1
|
Adjei JK, Acquah H, Essumang DK. Occurrence, efficiency of treatment processes, source apportionment and human health risk assessment of pharmaceuticals and xenoestrogen compounds in tap water from some Ghanaian communities. Heliyon 2024; 10:e31815. [PMID: 38845891 PMCID: PMC11153180 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of pharmaceuticals and xenoestrogen compounds (PXCs) in drinking water presents a dire human health risk challenge. The problem stems from the high anthropogenic pollution load on source water and the inefficiencies of the conventional water treatment plants in treating PXCs. This study assessed the PXCs levels and the consequential health risks of exposure to tap water from selected Ghanaian communities as well as that of raw water samples from the respective treatment plants. Thus the PXCs treatment efficiency of two drinking water treatment plants in the metropolises studied was also assessed. The study also conducted source apportionment of the PXCs in the tap water. Twenty six (26) tap and raw water samples from communities in the Cape Coast and Sekondi-Takoradi metropolises were extracted using SPE cartridges and analysed for PXCs using Ultra-fast-HPLC-UV instrument. Elevated levels of PXCs up to 24.79 and 22.02 μg/L were respectively recorded in raw and tap water samples from the metropolises. Consequently, elevated non-cancer health risk (HI > 1) to residential adults were found for tap water samples from Cape Coast metropolis and also for some samples from Sekondi-Takoradi metropolis. Again, elevated cumulative oral cancer risks >10-5 and dermal cancer risk up to 4 × 10-5 were recorded. The source apportionment revealed three significant sources of PXCs in tap water samples studied. The results revealed the inefficiency of the treatment plants in removing PXCs from the raw water during treatments. The situation thus requires urgent attention to ameliorate it, safeguarding public health. It is recommended that the conventional water treatment process employed be augmented with advanced treatment technologies to improve their efficacy in PXCs treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph K. Adjei
- Environmental Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Henrietta Acquah
- Environmental Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - David K. Essumang
- Environmental Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Coast, Ghana
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kum OK, Chan KM, Morningstar-Kywi N, MacKay JA, Haworth IS. Pharmacokinetic model of human exposure to ciprofloxacin through consumption of fish. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 106:104359. [PMID: 38163528 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2023.104359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Fluoroquinolones are broad-spectrum antibiotics that accumulate in the environment. To assess human exposure through the food chain, we developed a pharmacokinetic model of fluoroquinolone accumulation in fish and a human pharmacokinetic model to predict gastrointestinal concentrations of ciprofloxacin, a common fluoroquinolone, following consumption of fish. At 70 ng/L ciprofloxacin, the average in North American surface waters, the fish steady-state concentration was calculated to be 7.5 × 10-6 µg/g. Upon human consumption of the FDA-recommended portion of 113 g of fish containing this ciprofloxacin level, the predicted human intestinal concentration was 2 × 10-6 µg/mL. At 4 × 106 ng/L (4 µg/mL) ciprofloxacin, the highest recorded environmental measurement, these numbers were 0.42 µg/g in fish and 0.1 µg/mL in the human intestine. Thus, based on the ciprofloxacin MIC for E. coli of 0.13 µg/mL, background environmental ciprofloxacin levels are unlikely to be problematic, but environmental pollution can result in high intestinal levels that may cause gut dysbiosis and antibiotic resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oguz Kaan Kum
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, 1985 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States
| | - Karen M Chan
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, 1985 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States
| | - Noam Morningstar-Kywi
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, 1985 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States; Simulations Plus, Inc., Lancaster, CA 93534, United States
| | - J Andrew MacKay
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, 1985 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States
| | - Ian S Haworth
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, 1985 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ali S, Dayo M, Alahmadi S, Mohamed A. Chitosan-Supported ZnO Nanoparticles: Their Green Synthesis, Characterization, and Application for the Removal of Pyridoxine HCl (Vitamin B6) from Aqueous Media. Molecules 2024; 29:828. [PMID: 38398580 PMCID: PMC10892826 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29040828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
