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Lima A, Arruda F, Wortham T, Janeiro A, Rodrigues T, Baptista J, Lima E. Chemical Compositions and In Vitro Antioxidant Activities of the Essential Oils of Sawdust and Resin-Rich Bark from Azorean Cryptomeria japonica (Cupressaceae). Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:728. [PMID: 38929167 PMCID: PMC11200656 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13060728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In the Azores archipelago (Portugal), forest operations and wood industry generate large amounts of Cryptomeria japonica biomass residues (CJBR), which can be used to produce valuable essential oils (EOs). In this study, we evaluated the chemical composition and antioxidant activities of EOs from Azorean C. japonica sawdust (CJS) and resin-rich bark (CJRRB). The CJS and CJRRB EOs, obtained via hydrodistillation, showed different yield values (0.27% vs. 0.80% v/w, dry weight) and also different chemical profiles, as assessed using GC/MS. A total of 64 and 85 components were identified in CJS and CJRRB EOs, representing 95.7% and 96.9% of the total composition, respectively. The major components in CJS EO were oxygenated sesquiterpenes (mainly α+β-eudesmol, 1-epicubenol, and cubebol), while in CJRRB EO, the major components were monoterpene hydrocarbons, including α-pinene, δ-3-carene, and limonene (66.6% vs. 6.4% for oxygenated sesquiterpenes and 0% vs. 64% for monoterpene hydrocarbons, respectively). Antioxidant activity was estimated using (i) two radical-based assays, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging activity, and (ii) a lipid model assay, β-carotene-linoleic acid bleaching activity (BCBA). Both CJS and CJRRB EOs exhibited concentration-dependent antioxidant activities, and their DPPH, ABTS, and BCBA EC50 values were 1107 vs. 1275 µg/mL, 260 vs. 498 µg/mL, and 1764 vs. 662 µg/mL, respectively. The results indicate that both EOs were able to exert antioxidant activity via different mechanisms of action. Therefore, Azorean CJS and CJRRB may be sustainable sources for antioxidant compounds. This study expands the chemical and biological knowledge of CJBR EOs and, consequently, adds more value to the C. japonica EO industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lima
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Research and Technology (IITAA), University of the Azores, 9700-042 Angra do Heroísmo, Portugal; (A.L.); (F.A.); (A.J.); (J.B.)
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Engineering (DCFQE), Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Azores, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal
| | - Filipe Arruda
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Research and Technology (IITAA), University of the Azores, 9700-042 Angra do Heroísmo, Portugal; (A.L.); (F.A.); (A.J.); (J.B.)
- Department of Biology (DB), Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Azores, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal;
| | - Tanner Wortham
- The Perfumery, 621 Park East Blvd, New Albany, IN 47150, USA;
| | - Alexandre Janeiro
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Research and Technology (IITAA), University of the Azores, 9700-042 Angra do Heroísmo, Portugal; (A.L.); (F.A.); (A.J.); (J.B.)
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Engineering (DCFQE), Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Azores, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal
| | - Tânia Rodrigues
- Department of Biology (DB), Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Azores, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal;
| | - José Baptista
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Research and Technology (IITAA), University of the Azores, 9700-042 Angra do Heroísmo, Portugal; (A.L.); (F.A.); (A.J.); (J.B.)
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Engineering (DCFQE), Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Azores, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal
| | - Elisabete Lima
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Research and Technology (IITAA), University of the Azores, 9700-042 Angra do Heroísmo, Portugal; (A.L.); (F.A.); (A.J.); (J.B.)
