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Liu Y, Sun G, Liu J, Lou Y, Zhu J, Wang C. Enzymatic production of diverse N-acetyl chitooligosaccharides employing a novel bifunctional chitinase and its engineered variants. Food Chem 2024; 453:139675. [PMID: 38781901 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Bioproduction of diverse N-acetyl chitooligosaccharides from chitin is of great value. In the study, a novel GH family 18 bifunctional chitinase gene (PsChi82) from Paenibacillus shirakamiensis was identified, expressed and biochemically characterized. PsChi82 was most active at pH 5.0, and 55 °C, and displayed remarkable pH stability with the broad pH range of 3.0-12.0. It showed high chitosanase activity of 10.6 U mg-1 and diverse hydrolysis products of GlcNAc, (GlcNAc)2, GlcN-GlcNAc and (GlcN)2-GlcNAc, which may facilitate comprehensively understanding of structure-function relationships of N-acetyl COSs. Three engineered variants were then expressed and characterized. Among them, PsChi82-CBM26 possessed specific activity of 25.1 U mg-1 against colloidal chitin, which was 2.1 folds higher than that of PsChi82. The diverse N-acetyl COSs were subsequently produced by PsChi82-CBM26 with a sugar content of 23.2 g L-1. These excellent properties may make PsChi82-CBM26 potentially useful for N-acetyl COSs production in the food and chemical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihao Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin Economy Technological Development Area, No. 29, 13th Avenue, Tianjin 300222, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guangru Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin Economy Technological Development Area, No. 29, 13th Avenue, Tianjin 300222, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, No.92, Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Yimeng Lou
- College of Food Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin Economy Technological Development Area, No. 29, 13th Avenue, Tianjin 300222, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingwen Zhu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin Economy Technological Development Area, No. 29, 13th Avenue, Tianjin 300222, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunling Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin Economy Technological Development Area, No. 29, 13th Avenue, Tianjin 300222, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Struszczyk-Świta K, Kaczmarek MB, Antczak T, Marchut-Mikołajczyk O. Continuous production of chitooligosaccharides in a column reactor by the PUF-immobilized whole cell enzymes of Mucor circinelloides IBT-83. Microb Cell Fact 2024; 23:258. [PMID: 39342287 PMCID: PMC11437710 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-024-02529-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 09/13/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) have great potential for applications in several fields, including agriculture, food industry or medicine. Nevertheless, the large-scale use of COS requires the development of cost-effective technologies for their production. The main objective of our investigation was to develop an effective method of enzymatic degradation of chitosan in a column reactor using Mucor circinelloides IBT-83 cells, immobilized in a polyurethane foam (PUF). These cells serve as a source of chitosanolytic enzymes. RESULTS The study revealed that the process of freeze-drying of immobilized mycelium increases the stability of the associated enzymes during chitosan hydrolysis. The use of stabilized preparations as an active reactor bed enables the production of COS at a constant level for 16 reactor cycles (384 h in total), i.e. 216 h longer compared to non-stabilized mycelium. In the hydrolysate, oligomers ranging in structure from dimer to hexamer as well as D-glucosamine were detected. The potential application of the obtained product in agriculture has been verified. The results of phytotests have demonstrated that the introduction of COS into the soil at a concentration of 0.01 or 0.05% w/w resulted in an increase in the growth of Lepidium sativum stem and root, respectively (extensions by 38 and 44% compared to the control sample). CONCLUSIONS The research has verified that the PUF-immobilized M. circinelloides IBT-83 mycelium, which has been stabilized through freeze-drying, is a promising biocatalyst for the environmentally friendly and efficient generation of COS. This biocatalyst has the potential to be used in fertilizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Struszczyk-Świta
- Institute of Molecular and Industrial Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, 2/22 Stefanowskiego Str., Lodz, 90-537, Poland.
