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Jurado V, Martin-Pozas T, Fernandez-Cortes A, Calaforra JM, Sanchez-Moral S, Saiz-Jimenez C. Gypsum Cave Biofilm Communities are Strongly Influenced by Bat- And Arthropod-Related Fungi. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2024; 87:80. [PMID: 38829422 PMCID: PMC11147836 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-024-02395-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
The Gypsum Karst of Sorbas, Almeria, southeast Spain, includes a few caves whose entrances are open and allow the entry and roosting of numerous bats. Caves are characterized by their diversity of gypsum speleothems, such as stalactites, coralloids, gypsum crusts, etc. Colored biofilms can be observed on the walls of most caves, among which the Covadura and C3 caves were studied. The objective was to determine the influence that bat mycobiomes may have on the fungal communities of biofilms. The results indicate that the fungi retrieved from white and yellow biofilms in Covadura Cave (Ascomycota, Mortierellomycota, Basidiomycota) showed a wide diversity, depending on their location, and were highly influenced by the bat population, the guano and the arthropods that thrive in the guano, while C3 Cave was more strongly influenced by soil- and arthropod-related fungi (Ascomycota, Mortierellomycota), due to the absence of roosting bats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valme Jurado
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiologia, IRNAS-CSIC, 41012, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Tamara Martin-Pozas
- Departamento de Biologia y Geologia, Universidad de Almeria, 04120, Almeria, Spain
| | | | - Jose Maria Calaforra
- Departamento de Biologia y Geologia, Universidad de Almeria, 04120, Almeria, Spain
| | | | - Cesareo Saiz-Jimenez
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiologia, IRNAS-CSIC, 41012, Sevilla, Spain.
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Branysova T, Petru N, Lopez Marin MA, Solcova M, Demnerova K, Stiborova H. Uncovering the microbial diversity of Czech Republic archives: A study of metabolically active airborne microbes. Heliyon 2024; 10:e27930. [PMID: 38560214 PMCID: PMC10981025 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite the diligent efforts of libraries, archives, and similar institutions to preserve cultural monuments, biodeterioration continues to pose a significant threat to these objects. One of the main sources of microorganisms responsible for the biodeterioration process is the presence of airborne microorganisms. Therefore, this research aims to monitor and compare outcomes of both culture-dependent (utilising various cultivation strategies) and culture-independent approaches (RNA-based sequencing) to identifying metabolically active airborne microorganisms in archives in the Czech Republic. Through this study, several species that have the potential to pose risks to both cultural heritage objects and the health of institution employees were found. Additionally, the efficacy of different cultivation media was demonstrated to be varied across archive rooms, highlighting the necessity of employing multiple cultivation media for comprehensive analyses. Of noteworthy importance, the resuscitating-promoting factor (Rpf) proved to be a pivotal tool, increasing bacterial culturability by up to 30% when synergistically employed Reasoner's 2A agar (R2A) and R2A + Rpf media. Next, the study emphasises the importance of integrating both culture-dependent and culture-independent approaches. The overlap between genera identified by the culture-dependent approach and those identified also by the culture-independent approach varied from 33% to surpassing 94%, with the maximum alignment exceeding 94% in only one case. Our results highlight the importance of actively monitoring and assessing levels of microbial air contamination in archives to prevent further deterioration of cultural heritage objects and to promote improved conditions for employees in archives and similar institutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Branysova
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 3, 166 28, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Nicole Petru
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 3, 166 28, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marco A. Lopez Marin
- Department of Water Technology and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Environmental Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 3, 166 28, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Milada Solcova
