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Li M, Chen X, Song C, Fan L, Qiu L, Li D, Xu H, Meng S, Mu X, Xia B, Ling J. Sub-chronically exposing zebrafish to environmental levels of methomyl induces dysbiosis and dysfunction of the gut microbiota. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 261:119674. [PMID: 39053762 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2024] [Revised: 06/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
The widespread use of carbamate pesticides has led to numerous environmental and health concerns, including water contamination and perturbation of endocrine homeostasis among organisms. However, there remains a paucity of research elucidating the specific effects of methomyl on gut microbial composition and physiological functions. This study aimed to investigate the intricate relationship between changes in zebrafish bacterial communities and intestinal function after 56 days of sub-chronic methomyl exposure at environmentally relevant concentrations (0, 0.05, 0.10, and 0.20 mg/L). Our findings reveal significant methomyl-induced morphological changes in zebrafish intestines, characterized by villi shortening and breakage. Notably, methomyl exposure down-regulated nutrient and energy metabolism, and drug metabolism at 0.05-0.10 mg/L, while up-regulating cortisol, inflammation-related genes, and apoptotic markers at 0.20 mg/L. These manifestations indicate physiological stress imposition and disruption of gut microbiota equilibrium, impacting metabolic processes and instigating low-grade inflammatory responses and apoptotic cascades. Importantly, changes in intestinal function significantly correlated with shifts in specific bacterial taxa abundance, including Shewanella, Rubrobacter, Acinetobacter, Bacillus, Luteolibacter, Nocardia, Defluviimonas, and Bacteroides genus. In summary, our study underscores the potential adverse effects of environmental methomyl exposure on aquatic organisms, emphasizing the necessity for further research to mitigate its repercussions on environmental health and ecosystem stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxiao Li
- Wuxi Fishery College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, 214081, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Wuxi Fishery College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, 214081, China; Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Fishery Resources and Environment in the Lower Reaches of the Changjiang River, Wuxi, 214081, China
| | - Chao Song
- Wuxi Fishery College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, 214081, China; Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Fishery Resources and Environment in the Lower Reaches of the Changjiang River, Wuxi, 214081, China
| | - Limin Fan
- Wuxi Fishery College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, 214081, China; Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Fishery Resources and Environment in the Lower Reaches of the Changjiang River, Wuxi, 214081, China
| | - Liping Qiu
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Fishery Resources and Environment in the Lower Reaches of the Changjiang River, Wuxi, 214081, China
| | - Dandan Li
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Fishery Resources and Environment in the Lower Reaches of the Changjiang River, Wuxi, 214081, China
| | - Huimin Xu
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Fishery Resources and Environment in the Lower Reaches of the Changjiang River, Wuxi, 214081, China
| | - Shunlong Meng
- Wuxi Fishery College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, 214081, China; Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Fishery Resources and Environment in the Lower Reaches of the Changjiang River, Wuxi, 214081, China.
| | - Xiyan Mu
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Bin Xia
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Jun Ling
- Fisheries Institute, Anhui Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
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Li M, Chen X, Song C, Xu J, Fan L, Qiu L, Li D, Xu H, Meng S, Mu X, Xia B, Ling J. Sub-Chronic Methomyl Exposure Induces Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Responses in Zebrafish with Higher Female Susceptibility. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:871. [PMID: 39061939 PMCID: PMC11274337 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13070871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The widespread use of carbamate pesticides has raised significant environmental and health concerns, particularly regarding water contamination and the disruption of defense systems in organisms. Despite these concerns, research on the differential impacts of pesticides on male and female organisms remains limited. This study focused on methomyl, investigating sex-specific differences in liver antioxidant defenses and inflammatory response indices in male and female zebrafish after 56 days of exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations (0, 0.05, 0.10, and 0.20 mg/L). Our findings indicate that methomyl exposure significantly increased ROS content in zebrafish livers, inducing oxidative stress and activating enzymatic antioxidant defenses such as SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px activities. Sub-chronic exposure altered the expression of apoptosis-related genes (Bax/Bcl2a and Caspases3a), resulting in liver cell apoptosis in a concentration-dependent manner, with the 0.20 mg/L concentration causing the most severe damage. Additionally, methomyl exposure at environmentally relevant concentrations triggered persistent inflammatory responses in liver tissues, evidenced by increased transcription levels of inflammatory factor genes and the activation of toll-like receptors, heightening susceptibility to exogenous allergens. It is noteworthy that oxidative damage indicators (AST, ROS, MDA) and inflammatory gene expressions (IL-1β, TNF-α) were significantly higher in female livers compared to male livers at 0.10-0.20 mg/L methomyl exposure. Consequently, our study underscores the potential adverse effects of environmental methomyl exposure on aquatic organisms and highlights the need for heightened consideration of the risks posed by environmental endocrine disruptors to female health and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxiao Li
- Wuxi Fishery College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China; (M.L.); (X.C.); (C.S.); (L.F.)
| | - Xi Chen
- Wuxi Fishery College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China; (M.L.); (X.C.); (C.S.); (L.F.)