| | - Michał Benedykt Kaczmarek
- Institute of Molecular and Industrial Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, 2/22 Stefanowskiego Str., Lodz, 90-537, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Antczak
- Institute of Molecular and Industrial Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, 2/22 Stefanowskiego Str., Lodz, 90-537, Poland
| | - Olga Marchut-Mikołajczyk
- Institute of Molecular and Industrial Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, 2/22 Stefanowskiego Str., Lodz, 90-537, Poland
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3
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Govindaraj V, Kim SK, Raval R, Raval K. Marine Bacillus haynesii chitinase: Purification, characterization and antifungal potential for sustainable chitin bioconversion. Carbohydr Res 2024; 541:109170. [PMID: 38830279 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2024.109170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
The development of chitinase tailored for the bioconversion of chitin to chitin oligosaccharides has attracted significant attention due to its potential to alleviate environmental pollution associated with chemical conversion processes. In this present investigation, we purified extracellular chitinase derived from marine Bacillus haynesii to homogeneity and subsequently characterized it. The molecular weight of BhChi was approximately 35 kDa. BhChi displayed its peak catalytic activity at pH 6.0, with an optimal temperature of 37 °C. It exhibited stability across a pH range of 6.0-9.0. In addition, BhChi showed activation in the presence of Mn2+ with the improved activity of 105 U mL-1. Ca2+ and Fe2+ metal ions did not have any significant impact on enzyme activity. Under the optimized enzymatic conditions, there was a notable enhancement in catalytic activity on colloidal chitin with Km of 0.01 mg mL-1 and Vmax of 5.75 mmol min-1. Kcat and catalytic efficiency were measured at 1.91 s-1 and 191 mL mg-1 s-1, respectively. The product profiling of BhChi using thin layer chromatography and Mass spectrometric techniques hinted an exochitinase mode of action with chitobiose and N-Acetyl glucosamine as the products. This study represents the first report on an exochitinase from Bacillus haynesii. Furthermore, the chitinase showcased promising antifungal properties against key pathogens, Fusarium oxysporum and Penicillium chrysogenum, reinforcing its potential as a potent biocontrol agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishnupriya Govindaraj
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Surathkal, Mangalore, 575025, Karnataka, India
| | - Se-Kwon Kim
- Department of Marine Science & Convergence Engineering, College of Science & Technology, Hanyang, University Erica Campus, Ansan, 11558, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ritu Raval
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India.
| | - Keyur Raval
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Surathkal, Mangalore, 575025, Karnataka, India.
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4
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2021-2022. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2024. [PMID: 38925550 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
The use of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry for the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates is a well-established technique and this review is the 12th update of the original article published in 1999 and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2022. As with previous review, this review also includes a few papers that describe methods appropriate to analysis by MALDI, such as sample preparation, even though the ionization method is not MALDI. The review follows the same format as previous reviews. It is divided into three sections: (1) general aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, fragmentation, quantification and the use of computer software for structural identification. (2) Applications to various structural types such as oligo- and polysaccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides and biopharmaceuticals, and (3) other general areas such as medicine, industrial processes, natural products and glycan synthesis where MALDI is extensively used. Much of the material relating to applications is presented in tabular form. MALDI is still an ideal technique for carbohydrate analysis, particularly in its ability to produce single ions from each analyte and advancements in the technique and range of applications show little sign of diminishing.
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5
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Sharma A, Arya SK, Singh J, Kapoor B, Bhatti JS, Suttee A, Singh G. Prospects of chitinase in sustainable farming and modern biotechnology: an update on recent progress and challenges. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2024; 40:310-340. [PMID: 36856523 DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2023.2183593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Chitinases are multifunctional biocatalysts for the pest control and useful in modern biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries. Chemical-based fungicides and insecticides have caused more severe effects on environment and human health. Many pathogenic fungal species and insects became resistant to the chemical pesticides. The resistant fungi emerged as a multidrug resistant also and less susceptible insects are not possible to control adequately. Chitinases have an immense potential to be exploited as a biopesticide against fungi and insects. The direct use of chitinase in liquid formulation or whole microbial enzyme producing cells, both act as antagonistically against the pests. Chitinase can disintegrate the fungal cell wall and insect integument that holds the chitin as a vital structural component. Moreover, chitinase is applied for the synthesis of pharmaceutically important chitooligosaccharides. Chitinase producing microbes have the huge potential to utilize against the waste management of sea food remains like shells of crustaceans. Chitinase is valuable for the synthesis of protoplasts from industrially important fungi, further it act as the biocontrol agent of malaria and dengue fever causing larvae of mosquitoes. Chitinases also have been successfully used in wine and single cell protein producing industries. Present review is illustrating the updated information on the state of the art of different applications of chitinases in agriculture and biotechnology industry. It also bestows the understanding to the readers about the areas of extensively studied and the field where there is still much left to be done.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anindita Sharma