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 3, 166 28, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Demnerova
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 3, 166 28, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Stiborova
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 3, 166 28, Prague, Czech Republic
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Man BY, Xiang X, Cheng XY, Wang HM, Su CT, Huang QB, Luo Y, Zhang C, Cheng G, Ni YY, Shao XH. Deconstructing the Dimensions of Mycobiome Fingerprints in Luohandu Cave, Guilin, Southern China. Microorganisms 2024; 12:211. [PMID: 38276196 PMCID: PMC10818497 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12010211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Subterranean karst caves are windows into the terrestrial subsurface to deconstruct the dimensions of mycobiome fingerprints. However, impeded by the constraints of remote locations, the inaccessibility of specimens and technical limitations, the mycobiome of subterranean karst caves has remained largely unknown. Weathered rock and sediment samples were collected from Luohandu cave (Guilin, Southern China) and subjected to Illumina Hiseq sequencing of ITS1 genes. A total of 267 known genera and 90 known orders in 15 phyla were revealed in the mycobiomes. Ascomycota dominated all samples, followed by Basidiomycota and Mortierellomycota. The sediments possessed the relatively highest alpha diversity and were significantly different from weathered rocks according to the diversity indices and richness metrics. Fifteen families and eight genera with significant differences were detected in the sediment samples. The Ca/Mg ratio appeared to significantly affect the structure of the mycobiome communities. Ascomycota appeared to exert a controlling influence on the mycobiome co-occurrence network of the sediments, while Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were found to be the main phyla in the mycobiome co-occurrence network of weathered rocks. Our results provide a more comprehensive dimension to the mycobiome fingerprints of Luohandu cave and a new window into the mycobiome communities and the ecology of subterranean karst cave ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bai-Ying Man
- College of Life Science, Shangrao Normal University, Shangrao 334001, China; (X.X.); (Y.L.); (C.Z.); (G.C.); (Y.-Y.N.); (X.-H.S.)
- Key Laboratory for Regional Plants Conservation and Ecological Restoration of Northeast Jiangxi, Shangrao Normal University, Shangrao 334001, China
| | - Xing Xiang
- College of Life Science, Shangrao Normal University, Shangrao 334001, China; (X.X.); (Y.L.); (C.Z.); (G.C.); (Y.-Y.N.); (X.-H.S.)
- Key Laboratory for Regional Plants Conservation and Ecological Restoration of Northeast Jiangxi, Shangrao Normal University, Shangrao 334001, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Cheng
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China;
- State Key Laboratory of Geobiology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Hong-Mei Wang
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China;
- State Key Laboratory of Geobiology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Chun-Tian Su
- Institute of Karst Geology, CAGS/Key Laboratory of Karst Dynamics, MNR & GZAR, Guilin 541004, Guangxi, China; (C.-T.S.); (Q.-B.H.)
- Pingguo Guangxi, Karst Ecosystem, National Observation and Research Station, Pingguo 531406, Guangxi, China
| | - Qi-Bo Huang
- Institute of Karst Geology, CAGS/Key Laboratory of Karst Dynamics, MNR & GZAR, Guilin 541004, Guangxi, China; (C.-T.S.); (Q.-B.H.)
- Pingguo Guangxi, Karst Ecosystem, National Observation and Research Station, Pingguo 531406, Guangxi, China
| | - Yang Luo
- College of Life Science, Shangrao Normal University, Shangrao 334001, China; (X.X.); (Y.L.); (C.Z.); (G.C.); (Y.-Y.N.); (X.-H.S.)
- Key Laboratory for Regional Plants Conservation and Ecological Restoration of Northeast Jiangxi, Shangrao Normal University, Shangrao 334001, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- College of Life Science, Shangrao Normal University, Shangrao 334001, China; (X.X.); (Y.L.); (C.Z.); (G.C.); (Y.-Y.N.); (X.-H.S.)
- Key Laboratory for Regional Plants Conservation and Ecological Restoration of Northeast Jiangxi, Shangrao Normal University, Shangrao 334001, China
| | - Gang Cheng
- College of Life Science, Shangrao Normal University, Shangrao 334001, China; (X.X.); (Y.L.); (C.Z.); (G.C.); (Y.-Y.N.); (X.-H.S.)