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Engineering (DCFQE), Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Azores, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal
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Arruda F, Lima A, Oliveira L, Rodrigues T, Janeiro A, Rosa JS, Lima E. Essential Oil Variability of Azorean Cryptomeria japonica Leaves under Different Distillation Methods, Part 2: Molluscicidal Activity and Brine Shrimp Lethality. SEPARATIONS 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/separations10040241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This study reports on the in vivo molluscicidal activity and Artemia salina lethality of Azorean Cryptomeria japonica leaf (CJL) essential oils (EOs) obtained by hydrodistillation (HD) and water-steam distillation (WSD) techniques, especially in light of the recent focus on the use of forestry and wood industry residues in a sustainable world economy. Molluscicidal activity was performed during several life stages of Radix peregra by the immersion method, under laboratory conditions. A first screening through a single-dose bioassay revealed that both EOs were highly active towards eggs, juveniles and adult snails (ca. 100% mortality). Concentration- and time-toxicity assays were carried out only on adult snails to determine the lethal parameters (LC50;90 and LT50;90). The LC50 values were 33 and 62 µg/mL for EO–WSD and EO–HD, respectively, after 48 h. The LT50 of EO–WSD required only 21 h for both 16 h and continous exposure periods, while that of EO–HD was slighty superior (21.8–25.6 h). Although not significant, EO–WSD was also slightly more toxic against A. salina than EO–HD (LC50 = 98 and 115 µg/mL after 24 h, respectively). In conclusion, Azorean CJL EOs, which are rich in α-pinene (mostly EO–WSD), have huge potential to be used as safe raw materials for the development of natural molluscicide products to control snails responsible for transmitting fascioliasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Arruda
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Research and Technology (IITAA), University of the Azores, 9700-042 Angra do Heroísmo, Portugal
- Department of Biology (DB), Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Azores, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal
| | - Ana Lima
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Research and Technology (IITAA), University of the Azores, 9700-042 Angra do Heroísmo, Portugal
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Engineering (DCFQE), Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Azores, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal
| | - Luísa Oliveira
- Department of Biology (DB), Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Azores, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal
- Biotechnology Centre of Azores (CBA), University of the Azores, 9700-042 Angra do Heroísmo, Portugal
| | - Tânia Rodrigues
- Department of Biology (DB), Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Azores, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal
| | - Alexandre Janeiro
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Research and Technology (IITAA), University of the Azores, 9700-042 Angra do Heroísmo, Portugal
| | - José S. Rosa
- Department of Biology (DB), Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Azores, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal
- Biotechnology Centre of Azores (CBA), University of the Azores, 9700-042 Angra do Heroísmo, Portugal
| | - Elisabete Lima
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Research and Technology (IITAA), University of the Azores, 9700-042 Angra do Heroísmo, Portugal
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Engineering (DCFQE), Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Azores, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal
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Lima A, Arruda F, Janeiro A, Medeiros J, Baptista J, Madruga J, Lima E. Biological activities of organic extracts and specialized metabolites from different parts of Cryptomeria japonica (Cupressaceae) - A critical review. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2023; 206:113520. [PMID: 36544302 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Forest operations and wood industry generate large amounts of residues that are discarded in the field and cause environmental pollution. However, these biomass residues are still raw materials to obtain value-added products, such as essential oils, organic/aqueous extracts and resins that are among the great natural sources of bioactive metabolites. Thus, in recent years, the scientific community is giving special attention to their valorization. To date, different uses of biomass residues have been proposed, such as a source of renewable energy, fertilizers, animal feed and bioactive molecules. In this context, Cryptomeria japonica biomass residues (e.g., bark and its exudate, heartwood, sapwood, leaves, cones and roots) represent a source of diverse specialized metabolites (e.g., sesqui-, di-, tri- and sesquarterpenes, flavonoids, lignans and norlignans) with potential application in different fields, particularly in the agrochemical, food, cosmeceutical, pharmaceutical, phytomedicine and esthetic, due to their valuable multi-bioactivities determined over the last decades. Thus, this review provides an overview of the reported biological activities of organic extracts/fractions and their specialized metabolites obtained from different parts of C. japonica, in order to encourage the alternative uses of C. japonica wastes/byproducts, and implement a sustainable and circular bioeconomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lima
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Azores, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, São Miguel, Azores, Portugal; Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Research and Technology (IITAA), University of Azores, 9700-042 Angra do Heroísmo, Terceira, Azores, Portugal
| | - Filipe Arruda
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Research and Technology (IITAA), University of Azores, 9700-042 Angra do Heroísmo, Terceira, Azores, Portugal; Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Azores, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, São Miguel, Azores, Portugal
| | - Alexandre Janeiro
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Research and Technology (IITAA), University of Azores, 9700-042 Angra do Heroísmo, Terceira, Azores, Portugal; Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Azores, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, São Miguel, Azores, Portugal
| | - Jorge Medeiros
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Azores, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, São Miguel, Azores, Portugal; Biotechnology Centre of Azores (CBA), University of Azores, 9700-042 Angra do Heroísmo, Terceira, Azores, Portugal
| | - José Baptista
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Azores, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, São Miguel, Azores, Portugal; Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Research and Technology (IITAA), University of Azores, 9700-042 Angra do Heroísmo, Terceira, Azores, Portugal
| | - João Madruga
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Research and Technology (IITAA), University of Azores, 9700-042 Angra do Heroísmo, Terceira, Azores, Portugal; Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Azores, 9700-042 Angra do Heroísmo, Terceira, Azores, Portugal
| | - Elisabete Lima
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Azores, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, São Miguel, Azores, Portugal; Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Research and Technology (IITAA), University of Azores, 9700-042 Angra do Heroísmo, Terceira, Azores, Portugal.