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
| | | | - Jatinder Singh
- Department of Horticulture, SAGR, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
| | - Bhupinder Kapoor
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University Phagwara, Phagwara, India
| | - Jasvinder Singh Bhatti
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, India
| | - Ashish Suttee
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University Phagwara, India
| | - Gursharan Singh
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
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6
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Li N, Lu Y, Sheng X, Cao Y, Liu W, Zhou Z, Jiang L. Recent Progress in Enzymatic Preparation of Chitooligosaccharides with a Single Degree of Polymerization and Their Potential Applications in the Food Sector. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2024:10.1007/s12010-024-04876-9. [PMID: 38411934 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-024-04876-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Chitosan oligosaccharides (COS), derived from chitin, have garnered considerable attention owing to their diverse biological activities and potential applications. Previous investigations into the bioactivity of COS often encountered challenges, primarily stemming from the use of COS mixtures, making it difficult to discern specific effects linked to distinct degrees of polymerization (DP). Recent progress underscores the significant variation in the biological activities of COS corresponding to different DPs, prompting dedicated research towards synthesizing COS with well-defined polymerization. Among the available methods, enzymatic preparation stands out as a viable and environmentally friendly approach for COS synthesis. This article provides a comprehensive overview of emerging strategies for the enzymatic preparation of single COS, encompassing protein engineering, enzymatic membrane bioreactors, and transglycosylation reactions. Furthermore, the bioactivities of single COS, including anti-tumor, antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and plant defense inducer properties, exhibit close associations with DP values. The potential applications of single COS, such as in functional food, food preservation, and crop planting, are also elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuting Lu
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xian Sheng
- Yixing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yixing, 214299, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yi Cao
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Liu
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Zhi Zhou
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ling Jiang
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, Jiangsu, China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, Jiangsu, China
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7
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Minguet-Lobato M, Cervantes FV, Míguez N, Plou FJ, Fernández-Lobato M. Chitinous material bioconversion by three new chitinases from the yeast Mestchnikowia pulcherrima. Microb Cell Fact 2024; 23:31. [PMID: 38245740 PMCID: PMC10799394 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-024-02300-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chitinases are widely distributed enzymes that perform the biotransformation of chitin, one of the most abundant polysaccharides on the biosphere, into useful value-added chitooligosaccharides (COS) with a wide variety of biotechnological applications in food, health, and agricultural fields. One of the most important group of enzymes involved in the degradation of chitin comprises the glycoside hydrolase family 18 (GH18), which harbours endo- and exo-enzymes that act synergistically to depolymerize chitin. The secretion of a chitinase activity from the ubiquitous yeast Mestchnikowia pulcherrima and their involvement in the post-harvest biological control of fungal pathogens was previously reported. RESULTS Three new chitinases from M. pulcherrima, MpChit35, MpChit38 and MpChit41, were molecularly characterized and extracellularly expressed in Pichia pastoris to about 91, 90 and 71 mU ml- 1, respectively. The three enzymes hydrolysed colloidal chitin with optimal activity at 45 ºC and pH 4.0-4.5, increased 2-times their activities using 1 mM of Mn2+ and hydrolysed different types of commercial chitosan. The partial separation and characterization of the complex COS mixtures produced from the hydrolysis of chitin and chitosan were achieved by a new anionic chromatography HPAEC-PAD method and mass spectrometry assays. An overview of the predicted structures of these proteins and their catalytic modes of action were also presented. Depicted their high sequence and structural homology, MpChit35 acted as an exo-chitinase producing di-acetyl-chitobiose from chitin while MpChit38 and MpChit41 both acted as endo-chitinases producing tri-acetyl-chitotriose as main final product. CONCLUSIONS Three new chitinases from the yeast M. pulcherrima were molecularly characterized and their enzymatic and structural characteristics analysed. These enzymes transformed chitinous materials to fully and partially acetylated COS through different modes of splitting, which make them interesting biocatalysts for deeper structural-function studies on the challenging enzymatic conversion of chitin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Minguet-Lobato
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centre for Molecular Biology Severo Ochoa (CBMSO, CSIC-UAM), University Autonomous from Madrid, C/ Nicolás Cabrera, 1. Cantoblanco, Madrid, 28049, Spain
- Institute of Catalysis and Petrochemistry, CSIC. C/ Marie Curie, 2. Cantoblanco, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Fadia V Cervantes
- Institute of Catalysis and Petrochemistry, CSIC. C/ Marie Curie, 2. Cantoblanco, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Noa Míguez
- Institute of Catalysis and Petrochemistry, CSIC. C/ Marie Curie, 2. Cantoblanco, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Francisco J Plou
- Institute of Catalysis and Petrochemistry, CSIC. C/ Marie Curie, 2. Cantoblanco, Madrid, 28049, Spain.
| | - María Fernández-Lobato
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centre for Molecular Biology Severo Ochoa (CBMSO, CSIC-UAM), University Autonomous from Madrid, C/ Nicolás Cabrera, 1. Cantoblanco, Madrid, 28049, Spain.