- Key Laboratory for Regional Plants Conservation and Ecological Restoration of Northeast Jiangxi, Shangrao Normal University, Shangrao 334001, China
| | - Yu-Yang Ni
- College of Life Science, Shangrao Normal University, Shangrao 334001, China; (X.X.); (Y.L.); (C.Z.); (G.C.); (Y.-Y.N.); (X.-H.S.)
- Key Laboratory for Regional Plants Conservation and Ecological Restoration of Northeast Jiangxi, Shangrao Normal University, Shangrao 334001, China
| | - Xing-Hua Shao
- College of Life Science, Shangrao Normal University, Shangrao 334001, China; (X.X.); (Y.L.); (C.Z.); (G.C.); (Y.-Y.N.); (X.-H.S.)
- Key Laboratory for Regional Plants Conservation and Ecological Restoration of Northeast Jiangxi, Shangrao Normal University, Shangrao 334001, China
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Suetrong S, Preedanon S, Kobmoo N, Srihom C, Somrithipol S, Saengkaewsuk S, Srikitikulchai P, Klaysuban A, Nuankaew S, Chuaseeharonnachai C, Chainuwong B, Muangsong C, Malimart K, Rungjindamai N, Siripornpibul C, Chareonkunnatum U, Ploydam B, Thungprue N, Tongsima S, Zhang ZF, Cai L, Boonyuen N. Unravelling the hidden diversity of cave mycobiota in Thailand's Satun Geopark. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19162. [PMID: 37932293 PMCID: PMC10628224 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43316-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Karst caves are distinctive ecosystems that have limited nutrients, darkness, low to moderate temperatures, and high moisture levels, which allow for a diverse range of fungal communities to thrive. Despite their significance, little is understood about the fungi found in karst caves in Thailand. In 2019, we studied the cultured mycobiota from five substrate types (air, water, rock, soil/sediment, and organic debris) in two karst caves (Le Stegodon and Phu Pha Phet Caves) of the Satun UNESCO Global Geopark, southern Thailand. A cumulative count of 829 distinct fungal morphological types was identified, encompassing 319 fungal culturable were observed. Based on preliminary analyses of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence using BLAST searches, the most common phylum among the fungal morphotypes was Ascomycota, harboring 282 species in 91 genera, 93.4% of which were distributed in the classes Eurotiomycetes, Sordariomycetes, and Dothideomycetes. The most common fungal genera identified in the two karst caves were Aspergillus, Penicillium, Cladosporium, Talaromyces, Xylaria, and Trichoderma, with 45, 41, 24, 14, 14, and 6 species identified, respectively. Discovering fungi in Thai karst caves highlights the extensive fungal diversity in the Satun UNESCO Global Geopark, implying undiscovered species, and emphasizing the need for comprehensive investigations in other unexplored Thai karst caves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satinee Suetrong
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, 12120, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Sita Preedanon
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, 12120, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Noppol Kobmoo
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, 12120, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Charisa Srihom
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, 12120, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Sayanh Somrithipol
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, 12120, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Supicha Saengkaewsuk
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, 12120, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Prasert Srikitikulchai
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, 12120, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Anupong Klaysuban
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, 12120, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Salilaporn Nuankaew
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, 12120, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Charuwan Chuaseeharonnachai
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, 12120, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Boonchuai Chainuwong
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, 12120, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Chotika Muangsong
- Innovation for Social and Environmental Management, Mahidol University (MU), Amnatcharoen Campus, Amnatcharoen, 37000, Thailand
| | - Kittapha Malimart
- Innovation for Social and Environmental Management, Mahidol University (MU), Amnatcharoen Campus, Amnatcharoen, 37000, Thailand
| | - Nattawut Rungjindamai
- Department of Biology, School of Science, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang (KMITL), Bangkok, 10520, Thailand.
