. In particular, interest has grown in the use of biotemplates to exert control over ceria morphology and reactivity. However, only a handful of reports exist on the use of specific biomolecules to template ceria nucleation and growth into defined nanostructures. This review focusses on the latest advancements in the area of biomolecular templates for ceria nanostructures and existing opportunities for their (bio)applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Rozhin
- Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (P.R.); (P.F.)
| | - Michele Melchionna
- Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (P.R.); (P.F.)
- Unit of Trieste, INSTM, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Paolo Fornasiero
- Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (P.R.); (P.F.)
- Unit of Trieste, INSTM, 34127 Trieste, Italy
- Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organometallici, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ICCOM-CNR), 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Silvia Marchesan
- Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (P.R.); (P.F.)
- Unit of Trieste, INSTM, 34127 Trieste, Italy
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12
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Rozhin P, Charitidis C, Marchesan S. Self-Assembling Peptides and Carbon Nanomaterials Join Forces for Innovative Biomedical Applications. Molecules 2021; 26:4084. [PMID: 34279424 PMCID: PMC8271590 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26134084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Self-assembling peptides and carbon nanomaterials have attracted great interest for their respective potential to bring innovation in the biomedical field. Combination of these two types of building blocks is not trivial in light of their very different physico-chemical properties, yet great progress has been made over the years at the interface between these two research areas. This concise review will analyze the latest developments at the forefront of research that combines self-assembling peptides with carbon nanostructures for biological use. Applications span from tissue regeneration, to biosensing and imaging, and bioelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Rozhin
- Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Costas Charitidis
- School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Iroon Polytechneiou 9, Zografou, 157 80 Athens, Greece;
| | - Silvia Marchesan
- Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy;
- INSTM, Unit of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
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13
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Several Aspects of Application of Nanodiamonds as Reinforcements for Metal Matrix Composites. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11104695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
After detonation synthesis, primary nanodiamond particles are around 4–6 nm in size. However, they join into agglomerates with larger parameters and weak bonds between particles. The introduction of agglomerates into a metal matrix can lead to the weakness of composites. This paper demonstrates the possibility of obtaining a non-agglomerated distribution of nanodiamonds inside a metal matrix. The fabrication method was based on mechanical alloying to create additional stresses and deformations by phase transformations during treatment in a planetary mill. According to the findings, the starting temperature of the reaction between the non-agglomerated nanodiamonds and aluminium matrix reduces to 450 °C. Furthermore, the paper shows that existing methods (annealing for the transformation of a diamond structure into graphitic material and cleaning from this graphitic material) cannot reduce the sizes of nanodiamonds in the agglomerated state. Agglomerated nanodiamonds transform into carbon onions (graphitic material) during annealing in a vacuum in the following way: the nanodiamonds located in the surface layers of the agglomerate are the first to undergo the complete transformation followed by the transformation of nanoparticles in its deeper layers. In the intermediate state, the agglomerate has a graphitic surface layer and a core from nanodiamonds: cleaning from graphite cannot reduce nanodiamond particle size.
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14
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Adorinni S, Rozhin P, Marchesan S. Smart Hydrogels Meet Carbon Nanomaterials for New Frontiers in Medicine. Biomedicines 2021; 9:570. [PMID: 34070138 PMCID: PMC8158376 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9050570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon nanomaterials include diverse structures and morphologies, such as fullerenes, nano-onions, nanodots, nanodiamonds, nanohorns, nanotubes, and graphene-based materials. They have attracted great interest in medicine for their high innovative potential, owing to their unique electronic and mechanical properties. In this review, we describe the most recent advancements in their inclusion in hydrogels to yield smart systems that can respond to a variety of stimuli. In particular, we focus on graphene and carbon nanotubes, for applications that span from sensing and wearable electronics to drug delivery and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Adorinni
- Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (S.A.); (P.R.)
| | - Petr Rozhin
- Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (S.A.); (P.R.)
| | - Silvia Marchesan
- Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (S.A.); (P.R.)
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
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