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Fishery Resources and Environment in the Lower Reaches of the Changjiang River, Wuxi 214081, China; (L.Q.); (D.L.); (H.X.)
| | - Chao Song
- Wuxi Fishery College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China; (M.L.); (X.C.); (C.S.); (L.F.)
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Fishery Resources and Environment in the Lower Reaches of the Changjiang River, Wuxi 214081, China; (L.Q.); (D.L.); (H.X.)
| | - Jing Xu
- Environmental Testing Centre, Wuxi 214028, China;
| | - Limin Fan
- Wuxi Fishery College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China; (M.L.); (X.C.); (C.S.); (L.F.)
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Fishery Resources and Environment in the Lower Reaches of the Changjiang River, Wuxi 214081, China; (L.Q.); (D.L.); (H.X.)
| | - Liping Qiu
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Fishery Resources and Environment in the Lower Reaches of the Changjiang River, Wuxi 214081, China; (L.Q.); (D.L.); (H.X.)
| | - Dandan Li
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Fishery Resources and Environment in the Lower Reaches of the Changjiang River, Wuxi 214081, China; (L.Q.); (D.L.); (H.X.)
| | - Huimin Xu
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Fishery Resources and Environment in the Lower Reaches of the Changjiang River, Wuxi 214081, China; (L.Q.); (D.L.); (H.X.)
| | - Shunlong Meng
- Wuxi Fishery College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China; (M.L.); (X.C.); (C.S.); (L.F.)
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Fishery Resources and Environment in the Lower Reaches of the Changjiang River, Wuxi 214081, China; (L.Q.); (D.L.); (H.X.)
| | - Xiyan Mu
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China;
| | - Bin Xia
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China;
| | - Jun Ling
- Fisheries Institute, Anhui Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
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Amaral I, Antunes SC, Rebelo D, Carvalho AP, Rodrigues S. Biopesticide spinosad: Unraveling ecotoxicological effects on zebrafish, Danio rerio. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 108:104458. [PMID: 38663649 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2024.104458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Biopesticides are natural compounds considered more safe and sustainable for the environment. Spinosad (SPI) is a bioinsecticide used in marketed worldwide, to eradicate a variety of pests. This study aimed to assess the impacts of the SPI on the non-target organism zebrafish (Danio rerio). Several concentrations of SPI were tested to evaluate the acute (0.07-1.0 mg/L) and chronic (0.006-0.100 mg/L) ecotoxicological effects. To evaluate sub-individual effects, antioxidant defense, lipid peroxidation, energy sources, and cholinergic biomarkers were quantified. In both exposures, SPI induced significant effects on antioxidant defense indicating oxidative stress, disrupting energy pathways, and exhibiting neurotoxic effects, under environmentally relevant conditions. Integrated Biomarker Response (IBRv2) showed that with increasing SPI concentrations, an increase in impacts on organisms was recorded. This study demonstrates the vulnerability of a non-target organism to SPI, a bioinsecticide considered environmentally safe. Further research is essential to fully understand the implications of spinosad to aquatic biota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Amaral
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre S/N, Porto 4169-007, Portugal; Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos S/N, Matosinhos 4550-208, Portugal
| | - Sara C Antunes
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre S/N, Porto 4169-007, Portugal; Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos S/N, Matosinhos 4550-208, Portugal
| | - Daniela Rebelo
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre S/N, Porto 4169-007, Portugal; Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos S/N, Matosinhos 4550-208, Portugal; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, Porto 4050-313, Portugal
| | - António Paulo Carvalho
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre S/N, Porto 4169-007, Portugal; Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos S/N, Matosinhos 4550-208, Portugal
| | - Sara Rodrigues
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre S/N, Porto 4169-007, Portugal; Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos S/N, Matosinhos 4550-208, Portugal.