| | - Chaiyaporn Siripornpibul
- Department of Groundwater Resources, Ngamwongwan 54 Lat Yao, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Umapon Chareonkunnatum
- Department of Mineral Resources, Region 4, Tha Kham, Phunphin, Surat Thani, 84130, Thailand
| | - Bumrungrat Ploydam
- Khao Banthat Wildlife Sanctuary, Ban Na, Srinagarindra District, 93000, Phatthalung, Thailand
| | | | - Sissades Tongsima
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, 12120, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Zhi-Feng Zhang
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 51145, China
| | - Lei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Nattawut Boonyuen
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, 12120, Pathum Thani, Thailand.
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Preedanon S, Suetrong S, Srihom C, Somrithipol S, Kobmoo N, Saengkaewsuk S, Srikitikulchai P, Klaysuban A, Nuankaew S, Chuaseeharonnachai C, Chainuwong B, Muangsong C, Zhang Z, Cai L, Boonyuen N. Eight novel cave fungi in Thailand's Satun Geopark. Fungal Syst Evol 2023; 12:1-30. [PMID: 38455950 PMCID: PMC10915585 DOI: 10.3114/fuse.2023.12.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Karst caves are unique oligotrophic ecosystems characterised by the scarcity of organic litter, darkness, low to moderate temperatures, and high humidity, supporting diverse fungal communities. Despite their importance, little is known about the fungi in karst caves in Thailand. In 2019, we explored the culturable mycobiota associated with three selected types of substrates (air, soil/sediment and organic litter samples) from two karst caves, the Le Stegodon and Phu Pha Phet Caves, in the Satun UNESCO Global Geopark in southern Thailand. Based on morphological characters and multilocus phylogenetic analyses, eight new species (Actinomortierella caverna, Hypoxylon phuphaphetense, Leptobacillium latisporum, Malbranchea phuphaphetensis, Scedosporium satunense, Sesquicillium cavernum, Thelonectria satunensis and Umbelopsis satunensis) were described, illustrated, and compared to closely related species. These new fungal taxa form independent lineages distinct from other previously described species and classified into eight different families across six orders and two phyla (Ascomycota and Mucoromycota). This paper provides additional evidence that the karst caves located within the Satun UNESCO Global Geopark, situated in the southern region of Thailand, harbour a diverse range of newly discovered species. Citation: Preedanon S, Suetrong S, Srihom C, Somrithipol S, Kobmoo N, Saengkaewsuk S, Srikitikulchai P, Klaysuban A, Nuankaew S, Chuaseeharonnachai C, Chainuwong B, Muangsong C, Zhang ZF, Cai L, Boonyuen N (2023). Eight novel cave fungi in Thailand's Satun Geopark. Fungal Systematics and Evolution 12: 1-30. doi: 10.3114/fuse.2023.12.01.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Preedanon
- National Biobank of Thailand (NBT), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - S. Suetrong
- National Biobank of Thailand (NBT), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - C. Srihom
- National Biobank of Thailand (NBT), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - S. Somrithipol
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - N. Kobmoo
- National Biobank of Thailand (NBT), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - S. Saengkaewsuk
- National Biobank of Thailand (NBT), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - P. Srikitikulchai
- National Biobank of Thailand (NBT), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - A. Klaysuban
- National Biobank of Thailand (NBT), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - S. Nuankaew
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - C. Chuaseeharonnachai
- National Biobank of Thailand (NBT), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - B. Chainuwong
- National Biobank of Thailand (NBT), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - C. Muangsong
- Innovation for Social and Environmental Management, Mahidol University (MU), Amnatcharoen Campus, Amnatcharoen 37000, Thailand
| | - Z.F. Zhang
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 51145, China
| | - L. Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China
| | - N. Boonyuen
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
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Stupar M, Savković Ž, Popović S, Simić GS, Grbić ML. Speleomycology of Air in Stopića Cave (Serbia). MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2023; 86:2021-2031. [PMID: 37000232 PMCID: PMC10064612 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-023-02214-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Fungi can colonize organic matter present in subterranean sites and have a significant role as dwellers in different microniches of cave habitats. In order to analyze the content of airborne fungal propagules in different parts of "Stopića Cave," a touristic site in Serbia, air sampling was carried out in three seasons during 2020, prior to and during the onset of COVID-19 pandemic. Culturable mycobiota was identified using both microscopic techniques and ITS region/BenA gene barcoding, while multivariate analyses were employed to establish the link between fungal taxa and different environmental factors. The maximal measured fungal propagule concentrations were recorded during spring sampling which were based on fungal propagule concentration categories; the cave environment matches the category V. A total of 29 fungal isolates were identified, while Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Fusarium, Lecanicillium, Mucor, and Penicillium were the most diverse genera. According to the trophic mode, most of the isolated fungal species were pathotrophs (75.86%), but when regarding ecological guilds, the most dominant were undefined saprobes and animal pathogens (41.38% for each). Show caves are especially vulnerable to human impacts, and the fungal propagules' concentration within the caves could be good indices for the level of ecological disturbance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miloš Stupar
- Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg 16, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia.