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8
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Li J, Guan S, Cai B, Li Q, Rong S. Low molecular weight chitosan oligosaccharides form stable complexes with human lactoferrin. FEBS Open Bio 2023; 13:2215-2223. [PMID: 37872003 PMCID: PMC10699096 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteins in tears, including human lactoferrin (HLF), can be deposited and denatured on contact lenses, increasing the risk of microbial cell attachment to the lens and ocular complications. The surfactants currently used in commercial contact lens care solutions have low clearance ability for tear proteins. Chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) binds to a variety of proteins and has potential for use in protein removal, especially in contact lens care solutions. Here, we analyzed the interaction mechanism of COSs hydrolyzed from chitosan from different resources with HLF. The molecular weights (MWs) and concentrations of COSs were key factors for the formation of COS-HLF complexes. Lower MWs of COSs could form more stable COS-HLF complexes. COS from Aspergillus ochraceus had a superior effect on HLF compared with COS from shrimp and crab shell with the same MWs. In conclusion, COSs could bind to and cause a conformational change in HLF. Therefore, COSs, especially those with low MWs, have potential as deproteinizing agents in contact lens care solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Li
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Perfume and Aroma TechnologyShanghai Institute of TechnologyShanghaiChina
| | - Shimin Guan
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Perfume and Aroma TechnologyShanghai Institute of TechnologyShanghaiChina
| | - Baoguo Cai
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Perfume and Aroma TechnologyShanghai Institute of TechnologyShanghaiChina
| | - Qianqian Li
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Perfume and Aroma TechnologyShanghai Institute of TechnologyShanghaiChina
| | - Shaofeng Rong
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Perfume and Aroma TechnologyShanghai Institute of TechnologyShanghaiChina
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9
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Ingrungruengluet P, Wang D, Li X, Yang C, Waiprib Y, Li C. Preparation and Primary Bioactivity Evaluation of Novel Water-Soluble Curcumin-Loaded Polymeric Micelles Fabricated with Chitooligosaccharides and Pluronic F-68. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2497. [PMID: 37896257 PMCID: PMC10609826 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15102497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Curcumin (CU) is a bioactive compound extracted from turmeric and has various advantages. However, the benefit of CU is limited by its low water solubility (11 ng/mL). This research aimed to fabricate a water-soluble CU nano-formulation with chitooligosaccharides (COS) and pluronic F-68 (PF) utilizing the polymeric micelle method. The optimized curcumin-loaded chitooligosaccharides/pluronic F-68 micelles (COSPFCU) exhibited high encapsulation efficiency and loading capacity (75.57 ± 2.35% and 10.32 ± 0.59%, respectively). The hydrodynamic diameter of lyophilized COSPFCU was 73.89 ± 11.69 nm with a polydispersity index below 0.3. The COSPFCU could be completely redispersed in water and showed high DPPH scavenging ability. Meanwhile, COSPFCU could significantly reduce the cytotoxicity of the RAW 264.7 cells compared to native CU. Furthermore, COSPFCU improved the inhibition of NO release activity at 72.83 ± 2.37% but 33.20 ± 3.41% for the CU, with a low cytotoxicity concentration in the RAW 264.7 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pattarachat Ingrungruengluet
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China (X.L.); (C.Y.)
- Department of Fishery Products, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Dingfu Wang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China (X.L.); (C.Y.)
| | - Xin Li
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China (X.L.); (C.Y.)
| | - Cheng Yang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China (X.L.); (C.Y.)
| | - Yaowapha Waiprib
- Department of Fishery Products, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Center for Advanced Studies for Agriculture and Food (CASAF), Kasetsart University Institute for Advanced Studies, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Chunxia Li
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China (X.L.); (C.Y.)