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Jaffar S, Lu Y. Toxicity of Some Essential Oils Constituents against Oriental Fruit Fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae). INSECTS 2022; 13:954. [PMID: 36292900 PMCID: PMC9603982 DOI: 10.3390/insects13100954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The massive use of synthetic pesticides to manage agricultural pests results in environmental pollution and health hazards. The secondary plant metabolites, which are majorly dominated by terpenoids, have the potential to be developed into novel alternatives to synthetic chemicals. Therefore, in our current investigation, six majorly dominated essential oil constituents were evaluated for their toxicity against adults and immature stages of oriental fruit flies, Bactrocera dorsalis, a worldwide fruit pest. The results indicated that carvacrol was the most toxic essential oil constituent (EOC) to adult flies, with LC50 of 19.48 mg/mL via fumigant assay, followed by thujone 75% mortality via ingestion toxicity test against adult fruit flies. Similarly, when larvae were dipped in different concentrations of EOCs, carvacrol appeared as the most toxic EOC with the lowest LC50 (29.12 mg/mL), followed by (-)-alpha-pinene (26.54 mg/mL) and (R)-(+)-limonene (29.12 mg/mL). In the oviposition deterrence tests, no egg was observed on oranges seedlings treated with 5% of each EOC (100% repellency). Regarding the repellency assay, a significantly higher number of flies (77%) were repelled from the Y-tube olfactometer arm containing (-)-alpha-pinene, followed by carvacrol (76%). Our results showed that the selected essential oil constituent has the potential to be developed as an alternative to synthetic pesticides against B. dorsalis. However, further research is required to assess the activities of these EOCs under open-field conditions.
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Ebadollahi A, Jalali Sendi J, Setzer WN, Changbunjong T. Encapsulation of Eucalyptus largiflorens Essential Oil by Mesoporous Silicates for Effective Control of the Cowpea Weevil, Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27113531. [PMID: 35684469 PMCID: PMC9182336 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27113531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although the use of synthetic chemicals is the principal method for insect pest management, their widespread application has led to numerous side effects, including environmental pollution and threats to human and animal health. Plant essential oils have been introduced as promising natural substitutes for synthetic insecticides. However, high volatility and/or low durability are the main limiting factors for essential oil application for control of insect pests. Accordingly, along with an evaluation of the fumigant toxicity of Eucalyptus largiflorens essential oil against the cowpea weevil, Callosobruchus maculatus, essential oil was nanoencapsulated by two mesoporous silicates, MCM-41 and zeolite 3A, to enhance fumigant persistence and toxicity. The chemical profile of essential oil was also analyzed through gas chromatographic-mass spectrometry. E. largiflorens essential oil showed significant concentration-dependent toxicity against insect pests; a concentration of 5.16 μL/L resulted in 100% mortality after 48 h. The toxicity of essential oil could be attributed to the presence of various insecticidal terpenes, such as spathulenol (15.6%), cryptone (7.0%), and 1,8-cineole (5.8%). Fumigant persistence was increased from 6 days to 19 and 17 days for pure and capsulated essential oil with MCM-41 and Zeolite 3A, respectively. The insect mortality also increased from 99 insects in pure essential oil to 178 and 180 insects in MCM-41 and Zeolite 3A encapsulated formulations, respectively. Therefore, the encapsulation of E. largiflorens essential oil by MCM- 41 and Zeolite 3A is a beneficial method for enhancing its persistence and toxicity against C. maculatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asgar Ebadollahi
- Department of Plant Sciences, Moghan College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil 5697194781, Iran
- Correspondence: (A.E.); (T.C.)
| | - Jalal Jalali Sendi
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht 416351314, Iran;
| | - William N. Setzer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA;
- Aromatic Plant Research Center, 230 N 1200 E, Suite 100, Lehi, UT 84043, USA
| | - Tanasak Changbunjong
- Department of Pre-Clinic and Applied Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
- Correspondence: (A.E.); (T.C.)
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