| | - Željko Savković
- Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg 16, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Slađana Popović
- Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg 16, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Gordana Subakov Simić
- Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg 16, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
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Tomazin R, Simčič S, Stopinšek S, Kopitar AN, Kukec A, Matos T, Mulec J. Effects of Anthropogenic Disturbance and Seasonal Variation on Aerobiota in Highly Visited Show Caves in Slovenia. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2381. [PMID: 37894039 PMCID: PMC10608856 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11102381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Aerosols in caves are natural tracers and, together with climatic parameters, provide a detailed insight into atmospheric conditions, responses to climatic changes and anthropogenic influences in caves. Microbiological air monitoring in show caves is becoming increasingly useful to understand changes in cave ecosystems and to implement and review measures for sustainable cave use and tourism development. In 2017 and 2018, air along tourist trails in caves Postojnska jama and Škocjanske jame (Slovenia) was sampled before and after tourist visits. Samples were analysed using culture-dependent methods, flow cytometry, detection of β-D-glucan and lipopolysaccharide and compared with CO2 and temperature data to measure anthropogenic influences and seasonality on aerobiota. While the presence of tourists significantly increased concentrations of airborne microorganisms (p < 0.05), β-D-glucan and CO2 did not show such a trend and were more dependent on seasonal changes. Locally, concentrations of cultivable microorganisms above 1000 CFU/m3 were detected, which could have negative effects on the autochthonous microbiota and possibly on human health. A mixture of bacteria typically associated with humans was found in the air and identified with MALDI-TOF MS. Using MALDI-TOF MS, we achieved a 69.6% success rate in identification. Micrococcus luteus, Streptococcus mitis, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Moraxella spp. were recognized as good indicators of cave anthropisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rok Tomazin
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška cesta 4, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (R.T.); (S.S.); (A.N.K.); (T.M.)
| | - Saša Simčič
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška cesta 4, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (R.T.); (S.S.); (A.N.K.); (T.M.)
| | - Sanja Stopinšek
- Health Centre Hrastnik, Novi dom 11, SI-1430 Hrastnik, Slovenia;
| | - Andreja Nataša Kopitar
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška cesta 4, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (R.T.); (S.S.); (A.N.K.); (T.M.)
| | - Andreja Kukec
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška cesta 4, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Tadeja Matos
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška cesta 4, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (R.T.); (S.S.); (A.N.K.); (T.M.)