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10
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Liu Y, Qin Z, Wang C, Jiang Z. N-acetyl-d-glucosamine-based oligosaccharides from chitin: Enzymatic production, characterization and biological activities. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 315:121019. [PMID: 37230627 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Chitin, the second most abundant biopolymer, possesses diverse applications in the food, agricultural, and pharmaceutical industries due to its functional properties. However, the potential applications of chitin are limited owing to its high crystallinity and low solubility. N-acetyl chitooligosaccharides and lacto-N-triose II, the two types of GlcNAc-based oligosaccharides, can be obtained from chitin by enzymatic methods. With their lower molecular weights and improved solubility, these two types of GlcNAc-based oligosaccharides display more various beneficial health effects when compared to chitin. Among their abilities, they have exhibited antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, antimicrobial, and plant elicitor activities as well as immunomodulatory and prebiotic effects, which suggests they have the potential to be utilized as food additives, functional daily supplements, drug precursors, elicitors for plants, and prebiotics. This review comprehensively covers the enzymatic methods used for the two types of GlcNAc-based oligosaccharides production from chitin by chitinolytic enzymes. Moreover, current advances in the structural characterization and biological activities of these two types of GlcNAc-based oligosaccharides are summarized in the review. We also highlight current problems in the production of these oligosaccharides and trends in their development, aiming to offer some directions for producing functional oligosaccharides from chitin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihao Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin Economy Technological Development Area, No. 29, 13th Avenue, Tianjin 300222, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Qin
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Baoshan District, No.99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunling Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin Economy Technological Development Area, No. 29, 13th Avenue, Tianjin 300222, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhengqiang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Food Bioengineering (China National Light Industry), College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, No.17 Qinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China.
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11
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Abedin RMA, Abd Elwaly DRM, Abd El-Salam AE. Production, statistical evaluation and characterization of chitosanase from Fusarium oxysporum D18. ANN MICROBIOL 2023; 73:27. [DOI: 10.1186/s13213-023-01731-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
The present research work focuses on the extraction of chitosanase enzyme from soil fungi. Chitosan hydrolysis by chitosanase is one of the most effective methods to produce chitosan oligosaccharides which are new biomaterials that have many biological activities such as antitumour, antioxidant, antidiabetic and antimicrobial.
Method
A strain producing chitosanase was screened and identified as Fusarium oxysporum D18 with an accession number OL343607. Various physiological parameters (incubation type, carbon source, additive nitrogen source, statistical evaluation, solid state fermentation) were assessed to increase chitosanase production.
Results
Fusarium oxysporum D18 produced a considerable value of chitosanase (1.220 U/ml). After 7 days of incubation, the best carbon source was lactose, and the best nitrogen source was ammonium chloride. Statistical evaluation was carried out by using Plackett–Burman and Box-Behnken designs. The highest chitosanase production (1.994 U/ml) was induced by the medium composition g/l: KH2PO4 (1.5), MgSO4 (0.269), lactose (18), NH4Cl (1.26), pH (6.68), using a 5-day-old inoculum and chitosanase activity was 1.63 folds that of the original medium. The production of chitosanase by Fusarium oxysporum D18 in solid state cultures using different solid substrates was studied and the best solid substrate for higher chitosanase activity (2.246 U/ml) was raw shrimp heads and shells and chitosanase activity was 1.13 folds that of the optimized liquid cultures. An extracellular chitosanase was isolated and partially purified by using 75% saturation of ammonium sulphate. The highest chitosanase activity (3.667 U/ml) with a specific activity of 0.390 U/mg protein was obtained at enzyme protein concentration of 9.391 mg/ml, substrate concentration of 1.2 % (w/v), Vmax of the enzyme of approximately 0.430 U/mg protein, and KM of 0.26 % (w/v), at pH 5.6 and reaction temperature of 50 °C. The activity of the purified and characterized chitosanase increased by 3 times than that the original isolate activity. The enzyme was thermostable and retained about 55% of its original activity after heating at 70 °C for 15 min. The enzyme preparations were activated by Ca2+ ions and inactivated by Zn+2, Cu+2 ions, and EDTA.
Conclusion
An antitumour activity of chitooligosaccharides produced by the chitosanase was applied to the MCF-7 (breast carcinoma cells) and they had a cytotoxicity inhibitory effect against them about IC50 = 448 μg/ml.
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Abedin RMA, Elwaly DRMA, El-salam AEA. Production, Statistical Evaluation and Characterization of Chitosanase from Fusarium oxysporum D18.. [DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2898996/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose The present research work focuses on the extraction of chitosanase enzyme from soil fungi. Chitosan hydrolysis by chitosanase is one of the most effective methods to produce chitosan oligosaccharides which are new biomaterials that have many biological activities such as antitumor, antioxidant, antidiabetic and antimicrobial.