A composite of chitosan-supported ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO/CS) was green-synthesized via an easy and cost-effective method using Chicory (Cichorium intybus) plant extract. The synthesis was confirmed using uv-vis spectrometry at a λmax of 380 nm, and the surface of the material was characterized via FT-IR spectroscopy, and finally via SEM, which confirmed the distribution of ZnO nanoparticles on the surface of chitosan biopolymer (CS). The synthesized material was applied in the adsorptive removal of residues of the pyridoxine hydrochloride (vitamin B6) pharmaceutical drug from aqueous media using the batch technique. The material's removal capacity was studied through several adjustable parameters including pH, contact time, the dose of the adsorbent, and the capacity for drug adsorption under the optimal conditions. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were applied to describe the adsorption process. The removal was found to obey the Freundlich model, which refers to a chemisorption process. Different kinetic models were also studied for the removal process and showed that the pseudo-second-order model was more fitted, which indicates that the removal was a chemisorption process. Thermodynamic studies were also carried out. The maximum removal of vitamin B6 by the nano-ZnO/CS composite was found to be 75% at optimal conditions. The results were compared to other reported adsorbents. Reusability tests showed that the nano-ZnO/CS composite can be efficiently reused up to seven times for the removal of PDX drugs from aqueous media.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samah Ali
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah 42353, Saudi Arabia (S.A.)
- The National Organization for Drug Control and Research, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Marwa Dayo
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah 42353, Saudi Arabia (S.A.)
| | - Sana Alahmadi
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah 42353, Saudi Arabia (S.A.)
| | - Amr Mohamed
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah 42353, Saudi Arabia (S.A.)
- The Higher Institute of Optics Technology (HIOT), Heliopolis, Cairo 17361, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Rafiq A, Capolupo M, Addesse G, Valbonesi P, Fabbri E. Antidepressants and their metabolites primarily affect lysosomal functions in the marine mussel, Mytilus galloprovincialis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 903:166078. [PMID: 37574064 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Antidepressants widely occur as emerging contaminants in marine coastal waters, with concentrations reported in the low ng/L range. Although at relatively lower levels with respect to other pharmaceuticals, antidepressants - fluoxetine (FLX) in particular - have attracted attention because of their striking effects exerted at low doses on marine invertebrates. In this study, the effects of four antidepressants including FLX, sertraline (SER), and citalopram, as members of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) class, and venlafaxine (VEN) as a member of the serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) class, were evaluated in the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. In addition, the effects of two main metabolites of FLX and VEN, i.e., norfluoxetine (NFL) and O-desmethylvenlafaxine (ODV) respectively, were compared to those of the parent compounds. Eight concentrations of each drug (0.5-500 ng/L range) were tested on the early life stage endpoints of gamete fertilization and larval development at 48 h post fertilization (hpf). Egg fertilization was reduced by all compounds, except for VEN. Larval development at 48 hpf was affected by all SSRIs, but not by SNRIs. The above effects were significant but never exceeded 20 % of control values. Adult mussels were exposed in vivo for 7 days to environmental concentrations of the drugs (0.5, 5, and 10 ng/L) and a battery of eight biomarkers was assessed. Antidepressants primarily targeted lysosomal functions, decreasing haemocyte lysosome membrane stability (up to 70 % reduction) and increasing of the lysosome/cytosol ratio (up to 220 %), neutral lipid (up to 230 %), and lipofuscin (up to 440 %) accumulation in digestive gland. Only SER and NFL significantly affected catalase and glutathione-S-transferase activities in gills and digestive gland. NFL and ODV, were effective and sometimes more active than the parent compounds. All compounds impaired mussel health status, as indicated by the low to high stress levels assigned using the Mussel Expert System.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Rafiq
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna Campus of Ravenna, via S. Alberto 163, 48123 Ravenna, Italy
| | - Marco Capolupo
- Italian Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (ISPRA), Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Addesse
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna Campus of Ravenna, via S. Alberto 163, 48123 Ravenna, Italy
| | - Paola Valbonesi
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna Campus of Ravenna, via S. Alberto 163, 48123 Ravenna, Italy
| | - Elena Fabbri
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna Campus of Ravenna, via S. Alberto 163, 48123 Ravenna, Italy; National Future Biodiversity Center (NFBC), Palermo, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Molnarova L, Halesova T, Vaclavikova M, Bosakova Z. Monitoring Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products in Drinking Water Samples by the LC-MS/MS Method to Estimate Their Potential Health Risk. Molecules 2023; 28:5899. [PMID: 37570870 PMCID: PMC10421426 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28155899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) The occurrence and accumulation of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in the environment are recognized scientific concerns. Many of these compounds are disposed of in an unchanged or metabolized form through sewage systems and wastewater treatment plants (WWTP). WWTP processes do not completely eliminate all active substances or their metabolites. Therefore, they systematically leach into the water system and are increasingly contaminating ground, surface, and drinking water, representing a health risk largely ignored by