| | - Janez Mulec
- Karst Research Institute, Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Titov trg 2, SI-6230 Postojna, Slovenia
- UNESCO Chair on Karst Education, University of Nova Gorica, SI-5271 Vipava, Slovenia
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8
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Isola D, Bartoli F, Morretta S, Caneva G. The Roman Houses of the Caelian Hill (Rome, Italy): Multitemporal Evaluation of Biodeterioration Patterns. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1770. [PMID: 37512942 PMCID: PMC10384389 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11071770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Like other hypogeal environments, the Roman Houses of the Caelian Hill are prone to unwanted biological growth. Wide conservative interventions have been carried out at the beginning of this millenium to reduce biodeterioration and physical-chemical damages. Retracing the last monitoring work, we assessed the site's current state of conservation and biodeterioration intending to check the previous treatments' effectiveness and deepen the common knowledge of the subterranean biota and their possible biodeteriogenic effects. Starting from the past test areas and the previous identifications of the occurring biodeteriogens, we further isolated and identified the main eubacterial, fungal, and phototrophic settlers, focusing on some detrimental traits for wall paintings (i.e., acid production and carbonate precipitation). The achieved results proved the success of the performed interventions in reducing the wall's water content. Otherwise, the new conditions raise, in the long term, new concerns about lampenflora, carbonate precipitations, and salt efflorescence. Here, the Caelian Houses' new status is documented. The possible favouring conditions for the different groups of biodeteriogens, along with the taxonomical novelties, additional risks tied to the anthropization of the resident culturable microbial community, and the possible relation between the black fungus Cyphellophora olivacea and roots, are reported and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Isola
- Department of Sciences, University Roma Tre, Viale Marconi 446, 00146 Rome, Italy
- Department of Economics, Engineering, Society and Business Organization (DEIM), University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Università snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Flavia Bartoli
- Department of Sciences, University Roma Tre, Viale Marconi 446, 00146 Rome, Italy
- National Research Center (CNR), Institute of Heritage Science, SP35d, 9, 00010 Montelibretti, Italy
| | - Simona Morretta
- Soprintendenza Speciale di Roma Archeologia Belle Arti Paesaggio, Ministero della Cultura, Piazza dei Cinquecento, 67, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Caneva
- Department of Sciences, University Roma Tre, Viale Marconi 446, 00146 Rome, Italy
- National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), Università di Palermo, Piazza Marina 61, 90133 Palermo, Italy
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9
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Microbial diversity and proxy species for human impact in Italian karst caves. Sci Rep 2023; 13:689. [PMID: 36639707 PMCID: PMC9839721 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26511-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
To date, the highly adapted cave microbial communities are challenged by the expanding anthropization of these subterranean habitats. Although recent advances in characterizing show-caves microbiome composition and functionality, the anthropic effect on promoting the establishment, or reducing the presence of specific microbial guilds has never been studied in detail. This work aims to investigate the whole microbiome (Fungi, Algae, Bacteria and Archaea) of four Italian show-caves, displaying different environmental and geo-morphological conditions and one recently discovered natural cave to highlight potential human-induced microbial traits alterations. Results indicate how show-caves share common microbial traits in contrast to the natural one; the first are characterized by microorganisms related to outdoor environment and/or capable of exploiting extra inputs of organic matter eventually supplied by tourist flows (i.e. Chaetomium and Phoma for fungi and Pseudomonas for bacteria). Yet, variation in microalgae assemblage composition was reported in show-caves, probably related to the effect of the artificial lighting. This study provides insights into the potential microbiome cave contamination by human-related bacteria (e.g. Lactobacillus and Staphylococcus) and commensal/opportunistic human associated fungi (e.g. Candida) and dermatophytes. This work is critical to untangle caves microbiome towards management and conservation of these fragile ecosystems.