Method: A strain producing chitosanase was screened and identified as Fusarium oxysporum D18 with an accession number OL343607. Various physiological parameters (incubation type, carbon source, additive nitrogen source, statistical evaluation, solid state fermentation) were assessed to increase chitosanase production.
Results: Fusarium oxysporum D18 produced a considerable value of chitosanase, (1.220 U/ml). after 7 days of incubation, the best carbon source was lactose, and the best nitrogen source was ammonium chloride. Statistical evaluation was carried out by using Plackett-Burman and Box-Behnken designs. The highest chitosanase production, (1.994 U/ml) was induced by the medium composition g/L: KH2PO4 (1.5), MgSO4 (0.269), lactose (18), NH4Cl (1.26), pH (6.68), using a 5-day old inoculum and chitosanase activity was 1.63 folds that of the original medium. The production of chitosanase by Fusarium oxysporum D18 in solid state cultures using different solid substrates was studied and the best solid substrate for higher chitosanase activity (2.246 U/ml) was raw shrimp heads and shells and chitosanase activity was 1.13 folds that of the optimized liquid cultures. An extracellular chitosanase was isolated and partially purified by using 75 % saturation of ammonium sulphate. The highest chitosanase activity (3.667 U/ml) was obtained at enzyme protein concentration, (9.391 mg/ml), substrate concentration, (1.20%), Vmax of the enzyme was approximately (4.04 U/ml), km was (0.26%), at pH, (5.6) and reaction temperature, (50°C). The activity of the purified and characterized chitosanase increased by 3 times than that the original isolate activity. The enzyme was thermostable and retained about 55% of its original activity after heating at 70°C for 15 min. The enzyme preparations were activated by Ca2+ ions and inactivated by Zn+2, Cu+2 ions, and EDTA.
Conclusion: An antitumor activity of chitooligosaccharides produced by the chitosanase was applied to the MCF-7 (breast carcinoma cells) and they had a cytotoxicity inhibitory effect against them about IC50 = (448 μg/ml).
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An update on the review of microbial synthesis of glucosamine and N-acetylglucosamine. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:93. [PMID: 36754899 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03531-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Glucosamine (GlcN) is a natural amino monosaccharide in which a hydroxyl group of glucose is substituted by an amino group. It belongs to functional amino sugar compounds. In the traditional preparation process, GlcN and GlcNAc are obtained by hydrolyzing the cell wall of shrimp and crab. There are many potential problems with this method, such as geographical and seasonal restrictions on the supply of raw materials, serious environmental pollution and potential allergic reactions. Microbial fermentation has the advantages of mild conditions, low environmental pollution, high production intensity, and product safety. It can effectively solve the problem of shrimp and crab hydrolysis process, attracting many researchers to participate in the research of microbial fermentation production of GlcN. This paper mainly summarizes the research on strain construction method, metabolic pathway design and fermentation condition optimization in microbial fermentation, which has certain guiding significance for the further production, research and production of glucosamine.
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Deep Chemical and Physico-Chemical Characterization of Antifungal Industrial Chitosans-Biocontrol Applications. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28030966. [PMID: 36770629 PMCID: PMC9919833 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28030966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Five different chitosan samples (CHI-1 to CHI-5) from crustacean shells with high deacetylation degrees (>93%) have been deeply characterized from a chemical and physicochemical point of view in order to better understand the impact of some parameters on the bioactivity against two pathogens frequently encountered in vineyards, Plasmopara viticola and Botrytis cinerea. All the samples were analyzed by SEC-MALS, 1H-NMR, elemental analysis, XPS, FTIR, mass spectrometry, pyrolysis, and TGA and their antioxidant activities were measured (DPPH method). Molecular weights were in the order: CHI-4 and CHI-5 (MW >50 kDa) > CHI-3 > CHI-2 and CHI-1 (MW < 20 kDa). CHI-1, CHI-2 and CHI-3 are under their hydrochloride form, CHI-4 and CHI-5 are under their NH2 form, and CHI-3 contains a high amount of a chitosan calcium complex. CHI-2 and CHI-3 showed higher scavenging activity than others. The bioactivity against B. cinerea was molecular weight dependent with an IC50 for CHI-1 = CHI-2 (13 mg/L) ≤ CHI-3 (17 mg/L) < CHI-4 (75 mg/L) < CHI-5 (152 mg/L). The bioactivity on P. viticola zoospores was important, even at a very low concentration for all chitosans (no moving spores between 1 and 0.01 g/L). These results show that even at low concentrations and under hydrochloride form, chitosan could be a good alternative to pesticides.