legislative bodies. Especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, a significantly larger amount of medicines and protective products were consumed. It is therefore likely that contamination of water sources has increased, and in the case of groundwater with a delayed effect. As a result, it is necessary to develop an accurate, rapid, and easily available method applicable to routine screening analyses of potable water to monitor and estimate their potential health risk. (2) A multi-residue UHPLC-MS/MS analytical method designed for the identification of 52 pharmaceutical products was developed and used to monitor their presence in drinking water. (3) The optimized method achieved good validation parameters, with recovery of 70-120% of most analytes and repeatability achieving results within 20%. In real samples of drinking water, at least one analyte above the limit of determination was detected in each of the 15 tap water and groundwater samples analyzed. (4) These findings highlight the need for legislation to address pharmaceutical contamination in the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Molnarova
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, 128 43 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Tatana Halesova
- ALS Czech Republic, Na Harfe 223/9, 190 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (T.H.); (M.V.)
| | - Marta Vaclavikova
- ALS Czech Republic, Na Harfe 223/9, 190 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (T.H.); (M.V.)
| | - Zuzana Bosakova
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, 128 43 Prague, Czech Republic;
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Dolar D, Ćurić I, Ašperger D. Removal, Adsorption, and Cleaning of Pharmaceutical on Polyamide RO and NF Membranes. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2745. [PMID: 37376394 DOI: 10.3390/polym15122745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals are present in various waters and can be almost completely rejected by membrane separation processes, i.e., nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO). Nevertheless, the adsorption of pharmaceuticals can decrease their rejection, so adsorption can be considered a very important removal mechanism. In order to increase the lifetime of the membranes, the adsorbed pharmaceuticals must be cleaned from the membrane. The used pharmaceutical (albendazole), the most common anthelmintic for threatening worms, has been shown to adsorb to the membrane (solute-membrane adsorption). In this paper, which is a novelty, commercially available cleaning reagents, NaOH/EDTA solution, and methanol (20%, 50%, and ≥99.6%) were used for pharmaceutical cleaning (desorption) of the NF/RO membranes used. The effectiveness of the cleaning was verified by Fourier-transform infrared spectra of the membranes. Of all the chemical cleaning reagents used, pure methanol was the only cleaning reagent that removed albendazole from the membranes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Davor Dolar
- University of Zagreb Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Marulićev trg 19, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Iva Ćurić
- University of Zagreb Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Marulićev trg 19, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Danijela Ašperger
- University of Zagreb Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Marulićev trg 19, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Puri M, Gandhi K, Kumar MS. Emerging environmental contaminants: A global perspective on policies and regulations. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 332:117344. [PMID: 36736081 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Emerging contaminants include many synthetic or natural substances, such as pharmaceuticals and personal care products, hormones, and flame retardants that are not often controlled or monitored in the environment. The consumption or use of these substances is on an ever-rising trend, which dangerously increases their prevalence in practically all environmental matrices. These contaminants are present in low environmental concentrations and cause severe effects on human health and the biota. The present review analyzed 2012-2022 years papers via PubChem, science direct, National Center for Biotechnology Information, web of science on the legislations and policies of emerging contaminants globally. A state-of-the-art review of several studies in the literature focus on examining and evaluating the emerging contaminants and the frameworks adopted by developed and developing countries to combat the release of emerging contaminants and form footprints towards water sustainability which includes water availability, usage patterns, generation and pollution management, the health of aquatic systems, and societal vulnerability. The paper aims to provide a comprehensive view of current global policies and framework regarding evaluating and assessing the chemicals, in light of being a threat to the environment and biota. The review also highlights the future global prospects, including current governmental activities and emerging contaminant policy measures. The review concludes with suggestions and way forward to control the inventory and disposal of emerging contaminants in the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehak Puri
- Environmental Impact and Sustainability Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, 440020, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
| | - Kavita Gandhi
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India; Sophisticated Environmental Analytical Facility, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, 440020, India.