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10
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The Rare Actinobacterium Crossiella sp. Is a Potential Source of New Bioactive Compounds with Activity against Bacteria and Fungi. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10081575. [PMID: 36013993 PMCID: PMC9415966 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10081575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance has become a global problem in recent decades. A gradual reduction in drug discoveries has led to the current antimicrobial resistance crisis. Caves and other subsurface environments are underexplored thus far, and they represent indispensable ecological niches that could offer new molecules of interest to medicine and biotechnology. We explored Spanish show caves to test the bioactivity of the bacteria dwelling in the walls and ceilings, as well as airborne bacteria. We reported the isolation of two strains of the genus Crossiella, likely representing a new species, isolated from Altamira Cave, Spain. In vitro and in silico analyses showed the inhibition of pathogenic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and fungi, as well as the taxonomical distance of both strains from their closest relative, Crossiella cryophila. The presence of an exclusive combination of gene clusters involved in the synthesis of lanthipeptides, lasso peptides, nonribosomal peptides and polyketides indicates that species of this genus could represent a source of new compounds. Overall, there is promising evidence for antimicrobial discovery in subterranean environments, which increases the possibility of identifying new bioactive molecules.
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11
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Leplat J, François A, Bousta F. Diversity of Parengyodontium spp. strains isolated from the cultural heritage environment: Phylogenetic diversity, phenotypical diversity, and occurrence. Mycologia 2022; 114:825-840. [PMID: 35904483 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2022.2094046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Parengyodontium album is a fungal species that frequently occurs in the cultural heritage environment. Although three subclades were initially described in the species, no study has sought to determine the occurrence of each subclade in the cultural heritage context. These subclades are easily distinguishable phylogenetically, but their morphological identification is more difficult. Eighteen strains isolated from different cultural sites and initially identified as P. album were studied phylogenetically, morphologically, and in terms of their susceptibility to econazole nitrate 0.2%, an antifungal product used as preservation treatment in cultural heritage domain. The phylogenetic study revealed that all studied strains belonged to P. album subclade 1 or P. torokii (P. album subclade 3) and none belonged to P. album subclade 2. The morphological study revealed the best characteristics to differentiate the three subclades/species, namely, the ability of the strains to grow at 32 C and 35 C on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium and the shape of conidia. Finally, the strains displayed variable susceptibilities to econazole nitrate, with no apparent link to any particular subclade/species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann Leplat
- Laboratoire de Recherche des Monuments Historiques, Ministère de la Culture, 29 rue de Paris, 77420, Champs-sur-Marne, France.,Centre de Recherche sur la Conservation (USR 3224), Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Ministère de la Culture, Sorbonne Universités, 36 rue Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Alexandre François
- Laboratoire de Recherche des Monuments Historiques, Ministère de la Culture, 29 rue de Paris, 77420, Champs-sur-Marne, France.,Centre de Recherche sur la Conservation (USR 3224), Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Ministère de la Culture, Sorbonne Universités, 36 rue Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Faisl Bousta
- Laboratoire de Recherche des Monuments Historiques, Ministère de la Culture, 29 rue de Paris, 77420, Champs-sur-Marne, France.,Centre de Recherche sur la Conservation (USR 3224), Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Ministère de la Culture, Sorbonne Universités, 36 rue Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire, 75005, Paris, France
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12
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Martin-Pozas T, Nováková A, Jurado V, Fernandez-Cortes A, Cuezva S, Saiz-Jimenez C, Sanchez-Moral S. Diversity of Microfungi in a High Radon Cave Ecosystem. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:869661. [PMID: 35572646 PMCID: PMC9093739 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.869661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Castañar Cave is a clear example of an oligotrophic ecosystem with high hygrothermal stability both seasonal and interannual and the particularity of registering extraordinary levels of environmental radiation. These environmental conditions make the cave an ideal laboratory to evaluate both the responses of the subterranean environment to sudden changes in the matter and energy fluxes with the exterior and also any impact derived from its use as a tourist resource under a very restrictive access regime. In 2008, a fungal outbreak provoked by a vomit contaminated the sediments which were removed and subsequently treated with hydrogen peroxide. Fungal surveys were carried out in 2008 and 2009. The visits were resumed in 2014. Here, 12 years after the outbreak, we present an exhaustive study on the cave sediments in order to know the distribution of the different fungal taxa, as well as the prevalence and spatio-temporal evolution of the fungi caused by the vomit over the years under the conditions of relative isolation and high radiation that characterize this cave.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Martin-Pozas