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Meng SL, Li MX, Lu Y, Chen X, Wang WP, Song C, Fan LM, Qiu LP, Li DD, Xu HM, Xu P. Effect of environmental level of methomyl on hatching, morphology, immunity and development related genes expression in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 268:115684. [PMID: 37976935 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
The extensive use of carbamate pesticides has led to a range of environmental and health problems, such as surface and groundwater contamination, and endocrine disorders in organisms. In this study, we focused on examining the effects of toxic exposure to the carbamate pesticide methomyl on the hatching, morphology, immunity and developmental gene expression levels in zebrafish embryos. Four concentrations of methomyl (0, 2, 20, and 200 μg/L) were administered to zebrafish embryos for a period of 96 h. The study found that exposure to methomyl accelerated the hatching process of zebrafish embryos, with the strongest effect recorded at the concentration of 2 μg/L. Methomyl exposure also trigged significantly reductions in heart rate and caused abnormalities in larvae morphology, and it also stimulated the synthesis and release of several inflammatory factors such as IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and INF-α, lowered the IgM contents, ultimately enhancing inflammatory response and interfering with immune function. All of these showed the significant effects on exposure time, concentration and their interaction (Time × Concentration). Furthermore, the body length of zebrafish exposed to methomyl for 96 h was significantly shorter, particularly at higher concentrations (200 μg/L). Methomyl also affected the expression levels of genes associated with development (down-regulated igf1, bmp2b, vasa, dazl and piwi genes), demonstrating strong developmental toxicity and disruption of the endocrine system, with the most observed at the concentration of 200 μg/L and 96 h exposure to methomyl. The results of this study provide valuable reference information on the potential damage of methomyl concentrations in the environment on fish embryo development, while also supplementing present research on the immunotoxicity of methomyl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Long Meng
- Wuxi Fishery College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China; Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Fishery Resources and Environment in the Lower Reaches of the Changjiang River, Wuxi 214081, China.
| | - Ming Xiao Li
- Wuxi Fishery College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China; Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Fishery Resources and Environment in the Lower Reaches of the Changjiang River, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Yan Lu
- Wuxi Fishery College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Wuxi Fishery College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China; Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Fishery Resources and Environment in the Lower Reaches of the Changjiang River, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Wei Ping Wang
- Jiangxi Provincial Aquatic Biology Protection and Rescue Center, Nangchang 330029, China
| | - Chao Song
- Wuxi Fishery College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China; Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Fishery Resources and Environment in the Lower Reaches of the Changjiang River, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Li Min Fan
- Wuxi Fishery College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China; Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Fishery Resources and Environment in the Lower Reaches of the Changjiang River, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Li Ping Qiu
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Fishery Resources and Environment in the Lower Reaches of the Changjiang River, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Dan Dan Li
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Fishery Resources and Environment in the Lower Reaches of the Changjiang River, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Hui Min Xu
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Fishery Resources and Environment in the Lower Reaches of the Changjiang River, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Pao Xu
- Wuxi Fishery College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China; Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Fishery Resources and Environment in the Lower Reaches of the Changjiang River, Wuxi 214081, China.
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Nuchniyom P, Intui K, Laoung-On J, Jaikang C, Quiggins R, Photichai K, Sudwan P. Effects of Nelumbonucifera Gaertn. Petal Tea Extract on Hepatotoxicity and Oxidative Stress Induced by Mancozeb in Rat Model. TOXICS 2023; 11:480. [PMID: 37368582 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11060480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Mancozeb (Mz) is one of the most widely used pesticides that has been reported to cause adverse human health risks. White Nelumbo nucifera (N. nucifera) petals have therapeutic properties to prevent toxicity. Hence, this study attempted to determine the effects of N. nucifera extract on hepatotoxicity and oxidative stress in mancozeb-treated rats. Seventy-two male rats were divided into nine groups and designed with a control; N. nucifera extract was administered at the doses of 0.55, 1.1, and 2.2 mg/kg bw/day, Mz was administered at 500 mg/kg bw/day, and the co-treatment groups (N. nucifera and Mz) were administered 0.55, 1.1, and 2.2 mg/kg bw/day of N. nucifera followed by administering Mz 500 mg/kg bw/day daily for 30 days. The results showed that all doses of N. nucifera extract did not induce hepatic toxicity and could suppress the toxicity of mancozeb by increasing body weight gain and decreasing relative liver weight, lobular inflammation, and total injury score. The combination treatment also decreased the molecular markers of oxidative stress (2-hydroxybutyric acid, 4-hydroxynonenal, l-tyrosine, pentosidine, and N6-carboxymethyllysine). Furthermore, the reduced glutathione and oxidized glutathione contents were adjusted close to the normal level. Therefore, N. nucifera extract is a natural antioxidant supplement that could decrease the toxicity of mancozeb and can be safely consumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pimchanok Nuchniyom
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Ketsarin Intui
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Jiraporn Laoung-On