| | - M Suresh Kumar
- Environmental Impact and Sustainability Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, 440020, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Immobilized metal affinity-silica based support for the solid phase extraction of antimicrobials from water. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
9
|
Photocatalytic Degradation of Paracetamol in Aqueous Medium Using TiO2 Prepared by the Sol–Sel Method. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27092904. [PMID: 35566255 PMCID: PMC9099495 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Two titania photocatalysts have been prepared using the sol-gel method using TiCl4 as a precursor, and two different alcohols, namely, ethanol or propanol (Et or Pr). The main aim of this work was to study the effect of the nature of the alcohol on the chemical, structural and photocatalytic properties for paracetamol photodegradation of the final solids. The TiCl4/alcohol molar ratio to obtain the corresponding alkoxides (TiEt and TiPr) was 1/10. These alkoxides were calcined at 400 °C to prepare the oxide catalysts (named as TiEt400 and TiPr400). Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) of the original samples showed the presence of anatase diffraction peaks in sample TiPr, while TiEt is a completely amorphous material. Contrary to commercial TiO2-P25, the PXRD diagrams of the calcined samples showed anatase as the exclusive crystalline phase in both solids. The specific surface area (SBET) of sample TiPr400 was larger than that of sample TiEt400, and both larger than that of TiO2-P25. The three solids have been tested in the photodegradation of paracetamol in aqueous solution. It has been established that the alcohol used influences the properties and catalytic activity of the final oxides. The synthesized solids exhibit a higher activity than commercial TiO2-P25, because of their structural characteristics and larger SBET.
Collapse
|
10
|
From monitoring to treatment, how to improve water quality: The pharmaceuticals case. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL ADVANCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceja.2022.100245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
|
11
|
Evaluation of the Biological Potential of Himanthalia elongata (L.) S.F.Gray and Eisenia bicyclis (Kjellman) Setchell Subcritical Water Extracts. Foods 2022; 11:foods11050746. [PMID: 35267379 PMCID: PMC8909621 DOI: 10.3390/foods11050746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroprotection is a need that remains unmet in treating chronic neurodegenerative disorders, despite decades of extensive research. To find new neuroprotective compounds, extracts of Himanthalia elongata (L.) S.F.Gray and of Eisenia bicyclis (Kjellman) Setchell were obtained through subcritical water extraction applying a four-step temperature gradient. The fractions obtained were screened against brain enzymes involved in neurodegenerative etiology, namely in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases, and against reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, all contributing factors to the progression of neurodegeneration. Results showed no significant enzyme inhibition but strong radical scavenging activities, particularly in the fourth fraction, extracted at the highest temperature (250 °C), highlighting their ability to retard oxidative and nitrosative stresses. At higher temperatures, fractions were composed of phenolic compounds and Maillard reaction products, a combination that contributed to their antioxidant activity and, consequently, their neuroprotective properties. All fractions were evaluated for the presence of iodine, 14 organochlorine and 7 organophosphorus pesticides, and pharmaceuticals used in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases (14), psychiatric drugs (8), and metabolites (8). The fractions studied did not present any of the screened contaminants, and only fraction 1 of E. bicyclis should be used with caution due to iodine content.
Collapse
|