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Potential Medical Applications of Chitooligosaccharides. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14173558. [PMID: 36080631 PMCID: PMC9460531 DOI: 10.3390/polym14173558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitooligosaccharides, also known as chitosan oligomers or chitooligomers, are made up of chitosan with a degree of polymerization (DP) that is less than 20 and an average molecular weight (MW) that is lower than 3.9 kDa. COS can be produced through enzymatic conversions using chitinases, physical and chemical applications, or a combination of these strategies. COS is of significant interest for pharmacological and medical applications due to its increased water solubility and non-toxicity, with a wide range of bioactivities, including antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, neuroprotective, anticancer, and antioxidant effects. This review aims to outline the recent advances and potential applications of COS in various diseases and conditions based on the available literature, mainly from preclinical research. The prospects of further in vivo studies and translational research on COS in the medical field are highlighted.
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Jiménez-Ortega E, Kidibule PE, Fernández-Lobato M, Sanz-Aparicio J. Structure-Function Insights into the Fungal Endo-Chitinase Chit33 Depict its Mechanism on Chitinous Material. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147599. [PMID: 35886948 PMCID: PMC9323625 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitin is the most widespread amino renewable carbohydrate polymer in nature and the second most abundant polysaccharide. Therefore, chitin and chitinolytic enzymes are becoming more importance for biotechnological applications in food, health and agricultural fields, the design of effective enzymes being a paramount issue. We report the crystal structure of the plant-type endo-chitinase Chit33 from Trichoderma harzianum and its D165A/E167A-Chit33-(NAG)4 complex, which showed an extended catalytic cleft with six binding subsites lined with many polar interactions. The major trait of Chit33 is the location of the non-conserved Asp117 and Arg274 acting as a clamp, fixing the distorted conformation of the sugar at subsite -1 and the bent shape of the substrate, which occupies the full catalytic groove. Relevant residues were selected for mutagenesis experiments, the variants being biochemically characterized through their hydrolytic activity against colloidal chitin and other polymeric substrates with different molecular weights and deacetylation percentages. The mutant S118Y stands out, showing a superior performance in all the substrates tested, as well as detectable transglycosylation capacity, with this variant providing a promising platform for generation of novel Chit33 variants with adjusted performance by further design of rational mutants'. The putative role of Tyr in binding was extrapolated from molecular dynamics simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Jiménez-Ortega
- Department of Crystallography and Structural Biology, Institute of Physical-Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, 28006 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Peter Elias Kidibule
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centre of Molecular Biology Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
| | - María Fernández-Lobato
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centre of Molecular Biology Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
- Correspondence: (M.F.-L.); (J.S.-A.)
| | - Julia Sanz-Aparicio
- Department of Crystallography and Structural Biology, Institute of Physical-Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, 28006 Madrid, Spain;
- Correspondence: (M.F.-L.); (J.S.-A.)
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Tanaya Behera H, Mojumdar A, Kumari K, Kumar Gouda S, Das S, Ray L. Exploration of genomic and functional features of chitinolytic bacterium Streptomyces chilikensis RC1830, isolated from Chilika Lake, India. 3 Biotech 2022; 12:120. [PMID: 35547016 PMCID: PMC9035197 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-022-03184-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptomyces chilikensis RC1830 was previously isolated as a novel chitinolytic streptomycete from Chilika Lake, Odisha, India. The strain RC1830 is a representative member of the soil-dwelling, filamentous Streptomyces group that produces the majority of natural antibiotics and secondary metabolites. The objective of this work was to assess the chitin degradation ability and whole-genome sequence of Streptomyces chilikensis RC1830. TLC analysis of the fermentation product revealed that strain RC1830 can convert shrimp shell colloidal chitin to N-acetylated chitooligosaccharides (N-AcCOS). A genome-wide investigation of RC1830 was also carried out to investigate the genetic basis for chitin breakdown. The result showed that the RC1830 genome possesses a chromosome with 7,121,774 bp (73.2% GC). The genome consists of 6807 coding sequences, 69 tRNA, and 3 rRNA genes. Furthermore, carbohydrate-active enzyme (CAZyme) analysis revealed that RC1830 has 89 glycoside hydrolase family genes, which could modulate the enzymes involved in the degradation of chitin ultimately producing industrially important COS. The whole-genome information of RC1830 could emphasize the mechanism involved in the RC1830's chitin breakdown activity, endowing RC1830 with a promising alternative for COS production. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-022-03184-5.