- Department of Geology, National Museum of Natural Sciences (MNCN-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alena Nováková
- Laboratory of Fungal Genetics and Metabolism, Institute of Microbiology of the CAS, Prague, Czechia
| | - Valme Jurado
- Department of Agrochemistry, Environmental Microbiology and Soil Conservation, Institute of Natural Resources and Agricultural Biology (IRNAS-CSIC), Seville, Spain
| | | | - Soledad Cuezva
- Department of Geology, Geography and Environment, University of Alcala, Alcala de Henares, Spain
| | - Cesareo Saiz-Jimenez
- Department of Agrochemistry, Environmental Microbiology and Soil Conservation, Institute of Natural Resources and Agricultural Biology (IRNAS-CSIC), Seville, Spain
| | - Sergio Sanchez-Moral
- Department of Geology, National Museum of Natural Sciences (MNCN-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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13
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Sanchez-Moral S, Jurado V, Fernandez-Cortes A, Cuezva S, Martin-Pozas T, Gonzalez-Pimentel JL, Ontañon R, Saiz-Jimenez C. Environment-driven control of fungi in subterranean ecosystems: the case of La Garma Cave (northern Spain). Int Microbiol 2021; 24:573-591. [PMID: 34292448 PMCID: PMC8616876 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-021-00193-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Airborne microorganisms can cause important conservation problems in caves with Paleolithic art and therefore the knowledge of cave aerodynamic is essential. La Garma Cave (Cantabria, Spain), an exceptional archaeological site with several levels of galleries interconnected and two entrances, presents a complex atmospheric dynamics. An approach including aerobiological sampling together with microclimate monitoring was applied to assess the factors controlling the origin of airborne fungi. Here we show that winter ventilation is critical for the increasing of Basidiomycota spores in the cave air and the highest concentrations were found in the most ventilated areas. On the contrary, Ascomycota spores prevailed in absence of ventilation. Besides, most Ascomycota were linked to insects and bats that visit or inhabit the cave. The combination of aerobiological and microclimate data constitutes a good approach to evaluate the influence of external climatic conditions and design the most suitable strategies for the conservation of cultural heritage in the cave environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Valme Jurado
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiologia (IRNAS-CSIC), 41012, Sevilla, Spain
| | | | - Soledad Cuezva
- Departamento de Geologia, Geografia y Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad de Alcala de Henares, 28805, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Roberto Ontañon
- Museo de Prehistoria y Arqueologia de Cantabria, 39009, Santander, Spain
| | - Cesareo Saiz-Jimenez
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiologia (IRNAS-CSIC), 41012, Sevilla, Spain.
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14
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Diversity and Seasonal Dynamics of Airborne Fungi in Nerja Cave, Spain. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11136236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nerja Cave, Southern Spain, was revealed as an important biodiversity reservoir from which several novel species of Aspergillus were described. We carried out an aerobiological study in Nerja Cave to assess the origin of airborne fungi. This study quantified the fungi present in the air of ten representative halls covering the three sectors comprising the cave: Touristic Galleries, High Galleries, and New Galleries. Microclimatological monitoring allowed us to understand the dynamic of airborne fungi in two seasons of the year (winter and summer), corresponding to the strongest and the lowest cave ventilation, and to validate the influence that the transport of airborne fungi from outside may have on the cave itself. The data show that cold air enters in winter, as confirmed by the abundant presence of Aspergillus and Penicillium spores inside and outside the cave. In summer, the abundance of some fungi in the air of Nerja Cave, which are not detected outside, indicates a stagnation or low ventilation, and therefore, the concentration of fungal spores is maxima. The high occurrence of Cladosporium outside the cave and the scarce abundance inside support the cave stagnation in this season.
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