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Churdsak Jaikang
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Ranida Quiggins
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Kornravee Photichai
- Center of Veterinary Diagnosis and Technology Transfer, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Paiwan Sudwan
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
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Rahman ANA, Mohamed AAR, Dahran N, Farag MFM, Alqahtani LS, Nassan MA, AlThobaiti SA, El-Naseery NI. Appraisal of sub-chronic exposure to lambada-cyhalothrin and/or methomyl on the behavior and hepato-renal functioning in Oreochromis niloticus: Supportive role of taurine-supplemented feed. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 250:106257. [PMID: 35933907 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2022.106257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The existing study was designed to inspect the toxicological consequences of two pesticides; lambda-cyhalothrin (LCT) and methomyl (MTM) and their combination on Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) behaviors, oxidative stress, hepato-renal function indices and microarchitectural alterations. In addition, the efficiency of taurine (TUR) to rescue their toxicity was also considered. Juvenile O. niloticus were assigned into eight groups. The control and TUR groups were fed on a basal diet and TUR-enriched (10 g kg1) diet, respectively. The other groups were fed on a basal diet, and exposed to LCT (0.079 µg L-1), MTM (20.39 µg L-1 and (LCT + MTM). The last three groups were (LCT + TUR), (MTM + TUR), and (LCT + MTM + TUR) and fed on a TUR-enriched diet during exposure to LCT and/or MTM for 60 days. The exposure to LCT and/or MTM resulted in several behavioral alterations and stress via enhanced cortisol and nor-epinephrine levels. A significant elevation of serum 8-hydroxy-2- deoxyguanosine, aspartate and alanine aminotransferases, lactate dehydrogenase, Alkaline phosphatase, urea, creatinine was also observed in these groups. Furthermore, reduced antioxidant enzymes activities, including (catlase, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase) with marked histopathological lesions in both liver and kidney tissues were detected. The up-regulated Bax and down-regulated Bcl-2 proteins were expressed in the liver and kidney tissues of LCT and/or MTM -exposed groups. Interestingly, all the observed alterations in behaviors, biochemical indices, and histo-architecture of renal and hepatic tissues were mitigated by TUR supplementation. The findings suggest that feeding O. niloticus dietary TUR may help to reduce the negative effects of LCT and/or MTM, and can also support kidney and liver health in O. niloticus, making it a promising aquaculture feed supplement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afaf N Abdel Rahman
- Department of Fish Diseases and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, P.O. Box 44511, Sharkia, Zagazig, Egypt.
| | - Amany Abdel-Rahman Mohamed
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, P.O. Box 44511, Zagazig, Egypt.
| | - Naief Dahran
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed F M Farag
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Leena S Alqahtani
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 23445, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed A Nassan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Turabah University College, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saed Ayidh AlThobaiti
- Biology Department, Turabah University College, Taif University, Taif 21995, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nesma I El-Naseery
- Department of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, P.O. Box 44511, Zagazig, Egypt
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Exposure Routes and Health Risks Associated with Pesticide Application. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10060335. [PMID: 35736943 PMCID: PMC9231402 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10060335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides play an important role in agricultural development. However, pesticide application can result in both acute and chronic human toxicities, and the adverse effects of pesticides on the environment and human health remain a serious problem. There is therefore a need to discuss the application methods for pesticides, the routes of pesticide exposure, and the health risks posed by pesticide application. The health problems related to pesticide application and exposure in developing countries are of particular concern. The purpose of this paper is to provide scientific information for policymakers in order to allow the development of proper pesticide application technics and methods to minimize pesticide exposure and the adverse health effects on both applicators and communities. Studies indicate that there are four main pesticide application methods, including hydraulic spraying, backpack spraying, basal trunk spraying, and aerial spraying. Pesticide application methods are mainly selected by considering the habits of target pests, the characteristics of target sites, and the properties of pesticides. Humans are directly exposed to pesticides in occupational, agricultural, and household activities and are indirectly exposed to pesticides via environmental media, including air, water, soil, and food. Human exposure to pesticides occurs mainly through dermal, oral, and respiratory routes. People who are directly and/or indirectly exposed to pesticides may contract acute toxicity effects and chronic diseases. Although no segment of the general population is completely protected against exposure to pesticides and their potentially serious health effects, a disproportionate burden is shouldered by people in developing countries. Both deterministic and probabilistic human health risk assessments have their advantages and disadvantages and both types of methods should be comprehensively implemented in research on exposure and human health risk assessment. Equipment for appropriate pesticide application is important for application efficiency to minimize the loss of spray solution as well as reduce pesticide residuals in the environment and adverse human health effects due to over-spraying and residues. Policymakers should implement various useful measures, such as integrated pest management (IPM) laws that prohibit the use of pesticides with high risks and the development of a national implementation plan (NIP) to reduce the adverse effects of pesticides on the environment and on human health.
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