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Khayrova A, Lopatin S, Shagdarova B, Sinitsyna O, Sinitsyn A, Varlamov V. Evaluation of Antibacterial and Antifungal Properties of Low Molecular Weight Chitosan Extracted from Hermetia illucens Relative to Crab Chitosan. Molecules 2022; 27:577. [PMID: 35056890 PMCID: PMC8777618 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27020577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This study shows the research on the depolymerisation of insect and crab chitosans using novel enzymes. Enzyme preparations containing recombinant chitinase Chi 418 from Trichoderma harzianum, chitinase Chi 403, and chitosanase Chi 402 from Myceliophthora thermophila, all belonging to the family GH18 of glycosyl hydrolases, were used to depolymerise a biopolymer, resulting in a range of chitosans with average molecular weights (Mw) of 6-21 kDa. The depolymerised chitosans obtained from crustaceans and insects were studied, and their antibacterial and antifungal properties were evaluated. The results proved the significance of the chitosan's origin, showing the potential of Hermetia illucens as a new source of low molecular weight chitosan with an improved biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelya Khayrova
- Institute of Bioengineering, Research Centre of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (S.L.); (B.S.); (V.V.)
- Entoprotech Ltd., Skolkovo Innovation Centre, 121205 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey Lopatin
- Institute of Bioengineering, Research Centre of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (S.L.); (B.S.); (V.V.)
| | - Balzhima Shagdarova
- Institute of Bioengineering, Research Centre of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (S.L.); (B.S.); (V.V.)
| | - Olga Sinitsyna
- Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (O.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Arkady Sinitsyn
- Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (O.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Valery Varlamov
- Institute of Bioengineering, Research Centre of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (S.L.); (B.S.); (V.V.)
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Yu F, Wang Y, Zhao Y, Chou J, Li X. Preparation of Polyurea Microcapsules by Interfacial Polymerization of Isocyanate and Chitosan Oligosaccharide. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:3753. [PMID: 34279323 PMCID: PMC8269919 DOI: 10.3390/ma14133753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
(2-((1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)oxy)-N-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-propanamide) is a new oil-soluble compound with good fungicidal activity against Rhizoctonia solani. Chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) is the depolymerization product of chitosan and can be developed into biological pesticides, growth regulators, and fertilizers due to its various bioactivities. COS is an oligomer of β- (1 → 4)-linked d -glucosamine and can be taken as a polyamine. In this study, microcapsules were prepared by interfacial polymerization of oil-soluble methylene diphenyl diisocyanate and water-soluble COS. The effects of several key preparation parameters, e.g., emulsifier dosage, agitation rate during emulsification, and core/shell ratio, on properties of the microcapsules such as the encapsulation efficiency, particle size, and size distribution were investigated. The microcapsules were characterized by infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy, etc., and the encapsulation efficiency and release behaviors were investigated. The results show that the microcapsules have a smooth surface and 93.3% of encapsulation efficiency. The microcapsules showed slow-release behavior following a first-order kinetic equation, and the accumulative release rates of the microcapsules with core/shell mass ratios of 8.0/4.0, 8.0/5.0, and 8.0/6.0, were 95.5%, 91.4%, and 90.1%, respectively, on day 30. Due to many high biological activities, biodegradability, and the pure nature of COS, microcapsules formed from COS are promising for applications in controlled release of pesticides, growth regulators, and fertilizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuqiang Yu
- Department of Materials Physics and Chemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Key Laboratory for Anisotropy and Texture of Materials, Ministry of Education, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, china
- State Key Laboratory for the Discovery and Development of Novel Pesticides, Shenyang Sinochem Agrochemicals R&D Co., Ltd., Shenyang 110021, China
| | - Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory for the Discovery and Development of Novel Pesticides, Shenyang Sinochem Agrochemicals R&D Co., Ltd., Shenyang 110021, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Jihua Laboratory, Nanhai, Foshan 528200, China
| | - Jingyu Chou
- State Key Laboratory for the Discovery and Development of Novel Pesticides, Shenyang Sinochem Agrochemicals R&D Co., Ltd., Shenyang 110021, China
| | - Xiaowu Li
- Department of Materials Physics and Chemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Key Laboratory for Anisotropy and Texture of Materials, Ministry of Education, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, china
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