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Amin M, Prajati G, Humairoh GP, Putri RM, Phairuang W, Hata M, Furuuchi M. Characterization of size-fractionated carbonaceous particles in the small to nano-size range in Batam city, Indonesia. Heliyon 2023; 9:e15936. [PMID: 37215863 PMCID: PMC10192538 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
A cascade impactor type sampler equipped with an inertial filter was used to collect size-segregated particles down to ultrafine particles (UFPs or PM0.1) on Batam Island in Sumatra, Indonesia, bordered by Singapore and Malaysia during a wet and the COVID-19 pandemic season in 2021. Carbonaceous species, including organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC), were analyzed by a thermal/optical carbon analyzer to determine the carbon species and their indices. The average UFP was 3.1 ± 0.9 μg/m3, which was 2-4 times lower than in other cities in Sumatra during the same season in the normal condition. The PMs mass concentration was largely affected by local emissions but long-range transportation of particles from Singapore and Malaysia was also not negligible. The air mass arrived at the sampling site passed the ocean, which introduced out clean air with a low level of PMs. The backward trajectory of the air mass and the largest fraction of OC2 and OC3 in all sizes was identified as being transported from the 2 above countries. OC is the dominant fraction in TC and the ratio of carbonaceous components indicated that origin of all particle sizes was predominantly vehicle emissions. UFPs were dominantly emitted from vehicles exhaust emission, while coarser particles (>10 μm) were influenced by the non-exhaust emissions, such as tire wear. Other particles (0.5-1.0; 1.0-2.5; and 2.5-10 μm) were slightly affected by biomass burning. The effective carbon ratio (ECR) and inhalation dose (ID) related EC indicated that finer particles or UFPs and PM0.5-1 contributed more to human health and global warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Amin
- Faculty of Geosciences and Civil Engineering, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
- Faculty of Engineering, Maritim University of Raja Ali Haji, Tanjung Pinang, Kepulauan Riau, 29115, Indonesia
| | - Gita Prajati
- Environmental Engineering Department, Universitas Universal, Batam, Kepulauan Riau, 29456, Indonesia
| | - Gita Pati Humairoh
- Environmental Engineering Department, Universitas Universal, Batam, Kepulauan Riau, 29456, Indonesia
| | - Rahmi Mulia Putri
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Worradorn Phairuang
- Faculty of Geosciences and Civil Engineering, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiko Hata
- Faculty of Geosciences and Civil Engineering, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Masami Furuuchi
- Faculty of Geosciences and Civil Engineering, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
- Faculty of Environmental Management, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
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Handika RA, Phairuang W, Amin M, Yudison AP, Anggraini FJ, Hata M, Furuuchi M. Investigation of the Exposure of Schoolchildren to Ultrafine Particles (PM 0.1) during the COVID-19 Pandemic in a Medium-Sized City in Indonesia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:2947. [PMID: 36833643 PMCID: PMC9957305 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20042947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The health risk of schoolchildren who were exposed to airborne fine and ultrafine particles (PM0.1) during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Jambi City (a medium-sized city in Sumatra Island), Indonesia was examined. A questionnaire survey was used to collect information on schoolchildren from selected schools and involved information on personal profiles; living conditions; daily activities and health status. Size-segregated ambient particulate matter (PM) in school environments was collected over a period of 24 h on weekdays and the weekend. The personal exposure of PM of eight selected schoolchildren from five schools was evaluated for a 12-h period during the daytime using a personal air sampler for PM0.1 particles. The schoolchildren spent their time mostly indoors (~88%), while the remaining ~12% was spent in traveling and outdoor activities. The average exposure level was 1.5~7.6 times higher than the outdoor level and it was particularly high for the PM0.1 fraction (4.8~7.6 times). Cooking was shown to be a key parameter that explains such a large increase in the exposure level. The PM0.1 had the largest total respiratory deposition doses (RDDs), particularly during light exercise. The high level of PM0.1 exposure by indoor sources potentially associated with health risks was shown to be important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rizki Andre Handika
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Jambi University, Jambi 36364, Indonesia
| | - Worradorn Phairuang
- Faculty of Geosciences and Civil Engineering, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Muhammad Amin
- Faculty of Geosciences and Civil Engineering, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Adyati Pradini Yudison
- Air and Waste Management Research Group, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
| | | | - Mitsuhiko Hata
- Faculty of Geosciences and Civil Engineering, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Masami Furuuchi
- Faculty of Geosciences and Civil Engineering, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
- Faculty of Environmental Management, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai 90110, Thailand
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Carbon and Trace Element Compositions of Total Suspended Particles (TSP) and Nanoparticles (PM0.1) in Ambient Air of Southern Thailand and Characterization of Their Sources. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13040626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The concentration of total suspended particles (TSP) and nanoparticles (PM0.1) over Hat Yai city, Songkhla province, southern Thailand was measured in 2019. Organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) were evaluated by carbon aerosol analyzer (IMPROVE-TOR) method. Thirteen trace elements including Al, Ba, K, Cu, Cr, Fe, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Ti, Pb, and Zn were evaluated by ICP-OES. Annual average TSP and PM0.1 mass concentrations were determined to be 58.3 ± 7.8 and 10.4 ± 1.2 µg/m3, respectively. The highest levels of PM occurred in the wet season with the corresponding values for the dry seasons being lower. The averaged OC/EC ratio ranged from 3.8–4.2 (TSP) and 2.5–2.7 (PM0.1). The char to soot ratios were constantly less than 1.0 for both TSP and PM0.1, indicating that land transportation is the main emission source. A principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that road transportation, industry, and biomass burning are the key sources of these particles. However, PM arising from Indonesian peatland fires causes an increase in the carbon and trace element concentrations in southern Thailand. The findings make useful information for air quality management and strategies for controlling this problem, based on a source apportionment analysis.
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Phairuang W, Inerb M, Hata M, Furuuchi M. Characteristics of trace elements bound to ambient nanoparticles (PM 0.1) and a health risk assessment in southern Thailand. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 425:127986. [PMID: 34902726 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ambient nanoparticles, or PM0.1 and thirteen trace elements (Al, Ba, K, Fe, Cr, Cu, Ni, Na, Mn, Mg, Ti, Pb, and Zn) were studied in Hat Yai, Thailand during the year 2018. The annual average PM0.1 mass concentration was 8.45 ± 1.93 µg/m3. The PM0.1 levels in Hat Yai were similar to those in large cities in South East Asia, such as Hanoi and North Sumatra, but lower than other cities in Thailand. The sum of thirteen trace elements was 207.83 ± 17.06 ng/m3 and was dominated by Na, Zn, K, Mg, and Al. The highest concentration of elements occurred in the pre-monsoon season followed by the dry and monsoon seasons. A principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that PM0.1 comes from motor vehicles, crustal dust, industrial and biomass burning. The PM0.1 was dominated in the pre-monsoon season, suggesting that biomass burning from the southwest direction could cause an increase in the levels of Cr, Ti, and Ni. The total cancer risk from all the carcinogenic elements was 1.98 × 10-6 in adults, indicating that the carcinogenic risk is in a tolerable risk assessment range. The increasing levels of PM0.1 during transboundary haze pollution and local source emissions are a concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Worradorn Phairuang
- Department of Geography, Faculty of Social Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Muang, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Faculty of Geoscience and Civil Engineering, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Muanfun Inerb
- Faculty of Environmental Management, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
| | - Mitsuhiko Hata
- Faculty of Geoscience and Civil Engineering, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Masami Furuuchi
- Faculty of Geoscience and Civil Engineering, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan; Faculty of Environmental Management, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
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